• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.68-75
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• 2007

[ $\alpha$ ]-Terpinene has been known as a repellent against the mosquito Culex pipiens pallens Coquillett based on a human forearm bioassay. $\alpha$-Terpinene showed significantly greater repellency than a commercial formulation, N, N-diethyl-m-methylbenzamide (deet). In this study, skin and eye sensitivity of $\alpha$-terpinene (2%) was examined with bioassays using white New Zealand rabbits. There were somewhat gross and histological changes observed in these treatments. Eye irritancy assays examined gross changes to cornea, iris and conjuctiva, and histological changes to smear of ocular discharge and eye tissue. Treated rabbits were divided into two cohorts, a saline washed cohort (W) or a non-washed cohort (NW). Opacity of cornea and redness, chemosis and discharge of conjuctiva were observed in both cohorts, but disappeared within 4 and 10 days in W and NW, respectively. Main components of ocular discharges were fibrin, epithelial or epitheloid cells, lymphoid cells, erythrocytes and granulocytes. These abnormal cellular components disappeared within 4 days and 10 days in W and NW, respectively. No permanent histological differences were observed between the two cohorts. However, severe irritation was determined as 57.2 of I.I.O.I value on the first day after treatment. These findings indicate a spray-type solution containing 2% $\alpha$-terpinene may serve as an alternative mosquito repellent and further studies need to reduce the eye irritation with formulation changes.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.377-382
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• 2011

살균소독제, 라미아-킬(benzalkonium chloride(20%), citric acid(20%))에 대하여 랫드와 토끼를 이용하여 급성경구독 성과 피부 자극성 평가를 각각 수행하였다. 랫드에 라미아-킬 2,000 mg/kg 농도를 최고농도로 하여 단회 투여 후, 14일간 관찰한 결과, 사망, 이상증상 및 체 중변화 등은 관찰되지 않아, 라미아-킬의 $LD_{50}$은 2,000 mg/kg 이상으로 추정되었다. 토끼의 등 부위의 털을 제거하고 찰과부위와 비찰과 부위에 여러 농도로 라미아-킬을 도포 한 후, 피부 자극성을 확인한 결과, 라미아-킬의 l차 자극 지수가 0.50으로 비자극성 물질로 분류되었다. 따라서, 본 연구를 통하여, 라미아-킬은 급성경구독성 시 안전한 물질이며, 피부 자극성을 야기하지 않는 물질로 평가되었다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.39-43
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• 2005

The present study was carried out to investigate the skin irritation potential of oregano oil in rabbits. A volume of 0.5 ml of test article was applied to intact and abraded skins, respectively, for 24 h in 6 healthy male New Zealand White rabbits. Parameters measured during 72 h observation period were mortality, clinical signs, body weight changes, and local irritation. Treatment-related toxic symptoms, as evidenced by anorexia and decreased locomotor activity, were observed in all rabbits tested. Two rabbits out of the 6 total died on day 2 after the application of test article due to treatment-related toxicity. The mean body weight of test animals decreased progressively during the 72 h observation period. All animals showed very slight edema at 24 h and then recovered at 72 h. These animals also showed very slight to severe erythema and/or slight eschar formation at both 24 h and 72 h. The eschar formation induced by oregano oil was not recovered at the end of additional 11-day recovery period. Based on these results, it was concluded that a single dermal application of the undiluted oregano oil caused an increased incidence of clinical signs and death and a decrease in the body weight and showed a primary irritation index score of 2.79 indicating moderate irritation.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제13권1_2호
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• pp.157-160
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• 1997

The primary skin and eye irritancy of the combined vaccine (KGCC-95VI) for the prophylaxis against Japanese encephalitis and Hantaan virus infection recently developed by Korea Green Cross Corporation was investigated. The KGCC-95VI was applied to the back skins of the New Zealand White rabbits. The rabbits were observed for 72 hours and did not exhibit erythema, eschar and edema. The eyes of the rabbits were exposed to the KGCC-95VI. The rabbits were observed for 7 days and did not exhibit any ocular findings on cornea, iris and conjuntivae. The KGCC-95VI is considered not to have the primary skin and eye toxicity in rabbits.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제53권4호
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• pp.231-237
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• 2013

