• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.92-101
• /
• 2008

A new paradigm of design lays stress on the world of metaphysical concepts, and various attempts are being made to give meaning to psychological values. Hotel is a memorable place to remind of a special moment in one's life such as travel, marriage, meeting and so on. It also contains even more symbolism than other spaces as it is the place where the most primary and private act takes place apart from one's residence. As a result, it is also possible to communicate the message which a designer intends to convey through the user's recognition in the form of various symbolic expressions in space design. The designer communicates a meaning into a space through a symbolic system and creates a mutual consensus by means of the understanding structure of "designer-space-user". The user's diverse interpretations through a symbol are based on epistemology and consist of the primary, the secondary and the tertiary recognition structure system in the aspect of their contents. The primary structure depends on sensual perception, impressive idea and transcendental recognition based on metaphysical and perceptional association. The secondary structure includes casualty, continuous deduction and rational(integral) recognition. Finally, the tertiary structure is sublimation to the transcendental mental world beyond the boundary of emotion and it is classified into fundamental recognition structure on an object and archetypical recognition structure on an ego. These characteristics can derive systematic understandings and diverse interpretations on the symbol from the space of a hotel through the frame of analysis based on the artistic form of monosemous, polysemous and multidimensional frameworks and symbols. The framework of this analysis includes all the cases, and various methods which haven't been attempted in practice are presented. Therefore this study is not just a simple analysis of space but rather it will serve as a methodological tool for design that allows for various attempts of symbolic design concepts in the recognition structure system.

• Journal of KSNVE
• /
• v.7 no.4
• /
• pp.655-661
• /
• 1997

Base-isolation of a primary structure generally decrete the seismic response of its own and the secondary structure. It may cause an adverse effect on the seismic response of secondary system when the system is submerged and subject to a considerable hydrodynamic effect. In this paper, it is shown how, and how much, the base isolation of the primary structure can affect the secondary system response in extreme cases through dynamic analysis of a simplified coupled model for a submerged secondary system and a base-isolated primary structure. As an aseismatic design approach to reduce the response of the submerged system, optimization of the fluid gap, which controls the hydrodynamic mass effect, is performed. As an alternative approach in case where the control of fluid gap is unrealistic, application of base isolation to the submerged system is suggested. Effectiveness of various combinations of the primary base and secondary base isolations are compared.

• Journal of Satellite, Information and Communications
• /
• v.10 no.4
• /
• pp.6-11
• /
• 2015

The ESD(electrostatic discharge) protection performance of PPS(PMOS pass structure) embedded N-type silicon controlled rectifier(NSCR_PPS) device with different GPNS(Gate to Primary $N^+$ Diffusion Space) structure was discussed for high voltage I/O applications. A conventional NSCR_PPS standard device with FPW(Full P-Well) structure and non-CPS(Counter Pocket Source) implant shows typical SCR-like characteristics with low on-resistance(Ron), low snapback holding voltage(Vh) and low thermal breakdown voltage(Vtb), which may cause latch-up problem during normal operation. However, our proposed NSCR_PPS devices with modified PPW(Partial P-Well) structure and optimal CPS implant demonstrate the improved ESD protection performance as a function of GPNS variation. GPNS was a important parameter, which is satisfied design window of ESD protection device.

• Journal of Korean Association for Spatial Structures
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.107-114
• /
• 2015

Large spatial structures can not easily predict the dynamic behavior due to the lack of construction and design practices. The spatial structures are generally analyzed through the numerical simulation and experimental test in order to investigate the seismic response of large spatial structures. In the case of analysis for seismic response of large spatial structure, the many studies by the numerical analysis was carried out, researches by the shaking table test are very rare. In this study, a shaking table test of a small-scale arch structure was conducted and the dynamic characteristics of arch structure are analyzed. And the dynamic characteristics of arch structures are investigated according to the various column cross-section and length. It is found that the natural vibration periods of the small-scaled arch structure that have large column stiffness are very similar to the natural vibration period of the non-column arch structure. And in case of arch structure with large column stiffness, primary natural frequency period by numerical analysis is very similar to the primary natural frequency period of by shaking table test. These are because the dynamic characteristics of the roof structure are affected by the column stiffness of the spatial structure.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Power Electronics
• /
• v.26 no.5
• /
• pp.372-375
• /
• 2021

A three-leg inverter-type isolated DC-DC Converter that can use 220 and 440 V grid input voltages is introduced. The secondary circuit structure of the proposed topology is center-tap, which is the same as the conventional phase-shifted full-bridge converter. However, the primary circuit structure is composed of a three-leg inverter structure and a transformer, in which two primary windings are connected in series. The proposed circuit structure has a wider input voltage range than the conventional phase-shifted full-bridge converter, and the circulating-current on the primary-side is reduced. In addition, the voltage stress at the secondary rectifier is greatly improved, and high efficiency can be achieved at a high input voltage by removing the snubber circuit added to the conventional converter. Prototype converters with input DC of 311 V, output of 622 V, and 50 V and 6 kW class specifications were designed and manufactured to verify the validity of the proposed topology; the experimental results are presented.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.1-6
• /
• 2021

