• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.730-744
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• 2016

In this study, fish fauna and stream characteristics were surveyed from June to October of 2014 in 31 sites of 23 small streams of Namhae Island. During the study period, 38 species belonging to 30 genera under 13 families were collected. Cyprinidae and Gobiidae fish occupied 28.9% (11 species) and Cobitidae fish accounted for 10.5% (4 species). The dominant family was Cyprinidae, and the most dominant species was Zacco koreanus with 30.3% (1,089 individuals) of the total. Eight species (33.8%) such as Zacco koreanus, Squalidus gracilis majimae, Coreoleuciscus splendidus, Pseudobagrus koreanus, Iksookimia hugowolfeld, Iksookimia longicorpa, Silurus microdorsalis and Liobagrus mediadiposalis were Korean endemic and one species of Micropterus salmoides was exotic. According to the analysis of the community based on the diversity, evenness and richness indices, fish community seems to be more stable in the S7. The small streams were classified into three types of steep mountainous, mountainous-flatland, and flat land streams, and their types were categorized by their features of stream width, water depth, bottom substrate, riparian vegetation, and land use patterns. Principal component analysis based on species abundance classified fish communities into three main groups according to human impact and land-use pattern change. These results suggest that fish community structures were primary affected by the longitudinal environmental changes and these were modified by the habitat condition in accordance with the land use pattern change in the small streams.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.19-32
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• 2007

This paper present a new face recognition method based on LVQ neural net to construct a real time face recognition system. The previous researches which used PCA, LDA combined neural net usually need much time in training neural net. The supervised LVQ neural net needs much less time in training and can maximize the separability between the classes. In this paper, the proposed method transforms the input face image by PCA and LDA sequentially into low-dimension feature vectors and recognizes the face through LVQ neural net. In order to make the system robust to external light variation, light compensation is performed on the detected face by max-min normalization method as preprocessing. PCA and LDA transformations are applied to the normalized face image to produce low-level feature vectors of the image. In order to determine the initial centers of LVQ and speed up the convergency of the LVQ neural net, the K-Means clustering algorithm is adopted. Subsequently, the class representative vectors can be produced by LVQ2 training using initial center vectors. The face recognition is achieved by using the euclidean distance measure between the center vector of classes and the feature vector of input image. From the experiments, we can prove that the proposed method is more effective in the recognition ratio for the cases of still images from ORL database and sequential images rather than using conventional PCA of a hybrid method with PCA and LDA.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.259-265
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• 2004

A quicker method was developed for foliar analysis in diagnosis of nitrogen in apple trees based on multivariate calibration procedure using partial least squares regression (PLSR) and principal component regression (PCR) to establish the relationship between reflectance spectra in the near infrared region and nitrogen content of fresh- and dry-leaf. Several spectral pre-processing methods such as smoothing, mean normalization, multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) and derivatives were used to improve the robustness and performance of the calibration models. Norris first derivative with a seven point segment and a gap of six points on MSC gave the best result of partial least squares-1 PLS-1) model for dry-leaf samples with root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) equal to $0.699g\;kg^{-1}$, and that the Savitzky-Golay first derivate with a seven point convolution and a quadratic polynomial on MSC gave the best results of PLS-1 model for fresh-samples with RMSEP of $1.202g\;kg^{-1}$. The best PCR model was obtained with Savitzky-Golay first derivative using a seven point convolution and a quadratic polynomial on mean normalization for dry leaf samples with RMSEP of $0.553g\;kg^{-1}$, and obtained with the Savitzky-Golay first derivate using a seven point convolution and a quadratic polynomial for fresh samples with RMSEP of $1.047g\;kg^{-1}$. The results indicate that nitrogen can be determined by the near infrared reflectance (NIR) technology for fresh- and dry-leaf of apple.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.271-286
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• 2000

