• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.257-271
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• 1996

Livestock products like meat, milk and egg have been principal food sources for human beings since the historic periods of time. Nowadays consumption of these food items have been avoided due to its high contents of SFA, cholesterol and total fat which are major culprits of chronic adult diseases causing major deaths of people. However, the relationship between livestock products and diseases is not always true because the amounts of fat and cholesterol and types of fatty acids in meat and meat by-products depend on the part of the meat and types of animals. Although meat intakes do not always cause mai or adult diseases, still the developmental necessity does exist for animal foods equipped with biologically active properties, which in turn can improve nutritional status and health more than ever Meat with high protein lean part and low fat can be produced by applying synthetic somatotropin and beta-adrenergic agonists like clenbuterol, cimaterol etc. during breeding. This application brings benefits like higher growth rate, lower fat contents and improve feed efficiency ratios. Meats fortified with long chain PUFA($\omega$-3 fatty acids) can also be produced by modulating feed composition.Egg Products have faced the reduced sales annually because of its high cholesterol contents. Recently brand eggs fortified with special nutrients or chemical components having functional proper ties in the human body system are very popular Research Interests have been focused on eggs with low cholesterol and high omega-3 fatty acids. Low cholesterol eggs and high omega-3 eggs can be produced in several different ways, but popular way to increase is feeding the feeds with different oil sources containing high omega-3 and 6 fatty acids such as fish oil, perilla oil, linseed oil and lecithin etc. But proper compositon of feed formula should be found and economically beneficial. Brand eggs fortified with vitamin, mineral, unknown growth factors are also manufactured. Low cholesterol and high $\omega$-3 PUFA milk are marketed recently Cholesterol removal technology is not completely established and has several limitations to be overcome. Milk fortified with $\omega$-3 fatty acids is made by incorporating high &13 fatty acid foods in feed despite of extraordinary way of fatty acid metabolism In cow. All these biologically active products will be very beneficial and useful for human consumption when limitations of manufacturing technology such as safety and lowered sensory qualities are resolved. Furthermore, thorough and precise tests and quality control for these products should be performed to ensure the effectiveness and usefulness in terms of improving health and nutritional status in general. However one caution should be pointed out to lay people informing that these items are nothing but a food and not panacea. Therefore, it is important to remember that the only way of maintaining good health is absolutely through consuming balanced diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권9호
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• pp.1444-1454
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• 2020

Objective: Cold stress induces oxidative damage and impairs energy status of broilers. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) exhibits antioxidant properties and modulates energy metabolism of animals. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of NAC on energy status and antioxidant capacity of heart and liver in the cold-stressed broilers. Methods: The experiment consisted of 4 treatments in a 2×2 factorial arrangement with two diets (basal diet or plus 0.1% NAC) and two ambient temperatures (thermoneutral [conventional ambient temperature] or cold stress [10℃±1℃ during days 15 to 42]). Results: No ascites were seen in cold-stressed broilers. NAC did not attenuate the impaired growth performance of stressed birds. However, NAC decreased plasma asparagine but increased aspartate levels in cold-stressed birds (p<0.05). NAC reduced hepatic adenosine triphosphate (ATP) but elevated adenosine diphosphate contents in unstressed birds (p<0.05). The hepatic ratio of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) to ATP was increased in birds fed NAC (p<0.05). NAC decreased plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) level and cardiac total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity in unstressed birds, but increased hepatic activities of T-SOD, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in stressed birds (p<0.05). NAC down-regulated hepatic AMP-activated protein kinase but up-regulated cardiac heme-oxigenase mRNA expression in stressed birds, and decreased expression of hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator-1α as well as hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in liver and heart of birds. Conclusion: Dietary NAC did not affect energy status but enhanced the hepatic antioxidant capacity by increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes in cold-stressed broilers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.786-791
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• 2010

