• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.61 no.1
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• pp.60-68
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• 1983

Ever since the day of pre-modernized society where the farming skill had been in the stagnant condition, the common farmwoodlands have been utilized in common (collectivelly) by villagers in order to harvest farmwoodlands and fuelwoods. Later, during the process of modernization, most of the common farmwoodlands were transferred into national or public forests by the administrative enforcement, but there were still various types of village (common) forests such as the common forests owned by joint owners, village block associations, village forest productive societies, Village Forestry Association(V.F.A.), and the national or public forests leased to V.F.A. As Village Forestry Association is organized with a few villages, each of common forests ow nod to the villages is obliged to be diversely controlled by other managers than the chief of V.F.A. Therefore, it is to be desired that the control of common forests should be under Gun Forestry Association Union. While the rate of the use of common forests for fuelwoods and cemetery has been considerably high, villagers wish to promote the timber forest establishment through the collective management by their improved farming skills and economical situations. In these present circumstances the village forest productive societies should be guided to work in closer cooperation with Gun Forestry Association Union. Since the management of common forests is still extensive, it still remains in the semi-management condition under which we can not find any management plan or measure to control forest damage. Especially the small area common forests should have appropriate size for the joint management. This will promote the forest productivity through the lease for reforestation of disposable national forests or public county forests and the contracts for profit sharing. Today owing to increasing forest value, frequent dispute has occurred on the common right telated to the village forests and rationalization of forest management has been disregarded. If a necessary measure were taken to control the dispute such as transferring the registeration right of ownership to the village forest productive society, the confidence of local inhabitants can be regained and the productivity of forests can be naturally increased.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.43 no.11 s.353
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• pp.58-68
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• 2006

This work proposes a 10b 250MS/s $1.8mm^2$ 85mW 0.13um CMOS A/D Converter (ADC) for high-performance integrated systems such as next-generation DTV and WLAN simultaneously requiring low voltage, low power, and small area at high speed. The proposed 3-stage pipeline ADC minimizes chip area and power dissipation at the target resolution and sampling rate. The input SHA maintains 10b resolution with either gate-bootstrapped sampling switches or nominal CMOS sampling switches. The SHA and two MDACs based on a conventional 2-stage amplifier employ optimized trans-conductance ratios of two amplifier stages to achieve the required DC gain, bandwidth, and phase margin. The proposed signal insensitive 3-D fully symmetric capacitor layout reduces the device mismatch of two MDACs. The low-noise on-chip current and voltage references can choose optional off-chip voltage references. The prototype ADC is implemented in a 0.13um 1P8M CMOS process. The measured DNL and INL are within 0.24LSB and 0.35LSB while the ADC shows a maximum SNDR of 54dB and 48dB and a maximum SFDR of 67dB and 61dB at 200MS/s and 250MS/s, respectively. The ADC with an active die area of $1.8mm^2$ consumes 85mW at 250MS/s at a 1.2V supply.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.12
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• pp.1664-1671
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• 2009

Doenjang was prepared by using Bacillus subtilis DJI starter and purified salt or solar salt with 12% (w/w) concentration. The prepared Doenjangs were fermented and ripened for 2 month and 16 month, respectively. MTT assay was used to measure the growth-inhibitory effect of Doenjang extracts (water, methanol) on BJ (human foreskin normal cell), HT-29 (human colon cancer cell) and AGS (human gastric adenocarcinoma cell). The anticancer effect increased in both purified salt-Doenjang and solar salt-Doenjang as fermentation period increased. Moreover in the case of water extracts, solar salt-Doenjang (growth inhibitory rate; AGS: 50%, HT-29: 44%) showed definitely higher anticancer effect than purified salt-Doenjang (AGS: 32%, HT-29: 32%). In addition, apoptosis were observed when the water extracts of the Doenjangs were treated into AGS. In particular, it was observed that more apoptosis occured in solar salt-Doenjang treats than purified salt-Doenjang treats. These results suggested that prolonging the fermentation with addition of solar-salt when making Doenjang increased its anticancer effect via cancer cell growth inhibition induced by apoptosis process.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.395-404
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• 2002