This study aimed to assess the attraction effect against Lycorma delicatula and antioxidant activity of hexane, chloroform, butanol and water fraction obtained from Ailanthus altissima methanol extract. The attraction effect of chloroform fraction showed the highest activity (47%) as compared to that of other fractions. In the DPPH radical scavenging activity, methanol and butanol fraction showed higher antioxidant activity than other solvent fractions. From the above results, the potential chloroform fraction was further performed by local irritation test in New Zealand white rabbits. In eye irritation test, chloroform fraction showed moderate irritant at high concentration 0.5 g/site/mL, but there was no eye irritation at low concentration (0.05 g/site/mL). In accordance with the Draize evaluation of skin irritation, the primary irritation index was calculated to 3.3 and 0.68 at high (0.5 g/site/mL) and low concentration (0.05 g/site/mL) causing moderate and mild irritation, respectively. On the basis of this study, Ailanthus altissima chloroform fraction could be safely considered to be a candidate of attractant against Lycorma delicatula.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.177-183
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• 1998

Low toxicity, reverse thermal gelation and high drug loading capabilities suggest that poloxamer 407 gels have great potential as a topical drug delivery system. Kojic acid (KA) is an antimelanogenic agent which has been widely used in cosmetics to whiten the skin color. However, it has the drawbacks of skin irritancy due to its acidic pH. Poloxamer gels of different polymer contents were formulated to overcome the problem and compared to the cream type formulations of either w/o/w multiple emulsion cream or o/w type emulsion cream. Using Franz diffusion cells mounted with a synthetic cellulose membrane (MWCO 12,000), drug release characteristics of the formulations were evaluated by the HPLC assay of KA concentration in the receptor compartment of pH 7.4 phosphate buffered saline solutions. Drug release from w/o/w multiple emulsion cream was controlled by oil membrane, showing the apparent zero order release kinetics. The KA release from the poloxamer gels was also controlled by the gel matrix, showing that drug release increased linearly as KA contents increase, but decreased exponentially as the polymer contents increase. In the skin irritancy test, the primary irritancy index(PII) of poloxamer gel base was lower than those of multiple emulsion cream base and o/w cream. Depending on KA contents or polymer contents in the gel. PH values in poloxamer gels were ranged from 1.3 to 2.0, which are interpreted as low or negligible irritation on skin. There was a good correlation between the log value of flux in drug release and PII value in skin irritation. It was possible to conclude that the poloxamer gels containing KA might be a good candidate for an antimelanogenic topical delivery system by virtue of the controlled release of the drug and the reduced skin irritancy.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.300-306
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• 2021

Chronic ultraviolet (UV) radiation causes photoaging, which represents skin damage, disrupts skin barrier function, and promotes wrinkle formation. We investigated that the polysaccharide extract of an edible basidiomycetous white jelly mushroom, Tremella fuciformis, (TF-Glucan^®) exhibited statistically photoprotective activity by inhibiting matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) and increasing collagen synthesis, and an anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines at the concentrations of less than 1000 ㎍/ml, which is not cytotoxic (p < 0.05). Additionally, TF-Glucan^® increased the expression of involucrin and filaggrin to prevent the disruption of UVB-induced barrier function (p < 0.05). TF-Glucan^® was assessed as a safe material by the human primary skin irritation (1, 3, 5%), human repeated insult patch test (no sensitization at 5%), 3T3 NRU phototoxicity assay (no phototoxicity, PIF < 2, MPE < 0.1), eye irritation test test by BCOP (no category, IVIS ≤ 3) and local lymph node assay (negative at 10, 25, 50%) for identifying potential skin sensitizing. These results suggest that TF-Glucan^® may be useful as an anti-photoaging ingredient for developing cosmeceuticals.

