• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.200-205
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• 1995

Nutritional factors regulating the morphological differentiation and physiological differentiation of Streptomyces exfoliatus SMF13 on surface cultures were evaluated. S. exfoliatus SMF13 produced leupeptin and chymotrypsin-like protease (CTP) at the stage of substrate mycelium growth, and leupeptin-inactivating enzyme (LIE) and trypsin-like protease (TLP) at the stage of aerial mycelium growth. The activity of leupeptin and CTP was high in the region of active growing substrate mycelium, whereas the activity of LIE and TLP was high in the region of aerial mycelium or spores. The differentiations were induced in glucose-limited conditions or by the addition of glucose anti-metabolite (methyl $\alpha$-glucopyranoside), but repressed by high concentrations of glucose or casamino acids. Morphological differentiation (formation of aerial mycelia and spores) was closely related with physiological differentiation (formation of brown-pigment, LIE and TLP). The local distribution of leupeptin, CTP, LIE, and TLP in a developing colony showed that colony development correlated with the production and functions of the compounds: CTP is essential for providing a nitrogen source for mycelium growth: leupeptin regulates TLP activity: LIE inactivates leupeptin: TLP hydrolyzes nongrowing mycelium.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.291-294
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• 2004

The aim of this study was to figure out the antibacterial pattern of leucocin A transformed yeast with culture. Dry cell weight, total secreted protein, and antibacterial activity were increased to 12 hour, after then they showed decrease while protease activity represented the opposite pattern. This implied the production of leucocin A was growth-related. Compared to the result of one hour culture broth, antibacterial activity was about 3.24 fold at 12 hour culture. Maximum growth inhibition rate was 70.57% compared to nontransformed yeast. As the increase of protease in the supernatant, the antibacterial activity was diminished. This study could permit the mass production of bacteriocin to use as antibiotics or food preservatives.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2000

Eight strains of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from diseased trout in Korea were characterized and compared with an American type strain by various methods including biochemical and physiological tests, PCR, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), plasmid profiling, and gel electrophoresis of total, membrane, and extracellular proteins. Virulence factors such as surface array proteins, cytotoxin, hemolysin, haemagglutinin, and protease were also investigated. The Korean strains showed heterogeneity in Iysine decarboxylase production, utilization of various carbon sources, and production of acetoin. Five strains had the same profiles of total and membrane proteins. Six strains haemagglutinated with trout red blood cells (RBCs) which was inhibited by fucose, galactose, and mannose, except for No. 1 where haemagglutination was inhibited by only galactose and mannose, but not by fucose. Four isolates haemagglutinated with human RBCs which was inhibited by fucose and mannose yet not by galactose. The type strain haemagglutinated only with trout RBCs which was inhibited by fucose, galactose, and mannose. Every isolate secreted protease, hemolysin, cytotoxin, and siderophore, but no enterotoxin. Results showed that the Korean isolates, except for No.7, had very different biochemical and molecular characteristics from those of the American type strain.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.472-476
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• 2005

The present study was untaken to assess the capacity of Bacillus pumilis KHS-1 to grow on chicken flour and to prepare feather digest as fertilizer. To increase keratinolytic activity, the addition of cysteine (5.0 mM) showed the highest keratinolytic activity (245 unit) among the reducing agents tested. The production of soluble protein (feather digests) paralleled the tendency to the production of keratinolytic protease. In the growth curve of B. pumilis KHS-1 at $30^{\circ}C$ in the feather medium with 5 mM cysteine, the maximum keratinolytic activity of B. pumilis was about 161 units/ml after 84 h of incubation. The maximum enzyme activities were observed at the late logarithmic growth phase, and remained thereafter with little changes. Using 27-day plant growth assays on carrot and Chinese cabbage, feather digests and reference fertilizer were compared. In terms of the length and the weight of the above-ground vegetations, feather digests showed the same effect as that of the fertilizer. Therefore, our investigation shows that the feather digests can be used in agriculture.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.9-14
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• 1965

The enzyme-producing potentials of industrially important strains of Aspergillus spp. were studied. Irradiation of three original isolates of Aspergillus oryzae to ultra-violet rays resulted in the production of mutants which differed from the parent riboflavin and vitamin $B_{12}$ in culture media. 1. Irradition three strains of Aspergillus oryzae to ultraviolet light produced mutants and two strains of them were selected for soy sauce brewing. 2. The two strains are the physiological mutants of Aspergillus oryzae. Both were found to have superior enzyme activity to their relatives. 3. Aspergillus oryzae UV-induced mutant 172-722 and 569-713 were more powerful than others in the production of riboflavin and vitamin $B_{12}$. The enzyme activity of these strain were high and decreased only slightly even in 20 percent solution of NaCl. 4. Aspergillus oryzae UV-induced mutant 172-722 had more powerful protease producibility in wheat bran media than in modified Czapek's solution. On the contrary, Aspergillus oryzae UV-induced mutant 569-713 had more powerful producibility of saccharogenic and dextrinogenic amylase in modified Czapek's solution than in mold bran. 5. Aspergillus oryzae UV-induced mutant 172-722 formed the spore rapidly and Aspergillus oryzae UV-induced mutant 569-713 did ordinarily. 6. It is found from the results that Aspergillus oryzae UV-induced mutant 172-722 is valuable material for the manufacture of soy sauce because of its high protease activity in 20 percent solution of NaCl. Aspergillus oryzae UV-induced mutant 569-713 is suitable for soy bean mash and for fermented red pepper sauce for its high saccharogenic and dextrinogenic amylase activity in 20 percent solution of sodium chloride.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.110-114
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• 2001