The effects of fermented garlic powder on production performance, egg quality, blood profiles and fatty acid composition of egg yolk in laying hens were studied in a 35-d experiment. Two-hundred and forty (ISA brown) layers aged 41 weeks were randomly allocated into the following four treatments: i) CON (basal diet); ii) G1 (CON+fermented garlic powder 1.0%); iii) G2 (CON+fermented garlic powder 2.0%) and iv) G3 (CON+fermented garlic powder 3.0%). There were no differences (p>0.05) among treatments in egg production, egg weight, eggshell breaking strength and eggshell thickness throughout the whole experimental period. However, yolk height was increased significantly (p<0.05) by the addition of fermented garlic powder during the 5th week while yolk color was greater (p<0.05) in G2 and G3 than in CON and G1 in the 5th week. Compared with CON, Haugh unit was increased (p<0.05) in response to fermented garlic powder treatments during the 5th week. No significant effects on total protein, albumin and IgG were observed in response to any of the treatments over the experimental period (p>0.05). There was a significant (p<0.05) reduction in plasma cholesterol concentration when the dietary level of fermented garlic powder was increased from 0.0 to 3.0%. The levels of saturated fatty acids (SFA) were significantly decreased (p<0.05) in response to G2 and G3 while monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were higher (p<0.05) in G2 and G3 treatment groups than in CON and G1. Compared with other treatments, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and PUFA:SFA ratio were higher (p<0.05) in G3. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that addition of fermented garlic powder reduced plasma cholesterol concentration and did not cause adverse effects on production performance. Moreover, addition of 3.0% garlic powder decreased SFA but increased PUFA and PUFA:SFA ratio in egg yolk.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.261-279
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 남한과 북한의 자료를 통합하여 한반도 단위로 식량과 에너지 자원 소비량 추이를 살펴보았고, 여러 Case를 생성하여 통합 이후 한반도의 식량과 에너지 자원 소비량을 예측하고 자원 관리 방향을 제시하였다. 1990년대 이후 북한의 일인당 식량 공급량, 열량 공급량, 단백질 공급량은 모두 남한, 동아시아, 세계보다 낮으며, 동물성 식품군 공급 비중도 남한, 동아시아, 세계보다 매우 낮은 상황이다. 통합 이후 북한이 2011년 남한 수준으로 식량을 소비한다면, 2055년까지의 예상 통합 인구가 최대일 때 통합 한반도의 식량 소비량은 2011년 통합 소비량에 비해 약 25% 증가할 것으로 예상된다. 따라서 사전에 통합 이후 안정적인 식량 공급과 환경 영향 최소화를 위해 소비를 줄이고 농업 생산성을 향상시키기 위한 방안을 마련해야 한다. 북한의 에너지 소비량은 남한에 비해 매우 적으며, 지난 15년간 석탄 사용 구성비가 매우 높았다. 북한의 일인당 에너지 소비량이 2011년 남한 수준으로 증가하면, 통합 한반도의 에너지 소비량은 남한에서의 증가분을 제외하더라도 2011년 통합 한반도의 에너지 소비량에 비해 약 45% 증가할 것으로 예상된다. 따라서 에너지 소비에 의한 환경 영향을 최소화하기 위해 북한의 석탄 구성비를 줄여나가는 방향의 에너지 계획을 수립하고 에너지 설비 확충에 선진 기술 적용하는 방안을 마련해야 할 것이다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.677-685
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• 2014

와송(OM) 분말과 3종의 유산균 혼합물로 발효하여 얻은 발효 와송(FOM)을 식이 중에 각각 2.5%와 5%의 농도로 첨가하여 알코올 투여와 함께 4주동안 흰쥐에 급여한 후 조직의 과산화지질 농도와 혈중 지질수준에 미치는 영향에 대하여 검토하였다. 혈중 지질과 혈중 콜레스테롤의 농도는 알코올 투여 대조군(C)에서 높아졌지만, OM군 FOM군 모두 낮은 수치를 보였고, 특히 5FOM군에서 유의적으로 낮은 수치를 나타내었다. 5FOM군에서 혈중 총 콜레스테롤 수치는 감소하는데 반해 HDL-콜레스테롤 수치는 높아 동맥경화지수 수치가 낮았다. 또한, 간장 및 혈중 중성지질 농도는 알코올 투여 대조군(C)에서 증가하였고, OM군 FOM군 모두 농도 의존적으로 감소하였으며, 5FOM군에서 정상 수준의 감소를 보여 정상군과 유의한 수치를 나타내었다. 그리고 5 FOM군에서 혈중 총단백질 함량의 유의적인 차이는 인정되지 않았지만, 혈중 알부민 함량은 증가하였다. 간장, 혈청, 고환, 신장, 비장, 심장 조직의 TBARS 함량은 모두 알코올 투여 대조군(C)에서 증가하였고, OM군 FOM군 모두 알코올 투여 대조군에 비해 감소하였으나 5FOM군에서 양성 대조군(SM)의 감소 경향과 비슷한 결과를 나타내었다. 간장 및 혈청의 glutathione 농도 또한 5FOM군에서 증가 경향을 나타내었다. 이상의 결과로 알코올 유발 흰쥐에서 FOM투여는 OM 투여보다 지질 개선에 더 긍정적인 영향을 나타내었고, 생체 내 스트레스를 감소시켜 체내 조직의 항산화 증진에 관여할 것으로 판단되어진다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.401-407
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• 2008

