• Communications of Mathematical Education
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.19-44
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• 2014

This study aims to develop strategies for improving the affective characteristics of Korean students based on results from international achievement tests. In pursuing the goal, different research methods are employed including a) analysis of the theories and literature regarding the affective domains included in PISA and TIMSS studies; b) analysis of the current situation and needs of Korean students with respect to the affective factors based on PISA and TIMSS results; c) case studies of best practices in relation to students' affective domains in Korea and abroad; and d) development of strategies for improving and supporting Korean students' affective characteristics. In this paper, first of all, relevant theories on affective characteristics in literature are introduced. In other words, the concepts of three affective domains in question - interest, self-efficacy, and value - are reviewed, and their definitions for the present study are made. Also, teaching strategies and support plans for improving students' affective factors are extracted from previous studies. Furthermore, this paper reviews recent trends in research on how the affective domains are related to mathematics education and how one can teach them effectively. The teaching guidelines for each affective domain are developed according to the instruction principles extracted through literature review in general for all subjects. Based on the results of the findings mentioned above, this paper establishes and suggests the guidelines on how to teach mathematics reflecting the affective characteristic.

• Journal of Elementary Mathematics Education in Korea
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.305-321
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• 2015

This study started with wondering whether the nonproportional model used in unit assessment for 2nd graders is appropriate or not for them. This study aims to explore the applicability of the nonproportional model to 2nd graders when they learn about numbers. To achieve this goal, we analyzed elementary mathematics textbooks, applied two kinds of tests to 2nd graders who have learned three-digit numbers by using the proportional model, and investigated their cognitive characteristics by interview. The results show that using the nonproportional model in the initial stages of 2nd grade can cause some didactical problems. Firstly, the nonproportional models were presented only in unit assessment without any learning activity with them in the 2nd grade textbook. Secondly, the size of each nonproportional model wasn't written on itself when it was presented. Thirdly, it was the most difficult type of nonproportional models that was introduced in the initial stages related to the nonproportional models. Fourthly, 2nd graders tend to have a great difficulty understanding the relationship of nonproportional models and to recognize the nonproportional model on the basis of the concept of place value. Finally, the question about the relationship between nonproportional models sticks to the context of multiplication, without considering the context of addition which is familiar to the students.

• Archives of design research
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• v.19 no.1 s.63
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• pp.317-328
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• 2006

So far, the behaviors of Web users have been predicted or analyzed mostly by their demographic characteristics or by considering in which context they gain access to that. But now there is a question about whether those characteristics are the only factors to trigger their use of Web. If the answer is not affirmative, what types of additional factors could cause such an action and how they characterize it should be discussed. User profile information has been considered one of the crucial elements to define user characteristics in user-centered UI design sector, and in order to apply it to UI design, it's needed to meditate on the above-mentioned questions. In this study, it's first attempted to have a good understanding of the users of different media and to review existing user classification methods. Next, user classification variables and relevant scales were prepared to sort out users according to their type of using Web, and case study was conducted to identify the behavioral characteristics of users and classify them according to their behavioral features. Finally, the user profile features of individual user groups were figured out based on data that were gathered by making an experiment, and data mapping was fulfilled between the behavioral characteristics and user profile characteristics to find out what types of behaviors were caused by the characteristics of user profile. As a result, it's found that user characteristics could have an impact on not only their general information and relevant contexts but their attitude of using different media and personality type. There were some problems with the experimental design, but more accurate information on the relationship of user behaviors to user profile characteristics will be obtained if those problems are eliminated. As user behaviors could be predicted only by user profile characteristics, user classification is expected to make a contribution to enhancing the efficiency of UI design.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.657-673
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• 2015

In this study, we are interested in the teachers' MCK about '$N{\div}0$' and MPCK in relation to the proper ways to teach it. Even though '$N{\div}0$' is not on the current curriculum and textbooks of elementary school mathematics, a few students sometimes ask a question about it because the division of the form '$a{\div}b$' is dealt in whole number including 0. Teacher's obvious understanding and appropriate guidance based on students' levels can avoid students' error and have positive effects on their subsequent learning. Therefore, we developed an interview form to investigate teachers' MCK about '$N{\div}0$' and MPCK of the proper ways to teach it and carried out individual interviews with 30 elementary school teachers. The results of the analysis of these interviews reveal that some teachers do not have proper MCK about '$N{\div}0$' and many of them have no idea on how to teach their students who are asking about '$N{\div}0$'. Based on our discussion of the results, we suggest some didactical implications.