Background : Surfactant protein A (SP-A) is important for regulating surfactant secretion, synthesis and recycling. However, It's regulation in vivo is unclear. SP-A has important roles in regulating surfactant metabolism as well as determining its physical properties. Glucocorticoid accelerates the morphologic differentiation of epithelial cells into type II cells and increase the rate of phosphatidylcholine synthesis. Methods : The authors investigated the effects of glucocorticoid on the accumulation of mRNA encoding SP-A and SP-A protein content. Adult rats were given various doses of subcutaneous dexamethasone and sacrificed after 24 hours and one week. SP-A mRNA was measured using a filter hybridization method. The lung SP-A protein content was determined using a double sandwich ELISA assay with polyclonal antiserum raised in rabbits against purified rat SP-A. Results : 1) The accumulation of SP-A mRNA in the dexamethasone treated group 24 hours after 0.2 mg/kg dexamethasone treatment was increased 38.8% compared to the control group. 2) The accumulation of SP-A mRNA in the dexamethasone treated group 1 week after 2 mg/kg dexamethasone treatment was 49.7% higher than the control group(P<0.01). 3) The total lung SP-A level was not altered after 24 hours by the 0.2mg/kg treatment. The total lung SP-A content one week after 2mg/kg dexamethasone administration was 373.7% higher than the control group(P<0.005). Conclusion : Dexamethasone treatment results in an increase in the SP-A mRNA and SP-A protein levels, suggesting that the pretranslational events in vivo may in part contribute to this process.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.9
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• pp.971-976
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• 2008

Purpose : Surveillance for detecting and managing latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is a key component of tuberculosis control. The classic surveillance tool, the tuberculin skin test (TST), may have some limitations when used in the Bacillus Calmette-$Gu{\acute{e}}rin$ (BCG)-vaccinated population. The object was to perform a blood test $QuantiFERON^{(R)}$-TB Gold In Tube (QFT-G IT) based on the detection of interferon-$\gamma$ ($IFN-{\gamma}$) released by T cells in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific antigens, and to compare the efficacy of this new diagnostic tool for LTBI with that of TST. Methods : For six months, between October 1, 2006 and April 30, 2007, data were collected from 111 patients under 15 years of age at Severance Children's Hospital. TST and QFT-G IT tests were performed with children with or without contact histories of tuberculosis. In addition to these tests, we examined comparative data from 29 adults who had tuberculosis, to detect false negative rates in the QFT-G IT method. Results : Thirty-three children had household contact histories. In this group, 15% and 42% of cases were found to be positive using the QFT-G IT assay and TST, respectively. Agreement was low between these two tests (${\kappa}=0.39$). In the adult active tuberculosis group, the QFT-G IT false negative rate defined as a positive culture and a negative QFT-G IT result was 12.5%. Conclusion : In diagnosing LTBI in children, the usefulness of a whole-blood $IFN-{\gamma}$ assay employing TB-specific antigens will be revealed only by examining additional longitudinal clinical data; this study serves as a starting point in that process.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.33-60
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• 2007

