• Toxicological Research
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.277-282
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• 2014

To develop a composition for enhancing immunity, based on alcohol extracts of the bumblebee as an active ingredient, bumblebee ethanol extracts were evaluated for their protective effect in chronic models of inflammation, adjuvant induced rat arthritis. B. terrestris worker extract (SDIEX) and, B. hypocrita sapporoensis lava and pupa extract (SPDYBEX), significantly decreased paw edema in arthritic rats, at a dose 100 mg/kg, respectively. The cytokine levels related inflammation of COX-2, $sPLA_2$, VEGF, and TNF-${\alpha}$, were decreased, compared to positive control, indomethacin (5 mg/kg). Histopathological data demonstrated decreases inflammatory activity, hind paw edema, and repaired hyaline articular cartilage in DRG over a 2 wk administration. HPLC and GC-MS analysis of SDIEX and SPDYBEX revealed the presence of cantharidin.

• Journal of Species Research
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.407-420
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• 2019

Short-palped crane flies belonging to the genus Epiphragma Osten Sacken, 1860 (Diptera: Limoniidae: Limnophilinae) have a worldwide distribution except the Afrotropics, with the highest diversity in Neotropics and Oriental Region. They are divided into four subgenera: Eupolyphragma Alexander, 1948, Epiphragma s. str., Lipophragma Alexander, 1978, and Parepiphragma Alexander, 1960. Diagnostic characters and wing photographs of all subgenera are given. Genus Epiphragma was previously unknown from the Korean Peninsula. Species Epiphragma (Epiphragma) gracilistylus Alexander, 1933 is newly recorded for North Korea, E. (E.) subfascipenne Alexander, 1920 is newly recorded for South and North Korea, and E. (E.) subinsigne Alexander, 1920 is newly recorded for South Korea. These species are taxonomically revised, and the taxonomic status of E. (E.) gracilistylus is discussed. We present an identification key and redescriptions and illustrations of both sexes from all species in Korea. Redescription of larva and pupa of E.(E.) subfascipenne is presented. Elevation range, period of activity, habitat information, general distribution, and a distribution map in Korean Peninsula is given for each species.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.23-31
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• 2007

Programmed cell death was characterized in the silkworm thoracic ganglia TG1, TG2 and TG3 during postembryonic periods by TUNEL assay. Apoptotic cells were detected in the three TGs of all larval stages except for day-1, 2 1st instar larvae, in which no apoptotic cells were found. From day-7 5th larva, the numbers of apoptotic cells were dramatically increased and peaked on day-1 pupa and day-2 pupa and then abruptly decreased. Apoptotic cells finally disappeared in day-1 adult. In-vivo injection of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) into day-8 5th larva resulted in a striking decrease of apoptotic cells. Actinomycin D (Act D) or cycloheximide (CHX), injected into hemolymph of day-8 5th larva, resulted in a decrease of apoptotic cells in the three TGs. Injection of caspase-8 and -3 inhibitors also blocked cellular apoptosis. These results will provide valuable information for understanding of cellular changes in the three TGs during metamorphosis of the insect species.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.285-295
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• 2020

Adults of Prosimulium kiotoense and Twinnia japonensis were collected and reported from Korea for the first time. Since adult black flies are notorious for morphological homogeneity particularly in female, larval and pupal characters have been mainly used to identify them. Adults of P. kiotoense can be identified by the following combination of characteristics: Adult, wing with radial sector (Rs) branched into R²⁺³ and R⁴⁺⁵; hind leg basitarsus without calcipala; first tarsomere without pedisulcus. Female, claw without basal thumblike lobe; hypogenial valve elongate, convex, heavily sclerotized medially, posterior end touching each other, space between valves rhomboid. Male, claw with basal thumblike lobe; ventral plate keel shaped; gonostylus with 2-3 spinules. Adults and pupa of T. japonensis can be identified by the following combination of characteristics: Adult, antenna with 7 flagellomeres. Female, hypogenial valve broad, posterior end of valve not touching each other; cercus elongate, subquadrate; spermatheca slightly wider and long, round. Male, claw with basal thumblike lobe; gonostylus with 1 spinule; ventral plate flat. Pupa, gill of 16 filaments, arising from 3 swollen stalks; abdominal tergites without spine combs except tergites III and IV with small recurved hooks; terminal spine well developed, wavy shaped.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.1541-1548
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• 2011