본 연구는 옻나무 급여기간이 한우육의 냉장저장 중 품질특성에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 실시하였다. 거세한우들에게 옻나무가 4% 첨가된 사료를 도축전 0(대조구), 3, 4, 5 및 6개월 동안 급여하여 모두 동일하게 28개월령에 도축하였다. 공시재료는 우둔(M. semitendinosus) 부위를 $3{\pm}0.2^{\circ}C$에서 7일 동안 저장하였다. 조지방 함량은 4 및 5개월 급여구들이 다른 급여구들에 비해 낮았으나(p<0.05), 조단백질 함량 및 보수력은 높았다(p<0.05). 지방산 조성은 3, 4 및 5개월 급여구들의 단가불포화지방산 함량이 다른 급여구들보다 높았다(p<0.05). 저장 중 TBARS는 옻나무 급여구들에서 억제되었으며, MetMb은 3, 4 및 5개월 급여구들이 다른 급여구들에 비해 서서히 축적되었다. 표면육색은 3, 4 및 5개월 급여구들이 저장 7일까지 다른 급여구들보다 L값, a값 및 C값을 높게 유지하였으며, 특히, 저장 7일째의 a 값은 4개월 급여구가 가장 높았다(p<0.05). 결론적으로 한우에게 옻나무 4%사료를 4-5개월 동안 급여했을 때 다른 급여기간들보다 쇠고기의 보수력, 단가불포화지방산 함량 및 색택 향상에 효과적이었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권9호
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• pp.1430-1438
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• 2019

Objective: This experiment was designed to determine the effects of coated cysteamine hydrochloride (CC) on muscle fiber characteristics, amino acid composition and transporters gene expression in the longissimus dorsi muscle (LDM) of finishing pigs. Methods: Two hundred and sixteen Duroc/Landrace/Yorkshire cross-bred male finishing pigs were fed with a corn-soybean basal diet supplemented with 0, 70, and 140 mg/kg cysteamine. Each group contained eight replicates of nine pigs per replicate. After 29 days, one pig was randomly selected from each replicate and slaughtered. Blood and LDM samples were collected and analyzed. Results: The results showed that supplemental dietary CC increased (p<0.05) the muscle fiber density. And CC supplementation also up-regulated (p<0.05) the expression of myosin heavy chain 1 (MyHC1) and MyHC2x mRNA levels, and down-regulated (p<0.05) MyHC2b expression in the LDM. Additionally, supplemental dietary CC reduced (p<0.05) the concentration of total cholesterol in the plasma and enhanced (p<0.05) the concentrations of essential amino acid and total amino acid in the LDM. The relative expression levels of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase 2, $b^{0,+}$ amino acid transporter, and $y^+$-L-type amino acid transporter 1 were upregulated (p<0.05) in the LDM when pigs were fed with the dietary CC of 70 mg/kg. Conclusion: Cysteamine supplementation could increase fiber density and distribution of fiber types. It also improved the deposition of protein in the LDM by up-regulated the expression of amino acid transporters.

