• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.6
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• pp.28-30
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• 1966

The aim of this experiment was to investigate the method of discrimination of male and female depending upon the specific gravity of pupa in silkworm varieties which are being recommended in Korea at present. The results obtained are as follows: 1. The specific gravity of silkworm pupa existed between 1,000 and 1,100. 2. Female pupae went to the bottom of salt water(NaCl), around 1,020 of specific gravity, while male pupae came near to the surface of salt water. 3. Salt water of around 1,020 specific gravity was not harmful to the pupa, egg laying ability and moth emerging ability. 4. The effect of salt water on the other useful characters will be assigned to the next chance, and also the device of cocoon cutting machine is being studied.

• Mycobiology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.133-136
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• 2010

Stromatal fruiting bodies of Cordyceps cardinalis were successfully produced in cereals. Brown rice, German millet and standard millet produced the longest-length of stromata, followed by Chinese pearl barley, Indian millet, black rice and standard barley. Oatmeal produced the shortest-length of fruiting bodies. Supplementation of pupa and larva to the grains resulted in a slightly enhanced production of fruiting bodies; pupa showing better production than larva. 50~60 g of brown rice and 10~20 g of pupa mixed with 50~60 mL of water in 1,000 mL polypropylene (PP) bottle was found to be optimum for fruiting body production. Liquid inoculation of 15~20 mL per PP bottle produced best fruiting bodies. The optimal temperature for the formation of fruiting bodies was $25^{\circ}C$, under conditions of continuous light. Few fruiting bodies were produced under the condition of complete darkness, and the fresh weight was considerable low, compared to that of light condition.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.593-598
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• 2005

Osteoporosis is recognized as one of the major hormonal deficiency diseases, especially in menopausal women and the elderly. When the estrogen level is reduced in the body, local factors, which are known to be related with bone resorption, are increased and promote osteoclastogenesis. In our previous study, we validated the estrogenicity of silkworm pupa. In this study, we investigated the effect of silkworm pupa extract (SPE) on the function of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. SPE (10 and $50\;{\mu}g/mL$) significantly elevated cell viability, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and collagen content in the cells. The effect of SPE ($50\;{\mu}g/mL$) in increasing cell viability, ALP activity, and collagen content was completely inhibited by the presence of $10^{-6}\;M$ of cycloheximide and $10^{-6}\;M$ of tamoxifen, suggesting that SPE's effect results from a newly synthesized, protein component and that it might be partly involved in estrogen action. Furthermore, we examined the effect of SPE on the $H_2O_2-induced$ apoptosis and production of local factors in osteoblasts. Treatment with SPE ($50\;{\mu}g/mL$) decreased the 0.2 mM $H_2O_2-induced$ apoptosis and the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, interleukin (IL)-6 and nitric oxide (NO) in osteoblasts. Our data indicate that the enhancement of osteoblast function by silkworm pupa may prevent osteoporosis and inflammatory bone diseases.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.304-308
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• 2006

To extract insoluble proteins from silkworm pupa meal, the meal was treated with pretense produced by Bacillus sp. JH-209. The extraction of insoluble silkworm pupa protein was enhanced at alkaline pHs ranged from 7 to 11 by treatment with the protease. The optimum extraction temperature was $40^{\circ}C$ for in soluble protein treated with pretense. The optimum protease treatment time for extraction of protein was 11 hrs and optimum amount of enzyme treated for extraction of protein was 60 Unit, respectively. The treatment of enzyme extracted more protein than ordinary extraction method without pretense. The foaming capacity, foaming stability, emulsion capacity, and emulsion stability of silkworm pupa meal protein extracted by the treatment of the enzymes increased at all pH ranges. Further more oil absorption as well as water absorption capacities of the protein extracted by the treatment of the enzymes were also increased.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 2004

Cardiovascular disease has the highest mortality rate in South Korea. Previous studies have reported that serum cholesterol level relates to intake of dietary fat and cholesterol. Therefore, in this study we developed a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for Koreans with a high-risk of hypercholesterolemia and to validate the FFQ. Semiquantitative FFQ, which includes 160 food items, reflects intakes of energy, fat, saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUPA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUPA) and cholesterol. We chose food items from the previous study of our research group (Suh 1999) which reported a nutritional status of Korean adults with normocholesterolemia, borderline and hypercholesterolemia. To validate the FFQ, we compared the results of the FFQ with those of a 3-day food record using a paired t-test. In addition, we calculated Pearson's and Spearmen's correlation coefficients. Intakes assessed by the FFQ and a 3-day food record were classified into quartile and the degree of agreement was obtained. Fifty-five participants responded for the validation study by completing both the FFQ and a 3-day food record. Pearson's correlation coefficients between estimated intakes by respective methods for energy, fat, SF A, MUPA, PUPA and cholesterol were 0.32,0.41,0.37,0.41,0.37 and 0.21, respectively. Spearman's correlation coefficients of energy, fat, SF A, MUPA, PUPA, cholesterol were 0.31, 0.44, 0.39, 0.46, 0.46, and 0.37, respectively. Nutrient densities in 1000kcal were compared. Pearson's correlation coefficient of cholesterol density increased and other values were similar with original values. The average degree of agreement was 67％ that intakes of energy, fat, SF A, MUPA, PUPA and cholesterol assessed by the FFQ and 3-day food records were classified within the same and the adjacent quartile. On the average, 8％ were misclassified into the extreme opposite quartile. The average of weighted kappa was 0.46. In conclusion, the FFQ developed in this study is considered to be a reliable tool to assess nutrient intakes for Koreans with a risk of hypercholesterolemia because the FFQ reflects the intakes of energy, fat, SFA, MUFA, PUPA, and cholesterol.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.75-77
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• 2010

