• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제66권3호
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• pp.332-339
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• 2023

Objective : The present study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics of electrolyte imbalance in patients with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) who underwent craniotomy and its influence on prognosis. Methods : A total of 156 patients with moderate to severe TBI were prospectively collected from June 2019 to June 2021. All patients underwent craniotomy and intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring. We aimed to explore the clinical characteristics of electrolyte disturbance and to analyze the influence of electrolyte disturbance on prognosis. Results : A total of 156 patients with moderate and severe TBI were included. There were 57 cases of hypernatremia, accounting for 36.538%, with the average level of 155.788±7.686 mmol/L, which occurred 2.2±0.3 days after injury. There were 25 cases of hyponatremia, accounting for 16.026%, with the average level of 131.204±3.708 mmol/L, which occurred 10.2±3.3 days after injury. There were three cases of hyperkalemia, accounting for 1.923%, with the average level of 7.140±1.297 mmol/L, which occurred 5.3±0.2 days after injury. There were 75 cases of hypokalemia, accounting for 48.077%, with the average level of 3.071±0.302 mmol/L, which occurred 1.8±0.6 days after injury. There were 105 cases of hypocalcemia, accounting for 67.308%, with the average level of 1.846±0.104 mmol/L, which occurred 1.6±0.2 days after injury. There were 17 cases of hypermagnesemia, accounting for 10.897%, with the average level of 1.213±0.426 mmol/L, which occurred 1.8±0.5 days after injury. There were 99 cases of hypomagnesemia, accounting for 63.462%, with the average level of 0.652±0.061 mmol/L, which occurred 1.3±0.4 days after injury. Univariate regression analysis revealed that age, Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score at admission, pupil changes, ICP, hypernatremia, hypocalcemia, hypernatremia combined with hypocalcemia, epilepsy, cerebral infarction, severe hypoproteinemia were statistically abnormal (p<0.05), while gender, hyponatremia, potassium, magnesium, intracranial infection, pneumonia, allogeneic blood transfusion, hypertension, diabetes, abnormal liver function, and abnormal renal function were not statistically significant (p>0.05). After adjusting gender, age, GCS, pupil changes, ICP, epilepsy, cerebral infarction, severe hypoproteinemia, multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that hypernatremia or hypocalcemia was not statistically significant, while hypernatremia combined with hypocalcemia was statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion : The incidence of hypocalcemia was the highest, followed by hypomagnesemia, hypokalemia, hypernatremia, hyponatremia and hypermagnesemia. Hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and hypokalemia generally occurred in the early post-TBI period, hypernatremia occurred in the peak period of ICP, and hyponatremia mostly occurred in the late period after decreased ICP. Hypernatremia combined with hypocalcemia was associated with prognosis.

• 분석과학
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.271-280
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• 1998

국내에서 재배 생산된 현미로 부터 표준물질을 가공하여 원소별 검정분석을 실시하였다. 주요 오염원소의 농도가 서로 다른 2종의 쌀분말 표준물질을 제조하였는데 1종은 정상치시료로서 분말 시료를 그대로 처리하였으며, 1종은 제조과정중에 As, Cu, Pb, Hg, Cr, Cd등 6개의 중금속원소를 건조중량기준 $1.0{\mu}g/g$씩 첨가한 고농도 오염시료로서 제조하였다. 제조된 시료는 중성자방사화분석법 (NAA)과 불꽃원자흡수분광법(FAAS)으로 Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn등 5개 원소에 대한 균질도 분석을 실시하여 기준불질로서의 균질성을 확인하였다. 쌀시료의 분해 및 전처리에는 고온가압법과 마이크로파분 해법을 사용하였으며, NAA, FAAS, 흑연로원자흡수분광법(GFAAS), 유도플라즈마방출분광법(ICP-AES), 동위원소희석질량분석법(IDMS), 증기발생법 등을 이용하여 쌀분말표준물질 소재의 원소별 정량 분석을 실시하였다. 이들 각 방법의 원소별 분석결과를 이용하여 P, K, Mg, As, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Na, Zn, Pb, Se, Hg등 16개 원소에 대한 검정값 및 참고값을 확정하였다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.863-869
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• 2011

