• Genomics & Informatics
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.9.1-9.6
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• 2022

Mendelian randomization (MR) uses genetic variation as a natural experiment to investigate the causal effects of modifiable risk factors (exposures) on outcomes. Two-sample Mendelian randomization (2SMR) is widely used to measure causal effects between exposures and outcomes via genome-wide association studies. 2SMR can increase statistical power by utilizing summary statistics from large consortia such as the UK Biobank. However, the first-order term approximation of standard error is commonly used when applying 2SMR. This approximation can underestimate the variance of causal effects in MR, which can lead to an increased false-positive rate. An alternative is to use the second-order approximation of the standard error, which can considerably correct for the deviation of the first-order approximation. In this study, we simulated MR to show the degree to which the first-order approximation underestimates the variance. We show that depending on the specific situation, the first-order approximation can underestimate the variance almost by half when compared to the true variance, whereas the second-order approximation is robust and accurate.

• 한국임상수의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국임상수의학회 2009년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.264-264
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• 2009

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.77-96
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• 1996

The purposes of this study were to understand caregiving situation and to develop education program for families with the demented elderly,. Family caregivers of elderly patients with dementia clearly experience high levels of stress which often leads to such negative caregiver outcomes as depression interference with social activities and health difficulties. That is providing care is stressful for caregivers because the demands of the caregiving situation threaten to overwhelm the caregivers' coping resources. Therfore the families with demented elderly persons need assistances in order to alleviated burden of caregiving, In this study the educational program was designed to increase caregivers' confidence in problem-solving, And it was designed to provided information to demented elderly. The educational program of this study was given 5 session. And it was included the understanding of dementia the family caregiving experiences of the demented elderly persons the time for elf-care the search for helping the improving of interpersonal relations and communications.

• International Journal of Contents
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.39-46
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• 2019

This study aimed to develop a peer-assisted learning (PAL) program for use in a core nursing skills education course and to investigate the effects of the education program on three key outcomes. A comparative study was conducted through the division of students of a core nursing skills education program into a treatment group and control group. After the programs, self-efficacy, confidence and satisfaction were compared between the groups. The comparison of these three factors indicated that the related scores were significantly higher in the treatment group receiving the education program with the PAL method than those of the control group receiving traditional education. We concluded that self-efficacy gave the nursing students the confidence that they could successfully perform their tasks and motivation to learn. Education programs using the PAL method are suggested as an effective method for the acquisition of skills among nursing students.

• 컴퓨터교육학회논문지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.53-64
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• 2014

본 연구는 교원 원격연수프로그램의 성과를 측정할 수 있는 요인을 탐색하고 프로그램을 평가할 수 있는 측정도구를 개발하여 양호도를 검증하는데 목적을 두었다. 이를 위해 원격연수프로그램 성과측정과 관련한 문헌고찰과 10명의 교원연수 및 교육공학 전문가의 검토를 거쳐 44개의 예비문항을 개발하였다. 설문의 표본은 중앙교육연수원에서 원격연수프로그램을 수강하는 교원을 대상으로 설문을 실시하였으며 1차 설문에서 수집된 205명의 최종데이터를 토대로 탐색적 요인분석을 실시하여 7개의 요인을 추출하였다. 이를 바탕으로 2차 설문에서 얻어진 293명의 응답자로부터 확인적 요인분석을 실시하였고 측정모형의 적합도 및 신뢰도를 확인하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 통해 시스템품질, 콘텐츠품질, 서비스품질, 사용, 성과, 만족도, 전이로 총 7개의 요인과 34개의 문항으로 구성된 교원 원격연수프로그램의 성과 측정도구를 최종적으로 확정하였다.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.73-82
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• 2017

PURPOSE: Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) has been shown to improve body function and activity/participation in people with functional dysfunctions. This study evaluates if active exercise using theraband in PNF pattern may induce similar benefits as exercise using manual PNF pattern performed by physiotherapists on promoting mobility, balance and fear of fall in community-dwelling elderly. METHODS: Twenty-three community-dwelling elderly with independent activities of daily living were recruited and randomly allocated into either PNF group - exercise in PNF pattern by trained physiotherapists or Theraband-PNF (T-PNF) group - exercise using theraband in PNF pattern, for an hour, twice weekly for 4 weeks. Functional outcomes such as Timed Up and Go test, Elderly Mobility Scale, Berg balance scale, functional reach and subjective measures including fear of fall (FOF) scale, bodily pain in visual analogue scale were measured pre and post-program. RESULTS: Twenty-one participants completed the program. PNF group demonstrated significant within-group improvements in all subjective measures and objective measures. Similar within-group improvements were demonstrated in all outcome measures except FOFS in T-PNF group. However, no between-group differences were found in any of the outcome measures. CONCLUSION: Comparable improvements in functional outcomes in community dwelling elderly were demonstrated in both groups. As manual PNF exercise traditionally need clinicians' contact and feedback on patient which limit the training to be carried out extensively in community setting. The current findings suggest that exercise using theraband in PNF pattern is feasible to be adopted as self-practice exercise for community-dwelling elderly to induce beneficial effects on functional outcomes.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제17권12호
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• pp.330-338
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• 2017

