• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.558-566
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• 2016

Biotic agents such as fumarate-reducing bacteria can be used for controlling methane (CH₄) production in the rumen. Fumarate-reducing bacteria convert fumarate to succinate by fumarate reductase, ultimately leading to the production of propionate. Fumarate-reducing bacteria in the genus Enterococcus were isolated from rumen fluid samples from slaughtered Korean native goats. The enterococci were identified as Enterococcus faecalis SROD5 and E. faecium SROD by phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences. The fumarate reductase activities of the SROD5 and SROD strains were 42.13 and 37.05 mM NADH oxidized/min/mg of cellular nitrogen (N), respectively. Supplementation of rumen fermentation in vitro with the SROD5 and SROD strains produced significantly higher propionate, butyrate, and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations than controls at 12 h; VFA concentrations tended to increase after 24 h of incubation. The generated CH₄ concentration was significantly lower in the SROD5 and SROD treatment groups after 24 h of incubation. These findings indicate that E. faecium SROD has potential as a direct-fed microbial additive for increasing total VFAs while decreasing CH₄ production in rumen fermentation in vitro.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.263-272
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• 2016

The present study investigated the effect of inclusion of chromium propionate (Cr-P) and lysophopholipid (LPL) in diet on blood parameters and meat quality of Hanwoo steer. Feeding trial was performed from late fattening period to slaughter and blood parameters (insulin, blood glucose and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentration) and meat quality were examined. Total 4 experimental groups including control (no addition), T1 (Cr-P 0.2%), T2 (LPL 0.2%) and T3 (Cr-P 0.1% + LPL 0.1%) were employed. For blood parameters, insulin concentration in T1 and T3 showed an elevating patterns from $3.13{\mu}U/mL$ to $3.35{\mu}U/mL$ (T1) and from $4.38{\mu}U/mL$ to $5.23{\mu}U/mL$ (T3). The changes of NEFA in all groups were detected as a decreasing patterns according to days of feeding. However, significant difference was not found. In growth performance, T2 showed greater daily gain and T1 showed greater carcass yield compared to others. However, there were no significance in difference. In meat quality, T1 showed greater yield and intra-muscular fat levels and lower sharing force compared to others. However, significant differences were not detected.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.630-636
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• 2005

Groundwater contamination by nitrate exceeding water quality criteria (10 mg $NO_3{^-}-N/L$) occurs frequently. Fumarate, acetate, formate, lactate, propionate, ethanol, methane and hydrogen gas were evaluated for their nitrate removal efficiencies and removal rates for in situ bioremediation of nitrate contaminated groundwater. Denitrification rate for each substrate was in the order of: fumarate > hydrogen > formate/lactate > ethanol > propionate > methanol > acetate. Microcosm studies were performed with fumarate and acetate. When fumarate was used as a substrate, nitrate was removed 100 percent with rate of 0.66 mmol/day while conversion rate from nitrate to nitrogen gas or another by-product was 87 percent. 42 mg of fumarate was needed to remove 30 mg $NO_3{^-}-N/L$. When using acetate as carbon source, 31 percent of nitrate was removed during initial adjustment period. Among removed fraction, however, 83 percent of nitrate removed by cell growth. Overall nitrate removal rate was 0.37 mmol/day. Acetate showed longer lag time in consumption compared to that of nitrate, which implying that acetate would be better carbon source compared to fumarate as more amount was utilized for nitrate removal than cell growth.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.888-892
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• 1996

Anaerobic decomposition experiments were performed to know the effect of chemical composition and temperature for the production of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) from marine sinking particles. Sinking particles were obtained with sediment traps set in Aburatsubo Inlet, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, in February, May and August. Sinking particles collected in May were composed of higher fraction of chl. a than the other two months. February and May samples were used to perform the decomposition experiments. VFAs production rates were higher in May sample than February. The production rates increased with increase of incubation temperature, and order of production rates of four VFAs were acetate>n-butyrate>propionate>iso-butyrate at $10^{\circ}C\;and\;20^{\circ}C$. At $28^{\circ}C$, the production rate of propionate was higher than n-butyrate. Based on these results, it is considered that production of VFAs from sinking particles during anaerobic decomposition depends on the chemical composition and temperature.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제30권12호
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• pp.1093-1100
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• 2021