This study is designed to investigate what elders think about the meaning of aging. We have used Q-methods to identify meaning of aging from elders, and developed self-referenced surveys to analyze characteristics In this study, we used a non-structured method to select Q sampling. From 183 Q populations, we selected 36 Q sampling. A total of 32 persons sixty-years or older were randomly selected for P samples, When the Q-sorting was complete, we interviewed the participants at both end of the extremes(agree or disagree), and documented their responses. We used PC QUANL to process the data and used principal component analysis for Q factor analysis. There were five subjective types for the meaning of aging by elders. Of the 32 P-samples of elders, 11 were identified as Type 1, 7 as Type 2, 2 as Type 3, 8 as Type 4, and 4 as Type 5. Type 1 : 'Matured elders' Elders wished the well being of their children, thought older persons should maintain good health, worried about becoming senile, and dependent God believing in life after death. Type 2 : 'Assertive-Rights' Elders categorized as Assertive-Rights insisted on their rights to life as a person. Type 2 elders characterized themselves as people who should keep themselves healthy, become weak and lack sexual desires, act selfish like a child, need to be protected, and be financially independent. Type 3 : 'Passive-Dependents' Elders characterize themselves as those who pray for their children's well being, worry about the children even after their death. and becoming senile. Type 4 : 'Hopeless' The 'Hopeless' type of elders characterized aging as a time to pray for their children, insignificant beings, thoughts were selfish and child-like, poor, worried about going senile, regret their life overall, and preferred to die than to live as an old person. Type 5 : 'Attached-Present' The 'Attached-Present' type of elders thought elderly characterized themselves as acting selfish and child-like, wiser, anxious, regret their life, stand aloof of greed and worldly things, being a model for the society, and deserving to be treated with filial respect. Thus far, Korean elders seemed to have a positive and negative meaning of aging due to the current changes in the society, value system, and family structures. The above five subjective meanings of aging confirm that we need to approach and nurse the elderly differently. Years of aging are a part of and a natural process of life with various physical, psychological, and sociological changes. Nurses need to assist elderly to find the positive meaning of their life by providing appropriate physical, psychological, and social support at an earlier stage in nursing. Based on this study, we could derive the following two implication from the perspectives of science of nursing to care for elders. 1) Based on the studies investigating the type of meaning of aging, we could develop tools to assist in nursing intervention programs for elderly. 2) Based on research on the meaning of aging for different developmental stages of life, we could develop a model for roles for different family members in nursing and caring for the elders.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.3721-3729
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• 2014

Background: Cancer is becoming the most important public health burden around the globe. As per the GLOBOCAN 2008 estimates, about 12.7 million cancer cases and 7.6 million cancer deaths were estimated to have occurred in 2008. The burden of cancer cases for India in the year 2020 is calculated to be 1,148,757 (male 534,353; female 614,404) compared to 979,786 in 2010. The pattern of cancer incidence is varying among geographical regions, esophageal cancer for example being high in China, lung cancer in USA, and gallbladder cancer in Chile. The question remains why? Is it due to the diversity in genome pool, food habits, risk factor association and role of genetic susceptibility or some other factors associated with it? In India, the North East (NE)-India region is seeing a marked increase in cancer incidence and deaths, with a very different cancer incidence pattern compared to mainland India. The genome pool of the region is also quite distinct from the rest of India. Northeastern tribes are quite distinct from other groups; they are more closely related to East Asians than to other Indians. In this paper an attempt was made to see whether there is any similarity among the pattern of cancer incidence cases for different sites of NE-India region to South or East-Asia. Materials and Methods: Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), Pearson Correlation coefficient test was assessed to evaluate the linkage of North-East India region to other regions. A p value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The results clearly shows that there are similarities in occurrence of cancer incidence patterns for various cancer sites of NE-India with South and East-Asian regions, which may lead to the conclusion that there might be a genetic linkage between these regions.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.71-88
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• 2003

The DRASTIC system is widely used for assessing regional groundwater pollution susceptibility by using hydrogeological factors such as depth to water, net recharge, aquifer media, soil media, topography, vadose zone media, hydraulic conductivity. This study is providing Modified Drastic Model to which lineament density, land use, influence of groundwater drawdown caused by tunnel excavation are added as additional factors using geographic information system, and then to evaluate groundwater contamination potential of ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$ area. For statistical analysis, vector coverage per each factor is converted to grid layer and after each correlation coefficient between factors, covariance, variance, eigenvalue and eigenvector by principal component analysis of 3 direction, are calculated, correlation between factors is analyzed. Also after correlation coefficients between general DRASTIC layer and rated lineament density layer, between general DRASTIC layer and rated land use layer, between general DRASTIC layer and rated tunnel excavation influence layer are calculated, final modified DRASTIC model is constructed by using them with each weighting. When modified DRASTIC model was compared with general DRASTIC model, contamination potential in modified DRASTIC model is fairly detailed and consequently, vulnerable area which has high contamination potential could be presented concretly.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.11 no.10
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• pp.388-395
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• 2011

This study was performed to grasp the relation between the effect and the satisfaction of a mouth gymnastics program on the promotion of oral function of old persons. The experimental group of 47 old persons conducted a mouth gymnastics exercise two times every week for 12 weeks, while the control group of 39 old persons carrying out physical examinations. The mean salivary secretion in the experimental group was 0.075 ml and more than 0.046 ml in the control group. Maximum mouth opening in the experimental group, 4.12 cm, was higher than 3.92 cm in the control. Oral diadochokinesis in experimental and control group was 1.69 times per second and 1.65, respectively. The result of principal component analysis by Quartimax method with Kaiser normalization showed that program prevalence prediction of mouth-gymnastics exercise was high, and it is estimated that this exercise program would be more popular for health promotion of old persons. From the correlation analysis, mouth gymnastics exercise made salivary flow increase(r=.592), this exercise should be recommended actively for improving mouth health of old persons. Also more modification is required for old persons with difficulty in mouth gymnastics exercise. Some movements of the mouth gymnastics exercise need be modified, and then the exercise should be publicized as one of the ways to improve holistic health of the aged.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.61-76
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• 1997