The aim of the present study is to investigate whether an ethanol extract of Acorus gramineus Soland (EAG) augments penile erection in vitro and in vivo experiment. Preconstructed with phenylephrine (PE) in isolated endothelium-intact rabbit corpus cavernosum, EAG relaxed penile smooth muscle in a dose-dependent manner, which was inhibited by pretreatment with NG-nitro-L-argininemethylester (L-NAME), a nitricoxide synthase inhibitor, and 1H-[1,2,4]-oxadiazole-[4,3-${\alpha}$]-quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), a soluble guanylylcyclase (sGC) inhibitor, respectively. EAG-induced relaxation was significantly attenuated by pretreatment with tetraethylammonium (TEA), a nonselective $K^+$ channel blocker. EAG increased cGMP levels of the rabbit corpus cavernosum in a concentration-dependent manner without changes in cAMP levels. In addition, EAG caused increase of peak intracavernous pressure (ICP), ICP/MAP ratio and area under the carve (AUC) in SD rats. Taken together, these results suggest that EAG augments penile erection via NO-cGMP system and $K^+$ channels in corpus cavernosum.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제58권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2015

Treatment of Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (LMC) from solid cancers has not advanced noticeably since the introduction of intra-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) chemotherapy in the 1970's. The marginal survival benefit and difficulty of intrathecal chemotherapy injection has hindered its wide spread use. Even after the introduction of intraventricular chemotherapy with Ommaya reservoir, frequent development of CSF flow disturbance, manifested as increased intracranial pressure (ICP), made injected drug to be distributed unevenly and thus, the therapy became ineffective. Systemic chemotherapy for LMC has been limited as effective CSF concentration can hardly be achieved except high dose methotrexate (MTX) intravenous administration. However, the introduction of small molecular weight target inhibitors for primary cancer treatment has changed the old concept of 'blood-brain barrier' as the ultimate barrier to systemically administered drugs. Conventional oral administration achieves an effective concentration at the nanomolar level. Furthermore, many studies report that a combined treatment of target inhibitor and intra-CSF chemotherapy significantly prolongs patient survival. Ventriculolumbar perfusion (VLP) chemotherapy has sought to increase drug delivery to the subarachnoid CSF space even in patients with disturbed CSF flow. Recently authors performed phase 1 and 2 clinical trial of VLP chemotherapy with MTX, and 3/4th of patients with increased ICP got controlled ICP and the survival was prolonged. Further trials are required with newly available drugs for CSF chemotherapy. Additionally, new LMC biologic/pharmacodynamic markers for early diagnosis and monitoring of the treatment response are to be identified with the help of advanced molecular biology techniques.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2006년도 제37회 하계학술대회 논문집 C
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• pp.1438-1439
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• 2006

$Ge_{2}Sb_{2}Te_5$(GST) thin film at present is a promising candidate for a phase change random access memory (PCRAM) based on the difference in resistivity between the crystalline and amorphous phase. PCRAM is an easy to manufacture, low cost storage technology with a high storage density. Therefore today several major chip in manufacturers are investigating this data storage technique. Recently, A. Pirovano et al. showed that PCRAM can be safely scaled down to the 65 nm technology node. G. T Jeonget al. suggested that physical limit of PRAM scaling will be around 10 nm node. Etching process of GST thin ra films below 100 nm range becomes more challenging. However, not much information is available in this area. In this work, we report on a parametric study of ICP etching of GST thin films in $Cl_2$/Ar chemistry. The etching characteristics of $Ge_{2}Sb_{2}Te_5$ thin films were investigated using an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) of $Cl_2$/Ar gas mixture. The etch rate of the GST films increased with increasing $Cl_2$ flow rate, source and bias powers, and pressure. The selectivity of GST over the $SiO_2$ films was higher than 10:1. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) was performed to examine the chemical species present in the etched surface of GST thin films. XPS results showed that the etch rate-determining element among the Ge, Sb, and Te was Te in the $Cl_2$/Ar plasma.

• KEPCO Journal on Electric Power and Energy
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.135-140
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• 2015

유도 결합 플라즈마를 활용하여 $Ar/CO_2$ 혼합가스에서 이산화탄소를 분해하는 연구이다. 고밀도 플라즈마를 발생시키기 위해 Ar 가스를 첨가하였고 이산화탄소 분해율을 측정하기 위해 광학적 광량 측정법을 사용 하였다. 유도 결합 플라즈마를 방전시키고 인가 전력, 압력, 혼합가스 비율을 변경하가며 단일 랭뮤어 프로브를 이용해 플라즈마 변수를 얻고 방출 분광기로 얻은 빛의 스펙트럼을 이용하여 분해율을 측정하였다. 측정된 플라즈마 변수로부터 $CO_2$ 유도 결합 플라즈마의 소스 특성을 확인했고 $CO_2$ 분해 메커니즘은 플라즈마 변수에 직접적인 영향을 받기 때문에 그 상관관계를 분석하였다.