This study alms to analyze the entrepreneur characteristics of founder on enterprise performance from the strategic viewpoint as well as features of founder of small firms such as background feature of founder, psychological features and management skill. As considered by Background features of founder include educational background of founder, his experience in business creation, consultation or course related to business creation. This study verified the effects of factor which business performance (financial, non financial) on small firms. Also, this study considered psychological features of founder include achievement desire, risk-free propensity, level of patience on vagueness and control position. And it analyzed that between such factors and performance of small firms were examined in related. In the mean time, management ability of founder, entrepreneur ability, technical and function ability were considered for management skill of founder and alalyzed effect of the factors on performance of small firm were examined. Effects of strategic intention of founder of small firm were analyzed by the strategic viewpoint. At this time, strategy of small firm was divided into product-service reform differentiation strategy, marketing differentiation strategy and cost leadership strategy. This study distributed questionnaire on CEO of small firms in Daejeon and Chungnam area for accomplish the study objective and it collected a total of 145 copies of questionnaires. As a result of analyzing collected questionnaire, this study deduced the following study results and suggestions. First, results different from those of existing studies were found Since sales, net income and profit rate of small firm were not high cause economic depression on the whole. Second, entrepreneur ability was found to be required for success of business creation. Entrepreneur ability of founder was the factor that affects both financial and non - financial performance of small firm. As such, entrepreneur ability can be regarded as the most important factor for success in business creation of small firm. Accordingly, entrepreneur ability is the most important source for success in business creation of small firm. Third, strategy of small firm was found to be the important factor that affects the non-financial performance even if it could not give significant effects on financial performance. Thus, product service reform differentiation strategy, marketing differentiation strategy and cost leadership strategy have significant effects on non - financial performance of small firm. Accordingly, it is required to operate small firm with strategic mind - set for small firm to achieve success. This study analyzed the effects of feature of founder and strategy of small firm on business performance of small firm through practical analysis on small firms in Daejeon and Chungnam area, and deduced meaningful results. However, Since this study collected data on small firms in Daejeon and Chungnam only, there is a limit in generalizing the results of this study to all small firms in Korea. Companies answering to this questionnaire process were mainly wholesale and retail service companies. In addition, there is a limit in that it failed to analyze feature of representative type of industry due to limit in number of sample, it is required to divide representative type of industry and to compare and analyze types of industry in future studies.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.276-288
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• 2013

The present study investigates the effects of elevated soil nitrogen on growth and decomposition of Oryza sativa shoots. The plants were cultivated in greenhouse until leaf senescence and the total biomass of the plant increased 1.9 times at nitrogen addition plot. Total C and N content in shoot increased; however, lignin, C/N, and lignin/N levels decreased in the N-treated soil. The shoot litters collected from the control and N-treated soil were tested for decay and microbial biomass, $CO_2$ evolution, and enzyme activities during decomposition on the control and N-treated soil at $25^{\circ}C$ microcosm. The remaining mass of the shoot litter was approximately 6% higher in the litter collected from the control soil (53.0%) than the litter collected from high N-treated soil (47.1%). However, the high N-containing litter exhibited faster decay in the control soil than in the N-treated soil. The litter containing high N, low C/N, and low lignin/N showed a higher decomposition rate than that of low quality litter. The N-addition showed decreased microbial biomass C and dehydrogenase activity in soil; however, it exhibited high microbial biomass N and urease activity in soil. When the high N-containing litter decays on the N-treated soil, the microbial biomass C increased rapidly at the initial phase of decomposition and decreased thereafter, and dehydrogenase activity was less that of other treatment; however, there was no effect on the microbial biomass N. The urease in the decomposing litter was highest during the early decomposition stage and dramatically decreased thereafter. The present findings suggested that the N-addition increased N content in litter, but inhibited the decomposition process of above-ground biomass in terrestrial ecosystems.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.593-601
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• 2000