Triacylglycerols of the seeds of Ginkgo biloba have been resolved by high-performace liquid chromatography(HPLC} in the silver-ion and reverse-phase modes. The fatty acids were identified by a combination of capillary gas chromatography and gas-chromatography /mass spectrometry as the methyl and /or picolinyl ester. The main components are $C_{18:2{\omega}6}$(39.0mol%), $C_{18:1{\omega}7}$(asclepic acid 21.5mol%), and $C_{18:1{\omega}9}$(oleic acid, 13.8mol%). Considerable amounts of unusual acid such as $C_{20:3{\Delta}^{5,11,14}$ (5.7mol%), $C_{18:2{\Delta}^{5,9}$(2.8mol%), and $C_{18:3}{\Delta}^{5,9,12}$(1.6mol%), were checked. In addition, an anteiso-branched fatty acid, 14-methylhexadecanoic acid, was also present as a minor component(0.9 mol%). The triacylglycerols were separated into 17 fractions by reverse-phase HPLC, and the fractionation was achieved according to the partition numnber(PN) in which a ${\Delta}^5$-non methylene interrupted double bond($^5$-NMDB) showed different behaviour from a methylene interrupted double bond in a molecule with a given cahinlength. Silver-ion HPLC exhibited excellent resolution in which fractions(23 fractions) were resolved on the basis of the number and configuration of double bonds. In this instance, the strength of interaction of a ${\Delta}^5$-NMDB system with silver ions seemed to be weaker than a methylene interrupted double bond system. The principal triacylglycerol species are as follows ; $(C_{18:2{\omega}6)2}/C_{18:1{\omega}7}$, $C_{18:1{\omega}9}/C_{18:1{\omega}7}/C_{18:2{\omega}6}$, $(C_{18:1{\omega}7)2}/C_{18:2{\omega}6}$, $C_{16:1{\omega}7}/C_{18:1{\omega}9}/C_{20:3}{\Delta}^{5,11,14}$, $C_{16:1{\omega}7}/C_{18:1{\omega}7}/C_{20:3}{\Delta}^{5,11,14}$, $C_{18:1{\omega}9}/C_{18:1{\omega}7}/C_{18:2{\omega}6}$, $C_{18:1{\omega}9}/C_{18:2}{\Delta}^{5,5}/C_{20:3}{\Delta}^{5,11,14}$, $(C_{18:1{\omega}7)2}/C_{18:2{\omega}6}$ and $(C_{18:1{\omega}9)2}/C_{18:2{\omega}6}$, while simple triacylglycerols without $C_{18:2{\omega}6})_3$ were not present. Stereospecific analysis showed that fatty acids with ${\Delta}^5$-NMDB system and saturated chains were predominantly located at the site of sn-3 carbon of glycerol backbones. It is evident that there is asymmetry in the distribution of fatty acids in the TG molecules of Ginkgo nut oils.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.416-422
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• 2016

Lots of plastics are widely used in a variety of industrial field. And the amount of plastic waste is massively produced. In the study of waste recycling, it is emerged as an important issue to prevent the waste of potentially useful resource materials as well as to reduce ecological damage. So, the recycling of plastic waste has been currently paid attention to from the view point of reuse. Existing automatic sorting system consist of near infrared ray (NIR) sensors to classify the types of plastics. But the classification of black plastics still remains a challenge. Black plastics which contains carbon black are not almost classified by NIR because of the characteristic of the light absorption of black plastics. This study is focused on handling how to identify black plastics instead of NIR. Raman spectroscopy is used to get qualitative as well as quantitative analysis of black plastics. In order to improve the performance of identification, Support Vector Machine(SVM) classifier and Principal Component Analysis(PCA) are exploited to more preferably classify some kinds of the black plastics, and to analyze the characteristic of each data.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.86 no.3
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• pp.288-300
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• 1997

Morphology and anatomy of the fruit and seed of eight species of Rhus (Anacardiaceae) were investigated. The inflorescence of R. typhina was an apical and erect thysus, that of R. javanica was panicle. while that of the others were an axillary and pendulous panicle. Anatomical investigation of the pericarp showed that exocarp and mesocarp in R. javanica and R. typhina were integrated, but its in the others were disintegrated and uniform. In all these species, endocarp consisted of distinctly three lignified cell layers (outer, middle and inner endocarp) and crystal layers. The surface sculpturing of mature seed was variable and also contributed to understanding of species delimitation and relationships within the genus. Categorization by cluster analysis with 27 characters obtained from morphological and anatomical features of the fruit and seed resulted in two groups : R. trichocarpa - R. javanica group vs. R. ambigua - R. verniciflua - R. sylvestris - R. succedanea group. Taxonomic significance for the genus by these characters was supported by results of principal component analysis. The keys for the genus Rhus were provided using morphological and anatomical characters of the inflorescence, and fruit and seed.