Until now, the main treatment for impotence has been the vasodilator injection, penile implants and etc. Among many methods, most effective way is known to be the medical therapy. The oral drug for an impotence remedy has to be above all, effective to the erection, and second, safety when taking in long-term. However, so far the drug in such condition and sufficiency has not been discovered. Consequently, it is crucial to develop the new medicine, made of natural materials only, without any uncertainty of side effect. The silkworm is very difference in physiological chemical change according to growth stage. Therefore the functional effect shows a very big difference according to preparation method with a growth stage. This research carry out the experiment with the pupa powder immediately before the eclosion, eclosion adult, the pupa extract immediately before the eclosion, and the silkworm powder of 5 instar 3rd day. The result showed not a big chance in weight, feed and water intake quantity. But testosterone hormone secretion effects of the freeze drying powder of the pupa immediately before the eclosion was very high 7.31 ng/ml, compared to 2.37 ng/ml of non treatment and 2.67 ng/ml of alcohol extraction method. As this result, the freeze drying pupa powder of the pupa immediately before the eclosion was confirmed to promote the secretion of the testosterone hormone more than alcohol extraction method of existing.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.58 no.3
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• pp.165-174
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• 2019

The third instar larva and the pupa of Pentodon quadridens bidentulus (Fairmaire, 1887) are described and illustrated for the first time from material collected in Korea. Information on biological notes, distribution, and life cycle of the species in their natural habitats and laboratory conditions is also provided and discussed herein.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.52-58
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• 2021

The article presents the results of the content of the chemical and biochemical composition of the pupa of the wild silkworm Saturnia pyri belonging to the family Saturniidae, species of Lepidoptera. The nutritional value of silkworm Saturnia pyri pupae was evaluated, which contained 51% dry matter, 52.50% crude protein, 27.89% fat, 10.50% chitin fibers, 2.5% ash and 27 macro- and microelements and 25 mg alpha tocopherols in 100 g oil. The X-ray fluorescence method was used to determine the content of mineral elements in the pupa of the silkworm Saturnia pyri. It was revealed that the pupa of this type of silkworm contains 25 elements, of which the relative amount of K, Mg, Na, Ca, Al is much higher than other elements.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.268-272
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• 2007

A study on the evolution of acid value, peroxide value and biogenic amines in silkworm pupa during 7 days at different temperature of storage (-18, 25 and $35^{\circ}C$) was performed. Seven biogenic amines (putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, tyramine, spermidine, spermine and 2-phenylethylamine) were determined. Acid value in Silkworm pupa increased both during normal temperature $(25^{\circ}C)$ and room temperature $(35^{\circ}C)$ and thebiogenic amine (histamine, tyramine) content generally increased in $25^{\circ}C\;and\;35^{\circ}C$ with storage time. Significant differences were found (P<0.05) in the levels of tyramine and histamine among Silkworm pupa. The relationship of storage time and acid value of Silkworm pupa were resolved a simple linear equation, and histamine and tyramine could be predicted using this equation. Quality indices related to the contents of the major biogenic amines were calculated and they correlated well with physicochemical characteristics qualities such as acid value.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.69-79
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• 1982

In order to define the morphological changes of the secreting cells of prothoracic gland during larva-pupal molt, ultrastructural observations were carried out using Bombyx mori L. as the experimental material. At first stage of present experiment, 4 day old 5th instar larva, the polyhedral secreting cells were centrally located in the prothoracic gland surrounded by the connective sheath. The secreting cells were attached to the neighboring cells by the prominent desmosomes, and the plasma membrane contacted with connective sheath were highly infolded. In cytoplasm, the most of the cell organelles, such as rod-like mitochondria, rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome were developed. As the stages advance from larva to pupa, general feature of the secreting cells were retained, but structural changes of the various cytoplasmic organelles-ribosome, rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, lamellar body, and vesicle-were noted. In the perinuclear cytoplasm of the secreting cells at the stage of 6 day old 5th instar larva, it is peculiar that only a large amount of ribosomes were distributed and the other organelles were retreated from the juxtanuclear region. Just before and after spining cocoon, these features were more remarkable. Rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum were gradually increased from the stage just before spining cocoon to the pharate pupa. Rod-like mitochondria with irregular cristae and the matrix showing low density were distributed throughout the cytoplasm in the secreting cells of the 4 day old 5th instar larva. Sometimes, longitudinally distended and curved mitochondria were observed. At the stage of pharate pupa, most of mitochondria were deformed. The rod-like mitochondria of the secreting cells of pupal prothoracic gland were narrower than those of 4 day old 5th instar larva, and the electron density of the mitochondrial matrix is increased in pupa. Golgi apparatus were a few in number in both stages, last instar larva and spining cocoon. In stages of the pharate pupa, the Golgi apparatus were frequently observed. Cytoplasmic vesicles were observed for the first time in the secreting cells of one day after spining cocoon, and the number and the size of cytoplasmic vesicles were distinctly increased inpharate pupa and just after pupation. In the secretory cells of the PG, it in concluded that the RER was closely related to syntheting the enzymes seem to produce the ecdysone.