• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.114-120
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• 2019

This study was carried out to explore the accuracy of near infrared spectroscopy(NIRS) for the prediction of moisture content and chemical parameters on winter annual forage crops. A population of 2454 winter annual forages representing a wide range in chemical parameters was used in this study. Samples of forage were scanned at 1nm intervals over the wavelength range 680-2500nm and the optical data was recorded as log 1/Reflectance(log 1/R), which scanned in intact fresh condition. The spectral data were regressed against a range of chemical parameters using partial least squares(PLS) multivariate analysis in conjunction with spectral math treatments to reduced the effect of extraneous noise. The optimum calibrations were selected based on the highest coefficients of determination in cross validation($R^2$) and the lowest standard error of cross-validation(SECV). The results of this study showed that NIRS calibration model to predict the moisture contents and chemical parameters had very high degree of accuracy except for barely. The $R^2$ and SECV for integrated winter annual forages calibration were 0.99(SECV 1.59%) for moisture, 0.89(SECV 1.15%) for acid detergent fiber, 0.86(SECV 1.43%) for neutral detergent fiber, 0.93(SECV 0.61%) for crude protein, 0.90(SECV 0.45%) for crude ash, and 0.82(SECV 3.76%) for relative feed value on a dry matter(%), respectively. Results of this experiment showed the possibility of NIRS method to predict the moisture and chemical composition of winter annual forage for routine analysis method to evaluate the feed value.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.375-381
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• 2018

The consumption of oats (Avena sativa L.) with high nutritional utility is accelerating due to the increased consumers' demand for functional foods. In Korea, naked oats are used as food, while covered oats are used for animal feed. However, it is difficult to distinguish naked oats from covered oats when the husk is removed from the grains by a special process. The present study was carried out to investigate experimental methods that would be beneficial in the segregation of different types of oats after husk removal. Grain quality-related biochemical compounds were analyzed in a bid to differentiate the oat dehulling characteristics. In addition, 61 SSR markers were examined for genetic relationship and variety identification of oats using five naked and seven covered oat varieties. Results showed that, the contents of protein, lipid, and ${\beta}-glucan$ were not significantly different among the oat varieties and this could not be used as an index for distinguishing oats husk character. However, in the fatty acid composition ratio,, naked oats had a higher ratio of stearic acid (C18:0) and oleic acid (C18:1) than covered oats, and covered oats had a higher ratio of linoleic acid (C18:2) and linoleic acid (C18:3) than naked oats. The assessment of SSR marker genotype revealed that 33 polymorphic bands among 12 oat varieties and 1 variety could be distinguished through the combination of polymorphic markers thus indicating the usability of these markers for variety identification in oats.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.133-142
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• 2019

This study analyzed genetic variation of the Oriental fruit fly (OFF), Bactrocera dorsalis, which is designated to be a quarantine insect pest in Korea. OFF samples endemic to Taiwan were collected at three different locations (Taipei, Taichung, and Kaohsiung) for three days from July 30 to August 1 in 2018 and assessed in their age and mitochondrial DNA sequence variations. In these places, 1,085 OFF males were collected using methyl eugenol lure while 30 males of Zeugodacus cucurbitae and one male of Bactrocera tau were collected using Cuelure. A protein diet lure attracted 6 flies including one OFF and 5 flies of Z. cucurbitae. Male heads of OFF contained pterin, which increased in contents with age from 32 to $59{\mu}g/head$. There was a local variation in pterin amounts in OFF heads, in which Kaohsiung population had lower amounts of pterin than Taipei and Taichung populations. Genetic distance among these three populations were measured by random amplified polymorphic DNA and showed that Taipei population was separated from Taichung/Kaohsiung cluster. Genetic variation was also analyzed in sequence variations in cytochrome oxidase I (CO-I) and NADH dehydrogenase I (ND-I). There was 7.8% variation in CO-I sequence (360 residues) and 6.6% variation in ND-I sequence (213 residues). These polymorphic sites are proposed to be used to develop SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) markers characteristic to Taiwan OFF populations.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2019