• 한방비만학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.122-130
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• 2020

Objectives: This study is a practice based research conducted to investigate the effectiveness and safety of a 5-day short-term diet program ('Oil-rescue' program) designed to reduce the adverse events and initial dropout rate in obesity treatment. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 4 Korean medicine clinic patient data who completed 'Oil-rescue' program which is consisting of Gambi-hwan, Bium-hwan, Butgiban-hwan and Jayoon Kyungokgo. The weight change before and after participating 'Oil-rescue' program was primary outcome of our study. Changes in body mass index, body fat mass, skeletal muscle mass, body water content, lean body mass, protein, and minerals were also measured. Results: A total of 35 patients who satisfied the eligible criteria were finally included. The body weight decreased from 69.45±11.86 kg to 67.43±11.58 kg, a total of 2.02±1.03 kg (P<0.001). Body fat mass decreased from 25.77±7.45 kg to 24.98±7.26 kg, a total of 0.78±1.21 kg (P<0.001). Body mass index decreased from 26.39±3.64 kg/㎡ to 25.64±3.49 kg/㎡, a total of 0.75±0.41 kg/㎡. (P<0.001). A total of 15 patients had side effects such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and insomnia, but all were mild. 16 out of 35 people switched to long-term obesity treatment programs. Conclusions: Through this retrospective practice based research, it was found that the 'Oil-rescue' program effectively reduced body weight, body fat, and body mass index, and the other obesity related parameters. It was a relatively safe and effective short-term obesity treatment program.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.54-63
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• 2022

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the replacement of degummed soybean oil (DSO) by acid soybean oil (ASO) in diets with or without the inclusion of emulsifier on broiler performance, relative organ weight, lipase activity, intestinal morphometry, and nutrient digestibility. Methods: A total of 704 1-day-old male broiler chicks were allotted to a 2×2 completely randomized factorial design (with or without emulsifier × two lipid sources [ASO and DSO]), with eight replicates and 22 birds each. The metabolizable energy level in diets with emulsifier was reduced by 40 kcal/kg from 1 to 21 d and 50 kcal/kg from 22 to 49 d. Results: Broilers fed diets containing ASO without emulsifier had higher (p = 0.005) weight gain than DSO-fed animals and with the inclusion of emulsifier had worse (p = 0.018) feed conversion ratio (FCR). Birds fed diets with emulsifier worsened FCR regardless of lipid source from 1 to 21 days (p = 0.006) and from 1 to 49 days (p = 0.0002). There was an increase (p = 0.026) in the relative pancreas weight, at 14 days, in birds fed diets containing ASO. Lipase activity and morphometry of the duodenum and jejunum, at 14 and 21 days, were not affected (p>0.05). The dietary inclusion of emulsifier improved the digestible energy (p = 0.053) in the presence of ASO. For the digestibility coefficients (gross energy, crude protein, and mineral matter), no interference was observed (p>0.05). Conclusion: The inclusion of emulsifier to energy-restricted diet with ASO maintained broiler performance in the first week, but worsened FCR in subsequent phases. The ASO can be considered as an alternative lipid source to DSO and does not interfere with the morphophysiological characteristics and performance of broilers. The combination of ASO and emulsifier increased the digestible energy content by 6.2%.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제65권3호
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• pp.535-549
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• 2023

This study was to investigate the effects of different phytogenic feed additives (PFA) dosage levels in growing- finishing pigs stressed by high stocking density. A total of 72 mix sexed 12 weeks growing pigs ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc) with initial body weight (BW) of 49.28 ± 4.58 kg were used for 8 weeks. There were 3 replicate pens in each treatment group, with 3 pigs per pen. The dietary treatment groups consisted of basal diets in animal welfare density (negative control [NC]), basal diet in high stocking density (positive control [PC]), PC + 0.04% essential oil (ES1), PC + 0.08% essential oil (ES2), PC + 0.10% bitter citrus extract & essential oil (CES1), PC + 0.20% bitter citrus extract & essential oil (CES2), PC + 0.05% grape pomace extract (GP1), PC + 0.10% grape pomace extract (GP2). The reduction of space allowance decreased (p < 0.05) average daily gain, feed efficiency, and digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, and gross energy. Also, the fecal score of PC groups increased (p < 0.05) compared with other groups. Basic behaviors (feed intake, standing, lying) were inactive (p < 0.05) and singularity behavior (biting) was increased (p < 0.10) under high stocking density. There was no difference in blood profile. However, the supplementation of PFA alleviated the negative effects such as reduced growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and some increasing stress indicators in th blood (cortisol) and animal behavior (biting). In conclusion, the negative effect of high stocking density was most effectively mitigated by the normal dosage of the mixture of bitter citrus extract and essential oil additive (CES1).