The present study investigated the effect of ammonia load on microbial communities in mesophilic anaerobic digestion of propionic acid. A laboratory-scale continuous anaerobic digester treating propionic acid as a sole organic substrate was operated under non-inhibitory condition and inhibitory conditions with ammonia (1.5 g and 3.5 g ammonia-N/L, respectively), and bacterial and archaeal communities in the steady states of each ammonia condition were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing. Thirteen bacterial families were detected as abundant bacterial groups in mesophilic anaerobic digestion of propionic acid. Increase in ammonia concentration resulted in significant shifts in microbial community structures. Syntorophobacter, Pelotomaculum, and Thermovigra were determined as the dominant groups of (potential) propionate oxidizing bacteria in the non-inhibitory condition, whereas Cryptanaerobacter and Aminobacterium were the dominant groups of (potential) propionate oxidizing bacteria in the ammonia-inhibitory condition. Methanoculleus and Methanosaeta were the dominant methanogens. Acetate-oxidation coupled with hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis might be enhanced with increases in the relative abundances of Methanoculleus and Tepidanaerobacter acetatoxydans under the ammonia-inhibitory condition. The results of the present study could be a valuable reference for microbial management of anaerobic digestion systems that are exposed to ammonia inhibition and propionic acid accumulation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.82-89
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• 2009

Two in vitro experiments were conducted to examine the effects of propionate precursors in the dicarboxylic acid pathway on ruminal fermentatation characteristics, $CH_4$ production and degradation of feed by rumen microbes. Fumarate or malate as sodium salts (Exp. 1) or acid type (Exp. 2) were added to the culture solution (150 ml, 50% strained rumen fluid and 50% artificial saliva) to achieve final concentrations of 0, 8, 16 and 24 mM, and incubated anaerobically for 0, 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 h at $39^{\circ}C$. For both experiments, two grams of feed consisting of 70% concentrate and 30% ground alfalfa (DM basis) were prepared in a nylon bag, and were placed in a bottle containing the culture solution. Addition of fumarate or malate in both sodium salt and acid form increased (p<0.0001) pH of culture solution at 3, 6, 9 and 12 h incubations. The pH (p<0.0001) and total volatile fatty acids (VFA, p<0.05) were enhanced by these precursors as sodium salt at 3, 6 and 9 h incubations, and pH (p<0.001) and total VFA (p<0.01) from fumarate or malate in acid form were enhanced at a late stage of fermentation (9 h and 12 h) as the addition level increased. pH was higher (p<0.001) for fumarate than for malate as sodium salt at 3 h and 6 h incubations. Propionate ($C_3$) proportion was increased (p<0.0001) but those of $C_2$ (p<0.05) and $C_4$ (p<0.01 - p<0.001) were reduced by the addition of sodium salt precursors from 3 h to 12 incubation times while both precursors in acid form enhanced (p<0.011 - p<0.0001) proportion of $C_3$ from 6h but reduced (p<0.018 - p<0.0005) $C_4$ proportion at incubation times of 1, 3, 9 and 12 h. Proportion of $C_3$ was increased (p<0.05 - p<0.0001) at all incubation times by both precursors as sodium salt while that of $C_3$ was increased (p<0.001) from 6h but $C_4$ proportion was decreased by both precursors in acid form as the addition level increased. Proportion of $C_3$ was higher (p<0.01 - p<0.001) for fumarate than malate as sodium salt from 6 h incubation but was higher for malate than fumarate in acid form at 9 h (p<0.05) and 12 h (p<0.01) incubation times. Increased levels (16 and 24 mM) of fumarate or malate as sodium salt (p<0.017) and both precursors in acid form (p<0.028) increased the total gas production, but no differences were found between precursors in both chemical types. Propionate precursors in both chemical types clearly reduced (p<0.0001 - p<0.0002) $CH_4$ production, and the reduction (p<0.001 - p<0.0001) was dose dependent as the addition level of precursors increased. The $CH_4$ generated was smaller (p<0.01 - p<0.0001) for fumarate than for malate in both chemical types. Addition of fumarate or malate as sodium type reduced (p<0.004) dry matter degradation while both precursors in both chemical types slightly increased neutral detergent fiber degradability of feed in the nylon bag.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제25권10호
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• pp.1103-1109
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• 2015