After making tea by steaming the Artichoke(Hellanthus tuberosus) nine times and drying them nine times, the ingredients and functions of the Artichoke tea were compared to those of M. It had 342.27kcal/100g in its own deloped Artichoke tea, 73.87g/100g of carbohydrates, 6.80g/100g of crude ash and 8.21g/100g of crude protein. The total of free sugars were 32.66mg/100, among them, fructose 17.40, sucrose 9.03 and glucose 6.05 mg/100g. The total mineral contents of the developed tea was 2,785.67mg/100g. It was 2,563.93mg/100g of potassium, 97.52mg/100g of calcium and 88.78mg/100g of magnesium. The saturated fat of Artichoke tea was 30.34mg/100g and unsaturated fat was 69.66mg/100g, among which the linoleic acid was 47.0mg/100%, palmitic acid was 25.31mg/100% and linolenic acid was 8.61mg/100g. DPPH radical scavenging was 34.2% of teas that were developed, 5.2% of M's for comparison, and 44.0% of index materials. ABTS radical scavenging was 93.0% of teas developed, 61.9% of M's tea and 47.6% of index materials, and SOD like activity was 2.7% of teas developed and 1.6% of M's tea. The flavonoid content was 2.8 fold of the tea developed, 2.0 fold of M's tea and 1.7 fold of index material. The polyphenol content was 38.2 fold, 8.92 fold of M's tea and 14.0 fold of index material. The inhibition rate for ${\alpha}$-glucosidase was 9.83% teas developed and 8.92% of M's. The sensory evaluation compares to the one time extract and the five time extract. Based on the one-time extract, color of tea developed was 83.7%, the M's tea was 50.0%, the flavor was 78%, M's tea was 42.5%, the delicate taste was 66.7% of teas developed and M's tea was 37.5% and the overall acceptability was 73.3% of teas developed, M's tea was 47.5%. The comparison of M's tea showed that the extract decreased as we made it, and the overall symbol level decreased to 46.3% after five time-extyracts, while that of the developed tea decreased to 73.3%. The Artichoke tea developed this way is believed to have greater antioxidant function, higher effective substance content, and a higher affinity than M's tea an index material for comparison purposes.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.23-33
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• 2019

After making tea by steaming the Burdock(Arctium lappa) nine times and drying it nine times, the ingredients and functions of the Burdock tea were compared to those of M company. The tea's calories were 346.48kcal/100g, carbohydrates were 72.75g/100g, crude protein was 11.98g/100g, and crude ash was 5.01g/100g. The total of free sugars were 31.93mg/100, among them, fructose was 26.27, sucrose was 1.27 mg/100g. The inorganic material contents were 1,476.21mg/100g of potassium, 255.96 mg/100g of calcium and 311.41 mg/100g of magnesium. The saturated fatty acids were 40.73mg/100g and the unsaturated fatty acids were 59.27mg/100g, among which the linoleic acid was 41.28mg/100g, the palmitic acid was 33.11mg/100g, the oleic acid was 10.07mg/100g and linolenic acid was 7.92mg/100g. DPPH radical scavenging was 33.9% of teas that were developed, 2.3% of M's tea for comparison, and 37.2% of indiex material. ABTS radical scavenging were 90.7% of teas developed, 85.9% of M's tea and 37.2% of index materials, and SOD like activities were 11.3% of teas developed and 50.5% of M's teas. The flavonoid content was 2.6 fold of the tea developed, 2.9 fold of M's tea and 1.7 fold of index material. The polyphenol content was 33.8 fold of teas developed, 38.9 fold of the M's tea and 13.8 fold of the index material. The sensory evaluation compare to the one-time extract and the five-time extract. Based on the one-time extract, the color were 65.9 % of the five-time extract tea were developed, 12.8 % of the M's tea. Flavour were 78.0% of the tea developed and 33.3% of the M's tea, tastes were 71.4% of the tea developed, 20.7% of the M's tea. The cart for comparison showed that while the extract decreased as we developed it, the overall symbolism decreased to 21.4% after five time extracts, the developed tea decreased to 72.1%. We believe that the developed tea will have a greater effect on preventing and improving diseases as it has a stronger antioxidant function, more effective substances, and a higher level of symbolism than the comparative M squared tea and surface substance.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.438-446
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• 2019