• ALGAE
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.109-140
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• 2011

Taylor's (1960) floristic treatment of the benthic marine algae of the tropical and subtropical western Atlantic and Wynne's (2011) "checklist: third revision" serve as benchmarks in a review of changes made in the past half-century period. There has been a great increase in the number of recognized taxa of red, brown and green algae at all taxonomic ranks: from 758 to 1,393 species, an increase of 84%; from 231 to 406 genera, an increase of 75%; and from 63 to 106 families, an increase of 68%. In regard to recognized infraspecific taxa, the increase was less dramatic, from 140 to 185, thus a 32% change in the 50-year period. This review addresses the question: What factors were responsible for this proliferation of taxa that are now recognized in this domain of the tropical and subtropical western Atlantic? The answer is that many reasons contributed to these changes. Foremost among these causes have been the advances in gene-sequencing technologies. Revised phylogenetic relationships have led to many genera being divided into more than one genus, as well as new families and orders being delineated. Numerous examples of cryptic species have been discovered by gene-sequence and DNA-bar coding studies. This trend is depicted by case studies. Examples of genera being divided are Galaxaura, Liagora and Laurencia. Tricleocarpa and Dichotomaria have been segregated from Galaxaura. Trichogloeopsis, Ganonema, Izziella, Yamadaella, and Titanophycus have been segregated from Liagora. Chondrophycus, Osmundea, Palisada, and Yuzurura have been segregated from Laurencia. Examples are given of other genera present in this region of the western Atlantic that have been split up. Many genera have increased in terms of the number of species now assigned to them. Taylor's (1960) treatment recognized only two species in Hypoglossum, whereas Wynne's (2011) checklist contained a total of 9 species of Hypoglossum. Taylor's account included only two species of Botryocladia, but this number had grown to 15 in Wynne's checklist. Examples of new genera and species occurring in the region of the western Atlantic are given, and examples of taxa being newly reported for this domain are provided. An increase in the number of phycologists in Latin and South America, exploration of previously unexplored regions, and the increasing use of SCUBA for collecting and at greater depths have all contributed to the increase in the number of algal taxa that are now recognized as occurring in the tropical and subtropical western Atlantic.

• The Journal of Art Theory & Practice
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• no.9
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• pp.7-31
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• 2010

In this paper, I examine the development of the second stage of Chicano muralism and compare it with the first stage of the Chicano Mural Movement that was born out of the Civil Rights Movement. I then discuss the different aspects of the first stage in relation to the birth of institutionalized public art and question how Chicano murals influenced public art and, conversely, how mainstream public art transformed some of the attitudes and practices of Chicano muralism. Chicano murals initially functioned as a political mouthpiece for Chicano's human rights and as a tool to recover the Chicano people's cultural pride and legacy. However, the murals gradually developed into public art projects supported by the city or federal governments, who regarded them as an economic way to effectively communicate with the community. In this process of institutionalization, muralists became increasingly concerned with aesthetic quality and began to work more systematically. For example, amateur artists or community participants who produced the earlier murals were transformed into mural experts. Chicano essentialism and the politically volatile themes used previously were phased out and the new murals began to incorporate diverse subjects and people, for example, native culture, Blacks, and women. This phenomenon reflected the changing emphasis on multicultural understanding. This kind of institutionalization did not always draw positive results. Inadequate funds were the primary concern over the actual subject and creation of the mural work. Artists reduced the strong political metaphors and aestheticized the mural forms. However, their work was productive as well: thorough research on wall conditions and painting techniques was conducted and new processes and designs were developed. This paper examines the murals created for the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games, Judy Baca's works, and the Balmy Alley Mural Environment project in San Francisco's Mission District. Works by Las Mujeres Muralistas in Mission District, in particular, show case colorful patterns and the Latin American indigenous culture, exploring new interpretations of old icons and design. They challenged the stereotypical depictions of females and presented alternative visual languages that revised the male-centered mural aesthetics and elaborated on the aesthetics of Rasquachismo.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.174-186
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• 1996

This study was carried out in order to understand the plan, design, constructing and actual condition of management of modernized horticultural facilities in Kyungpook Province which had been constructed from 1992 to 1995 funded by Government support. The aim of this study is to provide reference data for success of the forth project. It was performed by making up a question about driving of project and management condition of equipment after constructing. The results obtained from this study are as follows: 1. 73.5% of facilities horticulture farmhouse recognized that the prospect of greenhouse is bright, but 92.5% of the farmhouse also recognised that they need technical consultation on protected horticulture farming. Therefore, technical educations would must be enhanced about foundation of greenhouse and cultivation technique. 2. The holding times of explanatory meetings, cause of understanding to farmhouse, were one or two times in greenhouse construction, and 62.5% of the farmhouse expressed the insufficiency at the explanation and educational data. For this reason, it was judged that the construction contract had been delayed more than 5 months in 49.3% of the farmhouse after the decision of project budget. 3. In constructing after a contract, the rates of construction delay is 53.4% and defect occurrence is 41.1%. The biggest reasons of construction delay was insufficiency of worker and materials supply. Each percentage is 29.1%. And the reason of defect occurrence is badness of machinery equipment(62.9% ). 4. In management of greenhouse, a pipe-constructed plastic film greenhouse changes plastic film every one and three years because of sticking dust on plastic film. It was needed to about in cleaning technique of coverings. Because that used 3-5 years only half of the expected life span. 5. The order of broken rating in the subsidiary equipment is like this lollop ventilator (42.8%), a general control system(33.3%) especially, in the case of a general control system, the rate of all family can control is 52.7%. so, it is time to develop easy control equipment which every one could use as soon as possible. 6. When choose heat generator as decide capacity, the most priority is the mount of heat generator the percent is 45.5% heat generator and as decide model, the private purchase's percent is 77.3%. It is higher than a public bidding heat generator the percent is 22.7% heat generator when it compare with a public bidding. In the case of $CO_2$ generator, using rate is only 19.0%. The using rate is very low, so it needs education how to use depends on the way of the subsidiary equipment. 7. In the case of seedlings, it is asked to use factory-processed seedling effectively. because it's difficult to get security of labors(58.8%), hoped crops (55.9%) access same crops(29.4%) much more and changing of crops depends on market situation. that is the main reason the lack of knowhow.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.109-120
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to explore the experiences and meaning of nursing students participating in a multicultural children mentoring program and to find out how mentoring activities can contribute to the cultural competence of future nurses. This study was based on a qualitative research design through reflective journals and in-depth interviews. From March 20 to June 30, 2016, we collected data from 10 nursing students who participated in a mentoring program for multicultural children. The research question was what was the experience of nursing students participating in multicultural children mentoring? Reflective journals were created individually before participating in mentoring activities and after 10 mentoring activities. In-depth interviews were conducted with three participants to clarify the meaning of their reflective journal and identify the implications of additional mentoring activity experiences after the completion of the mentoring activities. The results were obtained for 3 central themes; Breaking the prejudice against cultural diversity, Understanding the reality of multicultural children, and Acquiring experience for the sake of growth. The results of this study can be used as the basic data for the development of a nursing education program for the purpose of enhancing the cultural competence of nursing students.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.30 no.3_4
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• pp.212-218
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• 2003