• 대한화장품학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한화장품학회 1999년도 IFSCC . ASCS 학술대회 발표 논문
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• pp.145-154
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• 1999

A novel retinol derivative, polyethoxylated retinamide (Medimin A) was synthesized, as an anti-aging agent. Collagen synthesis, skin permeation, stability, and toxicity of Medimin A were evaluated and compared with those of retinol and retinyl palmitate. In vitro collagen synthesis was evaluated by quantitative assay of [$^3H$]-proline incorporation into collagenase sensitive protein in fibroblast cultures. For in vitro skin permeation experiments, Franz diffusion cells (effective diffusion area: $1, 766{\;}\textrm{cm}^2$) and the excised skin of female hairless mouse aged 8 weeks were used The stabilities of retlnoids were evaluated at two different temperature ($25{\;}^{\circ}C$ and $40{\;}^{\circ}C$) and under UV in solubilized state and in OW emulsion. To estimate the safety, acute oral toxicity, acute dermal toxicity, primary skin irritation, acute eye irritation and human patch test were performed The effect of Medimin A on collagen synthesis was similar to that of retinol. The skin permeability of Medimin A was higher than those of retinol and retinyl palmitate. The Medimin A was more stable than retinol and retinyl palmitate. Medimin A was nontoxic in various toxicological tests. These results suggest that Medimin A would be a good anti-aging agent for enhancing bioavailability and stability.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.79-85
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• 2002

YHB216 is one of new recombinant human erythropoietins (rHu-EPO) developed by Yuhan Research Institute. The rHu-EPO products are widely being used for the treatment of various types of anemia. As a series of safety studies on YHB216, we performed the local irritation test (dermal & ocular application) in male New Zealand White rabbits and micronucleus test in male ICR mice. In the skin irritation test, 0.5 ml of YHB216 10,000 IU/ml solution was applied to the back skin of rabbits for 24 hours and sub-sequent observation was performed. There was no induced response after the treatment and the primary irritation index (P.I.I.) was‘0’. In the eye irritation test, 0.1 ml of YHB216 10,000 IU/mL solution was instilled into the conjunctiva of the eye. No treatment-related reaction was observed at the cornea, iris, and conjunctiva. In the micronucleus test, YHB216 was administered intravenously to male mice (6 mice per group) at dose levels of 0, 6,250, 12,500, and 25,000 IU/kg. Bone marrow cells were collected at 24 hours after the treatment. YHB216 treated groups showed no significant difference in the P/N (polychromatic erythrocyte/ normochromatic erythrocyte) ratio and in the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocyte com-pared with the control. In conclusion, YHB216 was found to be a non-irritating material up to 10,000 IU/ml in the local irritation test and to be a non-mutagen up to 25,000 IU/kg in the micronucleus test.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.261-266
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• 2012

농약을 포함한 화학물질의 독성을 평가하기 위하여 많은 실험동물이 사용되고 있다. 최근 동물실험에 대한 규제 강화와 실험동물의 윤리적 보호를 위해 동물실험을 대체하려는 동물대체시험법 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 우리나라에서 화학농약 등록 시 급성경구독성시험, 급성경피독성시험, 피부자극성시험 등 여러 시험에서 실험동물을 이용하여 인축독성평가를 하고 있다. 세계적인 추세에 맞춰 농약의 안전성 평가를 위한 동물대체시험법 연구제시와 규제가 시급한 실정이다. 본 연구는 국제적으로 승인된 대체시험법 중 인공피부모델을 이용한 피부자극성평가 적용 가능성을 검토하기 위하여 실시하였다. 시험물질은 기존의 토끼를 이용한 피부자극성시험에서 피부반응을 평점화하여 산출한 피부 1차 자극지수(P. I. I.) 0-7(구분:없음-강도) 값을 가진 농약제품 16종을 선발, 인공피부(KeraSkin$^{TM}$)를 이용하여 피부자극성평가를 수행하였다. 그 결과, 중도이상의 농약인 경우 세포생존율 50% 이하로 자극성 물질로 나타났으며, 경도 이하의 농약인 경우 세포생존율 50% 이상으로 비자극성 물질로 나타났다. 피부의 자극성이 있는 경도에서 강도의 농약의 경우 현재 농촌진흥청 고시 농약표시 기준에 따라 주의사항을 표시하게 되어 있고(RDA, 2012b), 농약의 피부자극성의 경우 민감도가 사람에 따라 많은 차이를 보이기 때문에 피부자극성 대체시험법 적용여부는 추후 추가적인 검토가 필요할 것으로 판단되며, 앞으로 농약안전성평가를 위한 동물실험을 대체할 수 있는 시험법 검증연구를 통해 농약등록 시험기준과 방법을 개선할 필요성이 있다고 사료된다.