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of the addition of different levels of CFP (Cordyceps with fly pupa) on growth performance in broiler chickens. 400 broiler chicks (Ross 308, 1 day old) were sorted randomly into 4 treatment groups and fed experimental diets for 35 days. The treatment groups were divided into a control group not fed with CFP (T1), and treatment groups fed with CFP 2.0% (T2), CFP 3.5% (T3), and CFP 5.0% (T4). Although the broilers' weight gain and feed efficiency were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the T3 group throughout the entirety of the test period, no statistically significant differences were noted among the T1 and T2, T4 groups. Triglyceride in the blood, total cholesterol, and LDL-C were significantly lower in the CFP treatment groups than in the control group (p<0.05). The blood lipid reduction rate ranged from 5.32 to 10.63% for triglycerides, from 9.23 to 12.62% for total cholesterol, and from 44.67 to 53.81% for LDL-C in the CFP treatment groups relative to the control group. The abdominal fat weight ratio was reduced significantly in the CFP treatment groups (p<0.05) compared with the control group, with a reduction rate range of 17.67-21.68%. Broiler carcass weight, carcass rate, and ratios of breast muscle, skin and thigh muscle weights to carcass weight were significantly higher in the T3 group, and statistically significant differences were noted among the T1 and T2, T4 groups (p<0.05). Enteropathogenic E.coli and Salmonella were lower in the CFP treatment groups than in the control group, whereas the beneficial bacteria Bifidobacteria were significantly higher in the CFP treatment groups than in the control group (p<0.05). These findings suggest that the Cordyceps with fly pupa can improve the carcass characteristics and body weight gain in broiler chickens.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.300-307
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• 1995

This study was carried out to investigate the life cycle of Cephonodes hylas (Linne), that is damaging to Gardenia jasminoides Ellis in the seedbed at Namhae during 1984 and 1985. Results are summarized as follows. The eggs were laid in mass on the leaf surface of the host plants. The oviposition period lasts for 26 days after late-May. The average number of eggs and average hatching rate were 20.36 and 97.61% , respectively. It takes 14-16 days until hatching. The egg shape was oval which its size was 1.01 mm in diameter and 1.48 mm in length. The body length of each larval instar from the 1st to the 5th were $3.52\pm$1.01, $6.46\pm$0.45, $13.19\pm$4.27, $24.08\pm$2.22 and $43.71\pm$5.62 mm, respectively. The average weight of each larval instar were $13.34\pm$2.41, $29.83\pm$6.88, $76.64\pm$31.31, $292.09\pm$107.70 and 2,$144.84\pm$760.70 mm, respectively. The larval period was observed from July to October, and total duration of larval stage was 116 days in which duration of each larval instar from the 1st to the 5th were 12, 36, 32, 16 and 20 days, respectively. During larval stage, a larvae feed on 17~18 seedlings. The 5th instar larvae built its place in soil for overwinter and became pupa. The body length of pupa was 33.6 mm and average weight was 2,032 mg Adult was emerged from overwintened pupa from mid through late-May in the followings year. The sex ratio of female was 42.82% and the color ratio of brown was 89.93%.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.241-247
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• 1999

This study was aimed to elucidate the physiological function of a pair of protuberances like bifurcated horns developed on the anterior part of pupa in Coboldia fuscipes (Diptera: Scatopsidae), a pest on the oyster mushroom. In the morphological characteristics, larvae had a pair of 0.04 mm long microspines at their second body segment. Pupae had a pair of protuberances like bifurcated horns of 0.55 mm long on the anterior part and six pairs of spines, 0.12 mm long, at the posterior part of the abdomen. The microspines-removed 4th instar C. fuscipes larvae developed into pupae without a pair of the protuberances. After emergence, however, the adults have a pair of antenna normal regardless of with or without the protuberances. As ecological characteristics at the pupation, the pupa without a pair of the protuberances have a tendency to pupate outside the medium. However, development characteristics of the microspines-removed larvae were very similar to those of control larvae. In the result of microscopic observation, a pair of the protuberances was connected wit six pairs of spines by lateral longitudinal trunck and formed a tracheal system. In conclusion, this results implicates that the protuberances have an important role as a respiratory horn during the pupal period.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.802-810
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• 2018

This study estimated the effect of drone pupa meal (DPM) added as replacement of sodium nitrite (SN) and vitamin C (VC) on physico-chemical quality characteristics of emulsion-type sausages. Samples were prepared either with 150 ppm SN+200 ppm VC (control); 75 ppm SN+100 ppm VC+6.015% DPM (T1); or 12.03% DPM (T2) and then stored at $4^{\circ}C$ for 30 days. The pH value decreased (p<0.05) with increase in the levels of DPM. Moisture and protein content decreased (p<0.05) but fat and ash content increased (p<0.05) with higher levels of DPM. T1 and T2 had higher (p<0.05) saturated fatty acids content and lower (p<0.05) unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids content compared to the control. Lower (p<0.05) $L^*$ and $a^*$ values and higher (p<0.05) $b^*$ and $h^{\circ}$ values were exhibited in the T1 and T2 than in the control; and $C^*$ value was the lowest (p<0.05) in T2. The TBARS content was the highest (p<0.05) in T2, especially, 2 times higher (p<0.05) than in the control. T1 and T2 had harder (p<0.05) texture compared to the control. These findings suggest that the DPM has no replacement effects against SN and VC in emulsion-type sausage, but it has negative effects on color, lipid oxidation stability, and texture.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.213-217
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• 2002

The present paper is a part of the study on the immature stages of genus Tipula in Korea. It describes and illustrates each immature stage of Tipula (Yamatotipula) latemurginata from egg to pupa.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Sericultural Science Conference
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.37-37
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• 2005