• 지질공학
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2015

Deep geological disposal is the preferred storage method for high-level radioactive waste, because it ensures stable long-term storage with minimal potential for human disruption. Because of the risk of groundwater contamination, a buffer of steel and bentonite layers has been proposed to prevent the leaching of radionuclides into groundwater. Quartz is one of the most common minerals in earth's crust. To understand how deformation and dissolution phenomena affect waste disposal, here we study quartz samples at pressure, temperature, and pH conditions typical of deep geological disposal sites. We perform a dissolution experiment for single quartz crystals under different pressure and temperature conditions. Solution samples are collected and the dissolution rate is calculated by analyzing Si concentrations in a solution excited by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). After completing the dissolution experiment, deformation of the quartz sample surfaces is investigated with a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). An empirical formula is introduced that describes the relationship between dissolution rate, pressure, and temperature. These results suggest that bentonite layers in engineering barrier systems may be vulnerable to thermal deformation, even when exposed to higher temperatures on relatively short timescales.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.199-204
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• 2009

Objective : This study was done to evaluate the correlation between carpal tunnel pressure (CTP), electrodiagnostic and ultrasonographic findings in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Methods : CTP was measured during endoscopic carpal tunnel release (ECTR) for CTS using Spiegelberg ICP monitoring device with parenchymal type catheter. Neurophysiologic severity and nerve cross sectional area were evaluated using nerve conductive study and ultrasonography (USG) before ECTR in all patients. Results : Tests were performed in a total of 48 wrists in 39 patients (9 cases bilateral). Maximum CTP was $56.7{\pm}19.3$ mmHg ($Mean{\pm}SD$) and $7.4{\pm}3.3$ mmHg before and after ECTR, respectively. No correlation was found between maximum CTP and either neurophysiologic severity or nerve cross sectional area, whereas we found a significant correlation between the latter two parameters. Conclusion : CTP was not correlated with neurophysiologic severity and nerve cross sectional area. Dynamic, rather than static, pressure in carpal tunnel might account for the basic pathophysiology of CTS better.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2001년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.213-216
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• 2001

Etching behaviors of ferroelectric YMn $O_3$ thin films were studied by an inductively coupled plasma (ICP). Etch characteristic on ferroelectric YMn $O_3$ thin film have been investigated in terms of etch rate, selectivity and etch profile. The maximum etch rate of YMn $O_3$ thin film is 300 $\AA$/min at Ar/C $l_2$ of 2/8, RF power of 800W, dc bias voltage of 200V, chamber pressure of 15mTorr and substrate temperature of 3$0^{\circ}C$. Addition of C $F_4$ gas decrease the etch rate of YMn $O_3$ thin film. From the results of XPS analysis, Y $F_{X}$ compunds were found on the surface of YMn $O_3$ thin film which is etched in Ar/C1/C $F_4$ plasma. The etch profile of YMn $O_3$ film is improved by addition of C $F_4$ gas into the Ar/C $l_2$ plasma. These results suggest that fluoride yttrium acts as a sidewall passivants which reduce the sticking coefficient of chlorine on YMn $O_3$.>.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.314-318
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• 2002

The etching behaviors of the ferroelectric $YMnO_3$ thin films were studied by an inductively coupled plasma (ICP). The maximum etch rate of $YMnO_3$ thin film is 300 ${\AA}/min$ at Ar/$Cl_2$of 2/8, RF power of 800W, dc bias voltage of 200V, chamber pressure of 15mTorr and substrate temperature of $30^{\circ}C$. Addition of $CF_4$ gas decrease the etch rate of $YMnO_3$ thin film. From the results of XPS analysis, nonvolatile $YF_x$ compounds were found on the surface of $YMnO_3$ thin film which is etched in Ar/$Cl_2$/CF$_4$plasma. The etch profile of YMnO$_3$film is improved by addition of $CF_4$ gas into the Ar/$Cl_2$ plasma. These results suggest that YF$_{x}$ compound acts as a sidewall passivants which reduce the sticking coefficient of chlorine on $YMnO_3$.