In this study, the nutrients of a total of 4 species of popcorn, Oryun Popcorn, Oryun Popcorn 2, G-Popcorn and Gichan Popcorn, cultivated in Gangwon-do, were analyzed and compared. The contents of these products, including their general ingredients, inorganic substances, fatty acids, reducing sugar and starch, were analyzed. The moisture, crude ash and crude fat content of the dried popcorn species were 11.54-12.54%, 0.97-1.45% and 2.48-2.62%, respectively. The crude protein content was 9.68-11.75%. As for inorganic substances, the potassium and phosphorus content were the highest. Potassium was 228.25-310.46 mg/100g and was the highest in Oryun Popcorn, and the content of phosphorus was 276.04-310.00 mg/100g. As for fatty acids, 11 types were detected. The content of linoleic acid accounted for 52.89-55.76% of the total fatty acid content showing the highest amount followed by oleic acid (24.31-26.65%) and palmitic acid (14.20-15.92%). As for amino acids, total 16 types of amino acids were detected by specie, with glutamic acid making up 17.70-18.52% of total amino acids, the highest, followed by leucine (12.30-12.54%) and proline (10.34-10.92%) in that order. The creducing sugar content by specie was 4.68-5.13% and starch content was 42.14-46.14%.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.250-258
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• 2021

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding systems on feed intake, weight gain, and fawn performance (Cervus canadensis) and estimation of grazing intensity in Elk doe at pasture. A sixteen Elk doe about 236.2 kg were randomly assigned to two feeding treatments. The treatment consisted of a barn feeding system (BF) and grazing at pasture (GR), and pasture was mainly composed of tall fescue, orchard grass, and Kentucky bluegrass. The moisture content of pasture was 19.51~22.61%, which was similar during experimental periods. The crude protein content was significantly higher from June to July (p<0.05). The contents of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber ranged 53.65~60.18%, and 26.08~29.10%, respectively. There were no significant differences between feeding systems on supplementary feed intake, but the roughage and total dry matter intake showed significant differences between treatment groups (p<0.05), except for May. In August, roughage intake was dramatically decreased in the GR group due to summer environmental changes. On the other hand, the higher intake of roughage in September might be related to nutrient intake for mammals. There was no difference in body weight between treatment groups, but the fawn performance was significantly higher in the GR group (p<0.05). These results might be suggested that grazing elk doe might positively affect fawn growth. However, it is considered that BF might increase the deer weaning rate during the parturition period, since the lower weaning rate in the GR group compared to the BF group. The grazing intensity of Elk doe was increased from May to July and decreased in August, which was influenced by pasture productivity. The average grazing intensity of Elk doe was found to be 15 heads/ha, which might be controlled by supplementary feeding. Further studies needed that mixed sowing methods and fertilization management in old grazing pastures for improved pasture productivity.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.223-233
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• 2021

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of gypsum on the dry matter yield and the chemical composition of alfalfa in reclaimed tideland with soil dressing. The experimental site was Sukmoon reclaimed tideland. The tideland was reclaimed approximately 17 to 33 years ago and the 70 cm of soil was top-dressed. The soil that covers the reclaimed tideland brought from the island did not treat di-salinized. Treatments were consisted of three groups; control group where no gypsum (G0) was applied and two experimental groups where 2 ton/ha (G2) and 4 ton/ha (G4) of gypsum were applied, respectively. The first harvest was conducted when the alfalfa reached early flowering (open the flower 10%), and after that subsequent harvest was conducted at approximately 35 days intervals. The dry matter yield of the alfalfa showed that G2 was significantly higher in the first year than G0 and G4, and G2 tended to be higher in the second year than G0 and G4, although there were no significant differences between treatments. The reason for the high dry matter yield in G2 was that the soil pH and EC of the soil were at marginal and ideal levels and the coverage and alfalfa botanical composition were also high. In both years, there were no differences in the crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber contents and relative feed value between gypsum treatments. Meanwhile, the results in the first and second years showed that the alfalfa dry matter yield were negatively affected by droughts stress in spring and concentrated precipitation in summer. Therefore, this study suggests gypsum treatment in reclaimed tidal land could increase the dry matter yield of alfalfa, and 2 ton/ha of gypsum was the optimum rate.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.207-216
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• 2021

