• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.11
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• pp.1629-1636
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• 2011

Global pork markets are becoming more competitive, riding the wind of the bilateral free trade agreement. China is the world's largest pork producer with nearly 50% of the world's total production. China's fast growing economy has provided its people with higher purchasing power, resulting in a rapid expansion of the Chinese swine industry over the past decades. Worldwide, China consumes the greatest amount of pork and it is believed that this trend will continue. Japan is the world's largest pork importing country, even though it also produces a lot of pork. The Japanese swine industry encounters weighty obstacles in production costs and environmental limitations which result in reduced domestic supply and creates the situation in which Japan has to import a significant amount of pork for their consumption. South Korea is also a large buyer of pork, with a status greatly influenced by the struggle that the country has faced with Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) which occurred in 2000, 2002 and 2010. High production costs, low production efficiency, and forced culling following the FMD outbreak resulted in the loss of many hog farming households in the country, reducing supply of domestic pork in the face of continued demand. Overall, pork production in these economically important countries can greatly impact the industry globally. The goal of this review paper is to describe pork production in China, Japan, and South Korea and discuss these countries' role in global pork export markets.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.06a
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• pp.723-726
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• 2009

As a preliminary study of cost estimates for nuclear hydrogen systems, the hydrogen production costs of the nuclear energy sources benchmarking GT-MHR are estimated in the necessary input data on a Korean specific basis. G4-ECONS developed by EMWG of GIF in 2008 was appropriately modified to calculate the cost for hydrogen production of SI process with VHTR as a thermal energy source rather than the LUEC. The estimated costs presented in this paper show that hydrogen production by the VHTR could be competitive with current techniques of hydrogen production from fossil fuels if $CO_2$ capture and sequestration is required. Nuclear production of hydrogen would allow large-scale production of hydrogen at economic prices while avoiding the release of $CO_2$. Nuclear production of hydrogen could thus become the enabling technology for the hydrogen economy. The major factors that would affect the cost of hydrogen were also discussed.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.82-89
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• 2020

This study is a design study related to the application of 3D printer technology for garment printing. Knitting, which used to be a home industry in the early days, originally comes from hand-knitting. This evolved with various personal devices as a small job for the self-sufficiency of early European housewives. In addition, since the Industrial Revolution, mechanical production entered the mass production mass supply system, and various apparel products were provided to consumers in accordance with mass standardized dimensions. This is similar to the development process in Korea. In addition, it has formed a considerable market with the situation that it can produce and supply apparel products at low labor costs of first-generation Namdaemun and Dongdaemun merchants. As the production shifted to the Southeast Asian region due to the increase in labor costs in the domestically developed social situation, the production of garment products in Korea is now almost 5%. As a result, apparel-related production facilities and related companies are constantly moving to other countries to move production facilities sensitively due to rising labor costs. Recently, smart factory automation has been planned to explore new possibilities. In addition, in recent years, with the evolved appearance of consumers, the appropriate supply of the right amount of production has appeared, and the 3D printer applied to personal garment output has attracted considerable interest in the customized market. Therefore, in order to become a new hope and a small addition to various clothing workers, this study conducted related research on the following 3D printers for clothing output and attempted to proceed with a new design.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.139-145
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• 1993

Biogas created from animal waste is a precious energy source. A practical and successful utilization of the biogas is not easy, because there lie some difficulties in biogas production and facilities investment. In this study, the requisites for a successful biogas utilization were discussed. The production results obtained in the previous operation of anaerobic digestion plant were used for the simulation. When the slurry heating was designed for constant biogas generation, depreciation costs of the facilities amounted 1,175,000 yen per year, and biogas productions at $24.5^{\circ}C$, $30.0^{\circ}C$ and $35.5^{\circ}C$ were $16.8m^3$, $17.6m^3$ and $25.1m^3$, respectively. Removal ratios of organic matters were not so high. At $35.5^{\circ}C$, energy value of the biogas produced was estimated 125.5 Mcal per day, and the following heat loss (y Mcal/day) was brought about by the temperature difference ($X^{\circ}C$) between the digester and atmosphere; y = 0.769X - 5.375. The costs of biogas production per cow were assumed to decrease according to enlargement of feeding scale, especially on scales of more than 30 cows. On recent levels of costs and prices of energy in Japan, they were nearly equal to 2 to 3 fold of the price of municipal mixed gas when a anaerobic digester was compulsorily heated and kept at $30.0^{\circ}C$ or $35.5^{\circ}C$.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.519-529
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• 2015