Seven domestic wheat cultivars, Suwon 261, Suwon 265, Eunpa, Kobun, Alchan, Olgru, and Kumgang, and a standard wheat, ASW(Australian Standard White Wheat), were compared in noodle-making properties. The ash contents of domestic wheats and flours were 0.1-0.3% higher than that of ASW. Therefore, domestic wheats required the control of ash contents during milling process. The protein contents which suggest the flour gluten content were 10.32, 11.3, and 9.57% in Suwon 261, Suwon 265, and Kumgang cultivars, respectively. Valorimeter values of Eunpa, Olgru, and Kumgang which indicate the dough formation time and stability were similar to that of ASW. Resistance rate of domestic wheats was lower than that of ASW. Maximum viscosity in Amylograph for Eunpa, Olgru, and Kumgang were in the range of 500-800BU, which were suitable for making noodles. Increase in weight and volume of Olgru noodle was negatively correlated with protein content. Turbidity was not positively correlated with weight and volume increase, but domestic cultivars except Suwon 265 and Eunpa showed a similar turbidity with ASW. The mechanical properties of wet and dry noodles were evaluated by TPA test before and after cooking. Springiness and cohesiveness of wet noodles increased by cooking, and the domestic cultivars showed higher values than ASW. Springiness and cohesiveness of dry noodle were not increased by cooking in any cultivars. Gumminess, chewiness and hardness of domestic wheat cultivars showed higher values than that of ASW. In the tensile test, wet noodles showed no difference between domestic cultivars and ASW. But dry noodles of domestic wheat cultivars showed higher values than ASW. In the color test for lightness, redness and yellowness, there were no differences between flour and dough of domestic wheat cultivars and ASW. In the sensory evaluation, Kumgang wheat cultivar was the most preferred among the wet and dry noodles of other domestic wheat cultivars and ASW. These results suggested Kumgang wheat cultivar to be a practical wheat variety for noodle-making.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.60-68
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• 2009

This work proposes a 10b 200MS/s 65nm CMOS ADC for high-definition video systems such as HDTV requiring high resolution and fast operating speed simultaneously. The proposed ADC employs a four-step pipeline architecture to minimize power consumption and chip area. The input SHA based on four capacitors reduces the output signal range from $1.4V_{p-p}$ to $1.0V_{p-p}$ considering high input signal levels at a low supply voltage of 1.2V. The proposed three-stage amplifiers in the input SHA and MDAC1 overcome the low output resistance problem as commonly observed in a 65nm CMOS process. The proposed multipath frequency-compensation technique enables the conventional RNMC based three-stage amplifiers to achieve a stable operation at a high sampling rate of 200MS/s. The conventional switched-bias power-reduction technique in the sub-ranging flash ADCs further reduces power consumption while the reference generator integrated on chip with optional off-chip reference voltages allows versatile system a locations. The prototype ADC in a 65nm CMOS technology demonstrates a measured DNL and INL within 0.19LSB and 0.61LSB, respectively. The ADC shows a maximum SNDR of 54.BdB and 52.4dB and a maximum SFDR of 72.9dB and 64.8dB at 150MS/S and 200MS/s, respectively. The proposed ADC occupies an active die area of $0.76mm^2$ and consumes 75.6mW at a 1.2V supply voltage.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.684-696
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• 1995

A mutant for chalky endosperm and genetic male sterility (GMS) was newly developed in rice. The two characters were found to be controlled by single recessive gene which has pleiotropic effect, indicating that chalky seeds should be GMS seeds in segregating populations. Chalky seeds showed the same shape and size as normal seeds. However, starch composition of central part of endosperm was looser and shape of starch granules was rounder compared with normal endosperm, resulting in significantly lower grain weight, absolute density and grain hardness in chalky grains than in normal ones. Amylose content and gel consistency of chalky grains were much lower and harder, respectively. Male sterile plants showed much shorter plant height, poorer panicle exsertion and lesser panicle number compared with normal plants. Microspore abortion stage in pollen developmental process was observed as before meiosis. Male sterility of the mutant was stable regadless of temperature and day length. A system breeding hybrid rice using this mutant was discussed, comp ring with other systems utilizing cytoplasmic-genic male sterility(CGMS) and environment sensitive GMS(EGMS). Separation of GMS seeds in mixed seed bulks by specific gravity (1.14∼1.16g / cm3) was successful about 85∼90%. But some mixed normal plants were seemed to be easily removed by the apparent difference in growth characters at seedling stage. The highest natural outcrossing rate of this GMS line was as 17.3 % in a plot treated with 2-row pollinator, I-row GMS, and GA3 + cutting of flag leaf + pollen-scattering by rope.