State invariant is a property that holds in every reachable state. It can be used not only in understanding and analyzing complex software systems, but it can also be used for system verifications such as checking safety, liveness, and consistency. For these reasons, there are many vital researches for deriving state invariant from finite state machine models. In previous works every reachable state is to be considered to generate state invariant. Thus it is likely to be too complex for the user to understand. This paper seeks to answer the question `how to simplify state invariant\ulcorner`. Since the complexity of state invariant is strongly dependent upon the size of states to be considered, so the smaller the set of states to be considered is, the shorter the length of state invariant is. For doing so, we let the user focus on some interested scopes rather than a whole state space in a model. Computation Tree Logic(CTL) is used to specify scopes in which he/she is interested. Given a scope in CTL, mixed reachability analysis is used to find out a set of states inside it. Obviously, a set of states calculated in this way is a subset of every reachable state. Therefore, we give a weaker, but comprehensible, state invariant.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.101-119
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• 1989

In the present, since a five-year plan for economic development which was started in the early 60's has been successfully promoted for a quarter century, with consolidation in a department of social welfare in our country the participation. in economic society for women is more required than any other times. As a professional occupation for women is incereaing through a high-standard specialization, I think the upbringing for productive woman expert who has a strong motive of accomplishment as a developed person as well as a technical and skilful capacity which can be contributed to the growth of organization is very important. So in this study, I am evaluating the technical disposition of character of professional nurses working with hospital and also trying to supply the basic data being served to th extension of a skillful ability as a nurse, understanding the important factor related to it. The research method applied here is that we used 527 of formed questionnaires which were distributed to 7 University and General Hospitals, somewhat large in a scale, located in Seoul as an analytical material. It was performed between October 11, 1988 and October 18, 1988. An implement which was invented by Cho Moo-Sung is used after being amended and supplemented, which can measure the disposition of professional character. The formation of questionnaires of the disposition of character is 26 totally, 10 for Open-disposition, 11 for Active-disposition, 5 for wise-disposition, and it was measured. 'Ye', or 'No' through an one-half-standard and the environment of hospital organization is composed 12 questions from one point of 'Very Good' to 5 points of 'Very Bad.' Collected materials were analysed through an electronic calculation into the average value, the standard deflection, percentage, person correlative number, $X^2-test, m$ stepwise multiple regression. Summarizing the result from this research is as follows; 1. The average age of the subjective person of this investigation is 28.6 and the average career as a nurse is 6.0 years. 2. The Open-disposition that technical nurses showed is mostly half and half. 3. The Active-disposition of professional nurses was discovered affirmative largely and what they said in their questionnaires describes that they are very active answering $88.2\%$ for the disposition of self-control, $87.3\%$ for the people who think the training more seriously. 4. It was found out that the wise·disposition of technical nurse showed $90.7\%$ of 'Yes' about a new alternative of inquisitive question and we can see a progressive and profound aspect here. 5. As technical character of nurses, mutual relations between Active-disposition, Active-disposition, and wise­disposition were very profitably revealed as 0.42 in justice relations and also suggested that relations between Open-disposition, Active-disposition, and wise-disposition are 0.27 and 0.20 respectively. 6. What nurses recognize about the environment of hospital organization is reasonably acceptable while they feel very bad about rewards and punishments showing average 3.1 comparing to average 2.2 about time­control each other. Considering the prosperity of Active-disposition upon the result what I mentioned above, th possibility which is contributed to the productive improvement of hospital organization is very great and I think it can be more developed as a professional woman who has a strong motive of accomplishment, in advance.