본 연구는 간호학 전공수업에 적용한 블렌디드 러닝이 간호학과 학생들의 학업성취도와 자기주도적 학습 능력에 미치는 효과를 규명하기 위한 비동등성 대조군 전후설계 실험연구이다. 연구대상은 J도에 소재한 4년제 간호학과 3학년 중 실험군 75명, 대조군 70명으로 총 145명이었다. 총 15주 동안 블렌디드 러닝을 실시하였으며 실시 전과 후에 자기주도적 학습능력을 측정하였고 중간고사, 기말고사를 통해 학업성취도를 측정하였다. 측정된 결과는 $x^2$-test와 Fisher's exact test, t-test, paired t-test로 분석하였다. 연구결과 블렌디드 러닝은 학습계획, 학습실행, 학습평가로 구성된 자기주도적 학습능력을 증진시켰고 기말고사에서 학습자의 학업성취도를 높여주었다. 그러므로 본 연구는 학습방법으로의 블렌디드 러닝이 학생들의 간호학 전공수업에 효과적임을 파악한 점에서 연구의 의의를 지니며, 향후 간호관련 전공학문 분야의 효과적인 교수법으로 확대적용 할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

• 약학회지
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• 제58권2호
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• pp.129-140
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• 2014

Background: As elderly population has been increasing, pharmacists need to possess special knowledge and skills to provide enhanced pharmaceutical care for senior patients. Purpose: This study aims to systematically review on (1) the certified geriatric pharmacists (CGP) system, (2) the curriculum related to geriatric pharmacy education, and (3) the CGP's performance in terms of clinical, economic and humanistic outcomes in the U.S. Method: The information related to CGP system and curriculum was obtained through the official websites of 'American Society of Consultant Pharmacists', 'Commission for Certification in Geriatric Pharmacy' and the selected pharmacy school samples. Articles about on the outcomes of pharmacist-provided cognitive services including Medication Therapy Management were searched through PubMed. Results: To gain the CGP credential, pharmacists need 2-year experience as pharmacist in advance and take the CGP examination. This certification must be renewed every 5 year. Most pharmacy schools provide geriatric-related curriculum through didactic or pharmacy practice classes for pharmacy students and certificate or dual degree in gerontology are given on completion. Most previous outcomes research reported that pharmacists have played a role in yielding favorable results regarding clinical, economic and humanistic outcomes for nursing facilities, hospitals and community pharmacy settings. Conclusion: Considering the organized CGP certification system and concrete educational courses established the basis for pharmacists to exert their ability for senior patients of the U.S., it is suggested to build a geriatric pharmacist credential model for pharmacists to provide the increasing elderly patients with the requisite safe and effective pharmacy care in Korea.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.626-638
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to design a development frame for multicultural science program and develop a corresponding program using the frame. This study organized a development frame to design a multicultural science education program based on the culturally responsive teaching theory. This development frame consisted of the elements of purpose, teaching examples, teaching and learning methods, and assessment. This program consisted of the guideline for class teaching courses, reading materials, student worksheet, and teachers' reference materials. Based on this development frame, a multicultural science education program was developed, which was comprised of seven activities for elementary and middle school students. Each activity of the program included the concept and inquiry related to science education. In particular, by connecting the concept of science with the cultural characteristics of various countries, the activity made students aware of cultural diversity and the commonness of science principles. Compared to other subjects, the science education field has not actively undertaken studies on multicultural education. In term of dealing with universal principles, science education is suitable for making students aware of commonness. Accordingly, this gives rise to the need to draw cultural characteristics based on basic studies such as the analysis of science textbooks in various countries and develop culturally responsive programs utilizing the outcomes.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.236-246
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was done to develop a measurement tool for evaluation of continuing nursing education programs and to verify its validity for effective management and quality of education programs. Methods: The draft of the evaluation measurement was developed from consultation with professionals, focus group interviews targeting groups of nurses, and individual interviews with education program planners. After 6 professionals examined content validity, 46 items were retained. A pilotsurvey was conducted to confirm the time required to complete the questionnaire and the level of understanding of general content and each item in the questionnaire. Construct validity was verified through exploratory factor analysis of data from a survey with 44 items completed by 452 nurses and 59 education program planners. Results: The final evaluation measurement for continuing nursing education programs consisted of 6 evaluation factors and 36 evaluation items. The 6 evaluation factors included identifying program goals and target groups, program planning, performance, operation and management, program outcomes, and program effectiveness. Conclusion: The evaluation measurement for continuing nursing education programs developed in this study is considered suitable to utilize as an evaluation measurement of the quality of continuing education programs for nurses.