뇌 해마의 콜린성 신경분포는 학습과 기역에 연관성이 있는 것으로 알려져 있으며 이의 작용제인 carbachol 투여 시 장기기억 저하가 유도됨이 알려져 왔다. 그러나 이러한 콜린성 자극에 의한 해마 신경세포의 시냅스 내 변화기작은 완전히 알려지지 않고 있다. 본 연구에서는 아세틸콜린 수용체의 활성에 의하여 유도되는 장기기억 저하 현상에 있어 alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA) 수용체가 후시냅스 표면으로부터 사라지는 현상과 이의 조절기작에 대하여 알아보고자 한다. 이를 위하여 쥐 해마의 일차세포를 추출하고 체외에서 배양한 성숙 신경세포에 carbachol 을 투여하여 장기기억 저하를 유도 하였으며, 후시냅스의 표면으로부 터 AMPA 수용체의 아단위체인 GluA2가 M1 무스카린 수용체의 길항제에 의하여 저해 되었다. 또한 콜린성 자극 에 의한 GluA2의 내재화 현상의 작용기작 연구를 위하여 쥐 해마 절편에 carbachol 투여 후 GluA2와 직접적인 상호작용을 하는 Glutam내재화 되었음을 확인하였다. 이러한 현상은 ate receptor-interacting protein 1 (GRIP1) 과 clathrine 단백질이 매개하는 세포내이입 작용을 하는 adaptin-α 단백질의 결합 변화를 관찰하였다. GluA2는 carbachol 자극에 의해 세포내이입 과정에서 adaptin-α 와의 결합이 증가하였으며 반대로 GRIP1과는 해리되었다. 이는 아세틸콜린의 수용체의 자극에 의하여 GluA2의 내제화 작용이 수반되며, 이의 작용기작으로 GluA2의 후시 냅스 표면 발현시에 결합하고 있는 GRIP1과 해리 되면서 장기기억 저하 현상이 유도됨을 의미한다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.255-264
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• 2008

본 연구는 반추위 보호 choline의 급여가 in vitro 반추위 발효특성과 착유우의 유생산성에 미치는 영향을 검토하기 위해 수행되었다. 시험구 배치는 기초사료 첨가구(T1), 기초사료 +23 g/일 보호처리를 하지 않은 choline과 부형제 첨가구(T2) 및 기초사료+ 25.56 g/일 보호 choline 첨가구(T3)의 3처리로 하였다. 보호 choline의 첨가가 in vitro 배양액의 pH에 미치는 영향은 3시간을 제외한 전 배양시간에서 없었으며, ammonia 농도에 대한 보호 choline의 영향도 배양 9시간을 제외한 전 배양시간에서 없었다. 보호 choline의 첨가가 acetate 및 total-VFA 농도에 미치는 영향은 없었으며, propionate 및 butyrate 농도의 경우 배양 6시간을 제외한 전 배양시간에서 보호 choline 첨가의 영향도 없었다. 보호 choline의 급여로 착유우의 산유량과 유지방 및 유당 함량이 증가되었으나(p<0.05), 보호 choline의 급여가 착유우의 유단백질, 무지고형분, 총고형물, MUN, 체세포 수 및 지방산에 미치는 영향은 없었다. 따라서 반추위 보호 choline은 in vitro 반추위 발효에 대한 별다른 영향 없이 산유량과 유지방 및 유당 함량을 증가시키는데 효과적인 것으로 판단된다.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.93-101
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• 2000