In this study, new morphology of NCA cathode material for lithium ion batteries was obtained through the electrospinning method. The prepared NCA nanofibers formed a nano-bush structure, and the primary particles were formed on the surface of the nanofibers. The embossing primary particles increased the surface area thus increasing the reactivity of lithium ions. The nano-bush structure could shorten the Li+ diffusion path and improve the Li+ diffusion coefficient. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the synthesized material consisted of nanofibers. The surface area of the nanofibers increased by primary particles was measured using atomic force microscopy (AFM). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was carried out to determine the structure of the NCA nanofibers.

• Fourth Industrial Review
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.47-60
• /
• 2022

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of Teamwork on Engagement among employees of private primary and secondary schools in Plateau State, Nigeria using the dimensions of Teamwork, which are Communication, Leadership, Team Structure, Situation Monitoring, and Mutual Support on Employee Engagement. Research design, data, and methodology - To analyze the relationship among the variables, the study adopted the descriptive and explanatory research design, and a cross-sectional survey method using a survey questionnaire containing 29 items, with a 5-point Likert scale. The samples of 274 employees (both academic and non-academic) were selected using a simple random probability sampling technique. Multiple Regression was used to analyze data with the aid of the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS version 23.0). Result - This shows that Communication, Leadership, and Situation Monitoring have a positive and significant relationship on Employee Engagement, while Team Structure and Mutual Support show a negative direction but still maintained a significant relationship. Conclusion - The management of private primary and secondary schools should pay attention to Communication, Leadership, Team Structure, Situation Monitoring, and Mutual Support among their employees to promote Employee Engagement in the workplace. It also recommends that future studies should be carried out in other sectors.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.35-42
• /
• 1992

The effectiveness of the support-isolation system for the equipment mounted on the primary structure is evaluated to reduce its responses under the earthquake load with considering the interaction between the primary structure and the internal equipment in this paper. A computer code (KBISAP) is developed to analyze the above system using the matrix condensation technique and constant average acceleration method. To evaluate the effectiveness of the support-isolation system, three systems are used in this study as follows: i) fixed-base structure with support-fixed equipment, ii) base-isolated structure with support-fixed equipment and iii) fixed-base structure with support-isolated equipment. The results of case study show that the acceleration of equipment with the support-isolation system is less than that of the support-fixed equipment in the base-isolated structure and significantly reduced the response compared with that of the support-fixed equipment in the fixed-base structure with the reduction factor of 8. The support-isolation system used in this study can reduce the response and also increase the safety margin of the important safety-related internal equipments.

• Research in Mathematical Education
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.127-142
• /
• 2008

The most important aim of mathematics education is to promote mathematical thinking. In the Hong Kong primary school, mathematical thinking is usually conducted through the use of formula and working on "application problem" or "word problems". However, there are many other ways that can promote mathematical thinking, and investigation on mathematical structure by using counting is one important source for promoting mathematical thinking for primary school children, as every children can count and hence a well designed question that can be solved by counting can enable children of different abilities to work together and obtain different results.

• Journal of Plant Biology
• /
• v.25 no.3
• /
• pp.123-133
• /
• 1982

The tropic structure and the function of a small pone ecosystem under the tree stand were studied in terms of energy flow. About 28% of total solar radiation was intercepted by the tree canopy over the pond. Primary producers converted 1.1%(3,382 kcal$\cdot$$m^{-2}$$\cdot$$y^{-1}$) of solar radiation (320,000 kcal$\cdot$$m^{-2}$$\cdot$$y^{-1}$) into gross primary production. The amount of energy availble to the pond snail was 1,683 kcal.m-2.y-1 of the net production by primary producers and 1,033 kcal$\cdot$$m^{-2}$$\cdot$$y^{-1}$ of the litter fallen into the pond. The amount of gross secondary production by the pond snail was 245 kcal$\cdot$$m^{-2}$$\cdot$$y^{-1}$. Judging from these, supply of both net primary production and the litter was indispensable for the maintenance of the pond ecosystem. The total amont of energy as gross primary production plus litter was 4,415 kcal$\cdot$$m^{-2}$$\cdot$$y^{-1}$(100%). Since the total respiration loss was calculated to be 1,917 kcal$\cdot$$m^{-2}$$\cdot$$y^{-1}$(43.4%), the rate of energy accumulation in the pond estimated to 56.6%.