The aims of this study were to determine the effects of feeding medium-roasted soybean meal (SBM) and corn dried distiller's grains with solubles (CDDGS) in dairy cows on milk production and income over feed costs. A randomized complete block design experiment was conducted with 24 crossbred multiparous Holstein Friesian dairy cows in early- and mid-lactation. Four dietary treatments were as follows: basal diet without feed substitute (Control), 7.17% dry matter (DM) roasted SBM replaced for concentrate (R-SBM), 11.50% DM CDDGS replaced for concentrate (DDGS), and 3.58% DM roasted SBM plus 5.75% DM CDDGS replaced for concentrate (SB-DG). The roasted SBM was produced using a medium-heated treatment at $100^{\circ}C$ for 180 min. Dry matter intake was not affected by feeding high rumen undegradable protein (RUP) sources, but the replacement of roasted SBM and CDDGS for concentrate significantly improved (p<0.001) RUP intake (0.90, 0.86, and 0.88 kg/d corresponding to R-SBM, DDGS, and SB-DG) compared to the control (0.61 kg/d). Feeding roasted SBM and CDDGS alone or in combination had no significant effect on milk composition of dairy cows (p>0.05), whereas milk yield was significantly increased by 3.08 kg/d in the SB-DG group relative to the control group (p<0.01). Net income was meaningfully increased (p<0.05) from 4th week post feeding, the SB-DG group reached the greatest net income ($3.48/head/d) while the control group had the lowest value ($2.60/head/d). In conclusion, the use of CDDGS alone or in combination with medium-roasted SBM as substitute for concentrate in lactating dairy cattle diet led to improved milk production and net income over feed costs without affecting total dry matter intake and milk composition, while feeding medium-roasted SBM seemed to show intermediate values in almost parameters.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.158-167
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• 1989

In this paper, a model is presented which incoporates the possibility of quality control at each of the production stages. We consider the TYPE I error and the TYPE II error in inspection procedures. In addition to alternative quality control configurations, the model integrates the carrying costs of in-process and finished inventory, quality of production process, reprocessing including fixed and variable cost. Our policy determines the value of optimal lot-size and reprocessing batch size in reducing the total costs. A numerical example illustrates the model framework and highlights the role of the decision variables.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.37-46
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• 1983

The classical deterministic inventory model is investigated for the case of linear trend in demand and constant production rate. Three models are presented so as to minimize the total of set-up and inventory carrying costs over a finite time span. For each of the policies the methods are developed which can determine the optimal production quantities and times at which production should be started. Three policies are compared in point of costs and times for getting solutions and various case examples are also presented.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.51-58
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• 2008

Unit costs for energy production in bioenergy facilities are dependent upon both fixed cost for facility construction and operational costs including biomass feedstock supply. With the increase of capacity, unit fixed cost could be decreased while supply cost tends to increase due to the longer transportation distance. It is desirable to take into account biomass availability in planning bioenergy facilities. A cumulative curve relationship was proposed to relate biomass availability and cumulative products of biomass amount and transportation distance. Optimum size of gasification facilities was affected by collection cost, biomass cumulative relationship. Based on biomass availability of Icheon-City, optimum sizes were about $400kW_{th}$ for gas production, and about $200kW_{el}$ for power generation. Unit cost of bioenergy production could be substantially reduced by reducing collection cost through supplying biomass from diverse sources including land development areas where significant amount of waste wood is generated. When planning bioenergy facilities, however, biomass availability and spatial distribution are key factors in determining the size of capacity.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.251-256
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• 2006

In this paper we consider multi-stage, multi-product production, inventory systems which have assembly-tree-structure. We propose a new mathematical model for pull type ordering systems based on JIT manufacturing systems. To apply the model to an actual automobile parts manufacturer, the objective of proposed model is to minimize the sum of inventory and setup costs. Finally, a numerical example and computational results are given to illustrate the proposed model.

• Food Science and Industry
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.166-175
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• 2022

Current food system has developed with the agricultural innovation to feed the increasing population of the world, but with high costs such as environmental contamination and inequality with low sustainability. Human has developed long history of mutualistic interaction with honey bee. This manuscript describes the multi-functionality of honey bee for food production. Firstly honey bee produces honey, bee pollen, royal jelly and propolis which are rich in functionality. Second honey bee serves as the main pollinator for crop production which is worth for 28% of total crop production values in Korea. Lastly honey bee can be an alternative meat produciton system with lower energy, carbon costs but higher nutritional security. This manuscript described those parts and discussed the multi-functionality of honey bees for eco-friendly food security pursuing lowered environmental cost and carbon-zero strategies in the climate change era.