Isolation of BacilLus sp. producing multi-enzyme and optimization of medium conditions for its production using feedstuffs for probiotics were carried out in this study. A bacterium isolated from natural resources, namely Bacillus subtilis 4-3, has multi-enzyme activity (phytase. cellulase, xylanasc, protease, and amylase. In the culture of B. subtilis 4-3 using soybean meal and rice bran. relatively low phytate degradation was noted using whereas high phytate degradability was observed with wheat bran (80.63%). The optimal composition of medium using feedstuffs was 1.0% (w/v) soybean meal and 2% (w/v) molasses to yield high cell growth.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.167-176
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• 2012

Three protease-producing halophilic bacteria were isolated from fermenting anchovy. Isolated FAM 10, FAM 114, and FAM 115 were found to grow optimally at salt concentrations of 2-4%, 10%, and 6%, respectively, and could grow in salinity of up to 18-22%. The salinity conditions for optimum protease production were 6% in FAM 10 and 10% in FAM 114 and FAM 115. The protease activity of FAM 10 was gradually inhibited by the addition of NaCl up to 10%, and was not evident at 14%, whereas FAM 114 and FAM 115 displayed protease activity at 14% NaCl and could not be measured at 18%. These results demonstrated that the three isolated strains belong to protease-producing, moderately halophilic bacteria. Strain FAM 10, FAM 114, and FAM 115 were identified as Salinivibrio sp., Halobacillus sp., and Halobacillus sp. respectively, based on comparative analyses of the 16S rRNA gene and the 16S-23S intergenic space sequence (IGS), biochemical testing, and Gram staining. Salinivibrio sp. FAM 10 had two 16S rDNAs containing different sequences at position 191 and four IGSs that harbored no tRNA gene and tRNA genes for isoleucine, alanine, glutamate, lysine, and/or valine. Halobacillus sp. FAM 114 and FAM 115 had completely identical 16S rRNA gene sequences and showed 99% identity to the sequences of various Halobacillus strains. The three IGSs found in the genome of both strains displayed 99% sequence identity with Halobacillus aidingensis and Halobacillus sp. JM-Hb, and had $IGS^0$ with no tRNA gene and $IGS^{IA}$ with tRNA genes for isoleucine and alanine.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.208-217
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• 2018

In this study, samples were collected from the leaves and stems of healthy wild Pistachio trees (Pistacia atlantica L.) from various locations of Baneh and Marivan regions, Iran. In total, 61 endophytic bacteria were isolated and grouped according to phenotypic properties. Ten selected isolates from each group were further identified by partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Based on the results, isolates were identified as bacteria belonging to Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, Bacillus, Pantoea and Serratia genus. The ability of these isolates was evaluated to phytohormone production such as auxin and gibberellin, siderophore production, phosphate solubilization, atmospheric nitrogen fixation, protease and hydrogen cyanide production. All strains were able to produce the plant growth hormone auxin and gibberellin in different amounts. The majority of strains were able to solubilize phosphate. The results of atmospheric nitrogen fixation ability, protease and siderophore production were varied among strains. Only Ba66 could produce a low amount of hydrogen cyanide. The results of biocontrol assay showed that Pb78 and Sp15 strains had the highest and lowest inhibition effects on bacterial plant pathogens, Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae Pss20 and Pseudomonas tolaasii Pt18 under in vitro condition. Pb3, Pb24 and Pb71 strains significantly promote root formation on carrot slices. To our knowledge this is the first report of the isolation of endophytic bacterial strains belonging to Pantoea, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Serratia and Stenotrophomonas genus from wild pistachio trees with plant growth promoting potential and biocontrol activity.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.11-17
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• 2010

Here, we evaluated the effect of thrombin on the interleukin-6 production induced by tumor-necrosis-factor-$\alpha$ in endothelial cells. It is well known that tumor-necrosis-factor-$\alpha$ mediates inflammatory responses by activation of nuclear factor-kappa-B in endothelial cells. Here, we showed that lower concentration of thrombin decreased the production of interleukin-6 induced by tumor-necrosis-factor-$\alpha$ and this inhibitory effect of thrombin on interleukin-6 production was mediated by interacting with protease-activated-receptor-1. In addition, phosphoinositide-3-kinase was also involved the anti-inflammatory responses by lower concentration of thrombin in endothelial cells. These results suggested that lower concentration of thrombin mediated anti-inflammatory responses by interacting with protease-activated-receptor-1 on the cell membrane and phosphoinositide-3-kinase in the cell. These findings will provide the important evidence in the development of new medicine for the treatment of severe sepsis and inflammatory diseases and good clue for understanding unknown mechanisms by which thrombin showed the pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory activities in endothelial cells.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.209-217
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• 1985

Seventeen extracellular protein producing bacteria were isolated from soil samples, among which T219 strain having a strong capability of producing the protein was selected and identified for investigation of biological characteristics. The factors which affect the protein production were investigated and the results are summarized as follows. T219 strain which produces the most extracellular protein was identified as Bacillus sp. Optimum temperature and pH for production of the extracellular protein by T219 strain were $25^{\circ}C$ and 7.5 respectively. Almost no activities of protease and amylase were observed in the protein produced by the protein producing bacteria. In the medium containing yeast extract, the cell growth was moderately high, but almost no accumulation of protein was observed. However, polypeptone had significant effects on both the cell growth and the protein accumulation. The addition of glycine and L-isoleucine to the medium containing polypeptone, yeast extract and meat extract had a great effect on the protein production; 4mg/ml of protein accumulation was observed.