This study was conducted to determine the nutritional quality of two newly-developed native chicken strains, compared to the commercial Korean native chicken. A total of 600 chickens (CON: Hanhyup No. 3, CL1: candidate line C, CL2: candidate line D) raised under the same conditions were slaughtered at either 5 or 12 weeks. Leg meat was then obtained and analyzed for its physicochemical properties. The results showed that regardless of the growing period, there was no variation in proximate composition (P>0.05), except for crude protein, between strains. Water holding capacity did not differ between strains at either slaughter age; however, it was significantly lower in the 12-week group than in the 5-week group (P≤0.05). For both skin and muscle color, a^* and b^* values were lower at 12 weeks than at 5 weeks (P≤0.05). DPPH radical-scavenging activity tended to be lower at 12 weeks than at 5 weeks (P≤0.05). Furthermore, all chickens slaughtered at 5 weeks were found to have greater contents of linoleic acid (18:2) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and lower atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indices than those slaughtered at 12 weeks (P≤0.05). However, anserine, betaine, and glucose were more concentrated among the lines at 12 weeks than at 5 weeks (P≤0.05). In conclusion, the quality traits of native chickens were distinct by different production stages rather than chicken lines.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.413-422
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• 2022

To identify rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars suitable for Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.)-rice double cropping systems, we investigated the yield and grain quality of four different midseason maturing rice cultivars ('Daebo', 'Haepum', 'Haiami', and 'Samdeog') and four midseason-to-late maturing rice cultivars ('Hyunpoom', 'Saeilmi', 'Saenuri', and 'Samkwang') in single rice cropping and Italian ryegrass-rice double cropping systems in paddy fields of Miryang, South Korea. We found that organic matter and available P₂O₅ content slightly decreased, whereas Na content increased, in the soil where Italian ryegrass was cultivated during winter compared to that in the soil that remained fallow during winter. The pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, and contents of K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and Na⁺ decreased, whereas the available P₂O₅ content slightly increased, in the soil where rice was harvested in both single and double cropping systems. However, compared to the optimum soil conditions for rice cultivation, available P₂O₅ and K⁺ content were high and Mg²⁺ content was low in both single and double cropping systems. At the heading stage, the culm length and leaf color slightly increased in most of the rice cultivars, whereas the panicle length and number slightly decreased, in the double cropped system. After harvesting, spikelet number and milled rice yield did not show a significant difference between single and double cropping systems. However, the ripened grain rate and weight per thousand grains increased slightly in the 'Saeilmi' and 'Samkwang' cultivars but remained either stable or slightly low in other cultivars in the double cropping system. The milled rice yield was high (> 500 kg/10a) in 'Daebo' and 'Haepum' among midseason maturing rice cultivars, and in 'Saeilmi' and 'Saenuri' among midseason-to-late maturing rice cultivars, in both single and double cropping systems. The head rice rate was high in midseason maturing rice cultivars in the double cropping systems, reaching > 70% in 'Haepum' and 'Haiami' cultivars, whereas it decreased in most midseason-to-late maturing rice cultivars (excluding 'Samkwang' cultivar), in double cropping systems. Particularly, it exceeded > 70% in the 'Saenuri' cultivar in both single and double cropping systems. The protein content in milled rice increased, whereas the amylose content either remained stable or slightly increased, in double cropping systems. The Toyo taste value decreased in all midseason-to-late maturing rice cultivars and slightly increased in the 'Daebo' and 'Haiami' cultivars among midseason maturing rice cultivars in double cropping systems. However, Toyo taste values in the 'Haepum', 'Haiami', and 'Saenuri' cultivars exceeding > 80% in both single and double cropping systems. Therefore, we recommend 'Haepum', 'Haiami', and 'Saenuri' cultivars as candidates for Italian ryegrass-rice double cropping systems due to high yield, head rice rate, and Toyo taste value.