음식 쓰레기 중 성분별 메탄 전환율을 측정한 결과, 배추의 경우 $297ml\;CH_4/g$ VS로 최대였으며 음식 쓰레기의 메탄화율은 $306.7ml\;CH_4/g$ VS 였다. 또한, 산발효 조건 선정 실험을 수행한 결과, 발효 36시간 경과 후 호기성처리의 경우, acetate, propionate, iosbutyrate, valerate 및 4-methyl-n-valerate의 농도는 각각 7,000 ~ 7,200 ppm, 260 ~ 280 ppm, 380 ~ 400 ppm, 40 ~ 50 ppm 및 250 ~ 280 ppm으로 유기산의 85%이상이 acetate였으며 유기물의 분해율은 30%였고 혐기성 처리 경우, 유기산 농도는 각각 1,400 ~ 1,600 ppm, 30 ~ 40 ppm, 220 ~ 250 ppm, 260 ~ 300 ppm 및 75 ~ 100 ppm으로 유기산의 70% 이상이 acetate였다. 유기물 분해율 25 % 였으며 적정 혐기성 산발효시간은 12시간 이었다. NaCl 1.0 %이하, 유기산 1,000 ppm이하 및 pH 6.8 ~ 7.2 범위에서 혐기성 소화가 정상적으로 이루어졌으며 음식 쓰레기:농축 슬러지의 혼합비를 달리하여 소화 실험을 진행한 결과, 최대 처리 가능량은 2:8이었다. 이 때 BOD 및 TS 분해율은 40 ~ 50%및 30%이상이었으며 메탄 발생량은 $107.7ml\;CH_4/g$ VS였다. 음식 쓰레기의 혐기성 소화 잔사의 발아율은 83 ~ 95 %였으며 중금속은 구리 30.1 ppm, 크롬 23.6 ppm만 검출되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.856-863
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• 2013

An in vitro gas production technique was used in this study to elucidate the effect of two strains of active live yeast on methane ($CH_4$) production in the large intestinal content of pigs to provide an insight to whether active live yeast could suppress $CH_4$ production in the hindgut of pigs. Treatments used in this study include blank (no substrate and no live yeast cells), control (no live yeast cells) and yeast (YST) supplementation groups (supplemented with live yeast cells, YST1 or YST2). The yeast cultures contained $1.8{\times}10^{10}$ cells per g, which were added at the rates of 0.2 mg and 0.4 mg per ml of the fermented inoculum. Large intestinal contents were collected from 2 Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire pigs, mixed with a phosphate buffer (1:2), and incubated anaerobically at $39^{\circ}C$ for 24 h using 500 mg substrate (dry matter (DM) basis). Total gas and $CH_4$ production decreased (p<0.05) with supplementation of yeast. The methane production reduction potential (MRP) was calculated by assuming net methane concentration for the control as 100%. The MRP of yeast 2 was more than 25%. Compared with the control group, in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration increased (p<0.05) in 0.4 mg/ml YST1 and 0.2 mg/ml YST2 supplementation groups. Proportion of propionate, butyrate and valerate increased (p<0.05), but that of acetate decreased (p<0.05), which led to a decreased (p<0.05) acetate: propionate (A: P) ratio in the both YST2 treatments and the 0.4 mg/ml YST 1 supplementation groups. Hydrogen recovery decreased (p<0.05) with yeast supplementation. Quantity of methanogenic archaea per milliliter of inoculum decreased (p<0.05) with yeast supplementation after 24 h of incubation. Our results suggest that live yeast cells suppressed in vitro $CH_4$ production when inoculated into the large intestinal contents of pigs and shifted the fermentation pattern to favor propionate production together with an increased population of acetogenic bacteria, both of which serve as a competitive pathway for the available H2 resulting in the reduction of methanogenic archaea.