• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.213-223
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between stress, temperament and maternal-fetal attachment in pregnant women. The respondents in this research were 249 pregnant women who were participating in a Parent Education project. Data was collected by way of a questionnaire. A summary of the findings were as follows: Among the pregnant women in this study, total stress level was below the average and maternal fetal attachment level was above the average. The group demonstrating high levels of stress exhibited low level of maternal-fetal attachment when compared to those with low levels stress. Pregnant woman's stress and maternal temperament demonstrated a significant correlation with maternal-fetal attachment.

• BMB Reports
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• v.42 no.10
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• pp.679-684
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• 2009

Fenofibrate has been proven to reduce adiposity. Since gestation produces an increase in white adipose tissue (WAT) mass, we comparatively studied this drug-effect in virgin and pregnant rats. Fenofibrate reduced lumbar WAT weight in both pregnant and virgin rats. Fenofibrate treatment did not modify plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentration in virgin rats, it greatly increased it in pregnant animals. Remarkable differences between the two groups were obtained for two proteins related to fatty acid oxidation and esterification and storing. Respectively, the mRNA levels of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT-I) were increased by the fenofibrate only in the virgin rats and a similar finding was observed for the expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK). These findings indicate that fenofibrate reduces adiposity in pregnant and virgin rats through different mechanisms: a) in virgin rats, by promoting fatty acid oxidation; and b) in pregnant rats, by enhancing fatty acid output.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.280-287
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• 2005

Purpose: This study was to provide preliminary data for degree of self-leadership in pregnant women. Method: Participants were 148 pregnant women who visited 2 university hospitals in Taegu city. Data collection was done from April 16 to May 22, 2005 by self administered questionnaires. Results: The mean score for self-leadership of pregnant women was 3.27 and the thought self-leadership of subconcept was the highest score. The highest mean score in self-leadership was found in 'When I'm faced with a problem during the pregnancy period' and 'I tend to look for the opportunity it contains rather than drawbacks'. The lowest mean score in self-leadership was found in 'I often practice health management before I actually do them'. There was the highest positive correlation between self-leadership and natural reward. Conclusion: This study had highest positive correlation between self-leadership and natural reward. Considering this, self-leadership is an effective nursing strategy to promote natural reward. Further studies are necessary to identify the level of self-leadership in pregnant women.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.153-161
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• 1987

This descriptive-correlational study was conducted to recognize the relational between the Perceived social support and stress in pregnant women. The subject were comprised of 154 patients who were at 24 weeks over, and data were collected by way of questionnairs at K-university hospital in Seoul during 23 days (November 21, 1986 to December 13, 1986). The result of this study may be summerized as follows. 1) The degrees of the support from situation perceived by pregnant women were: the minimal 20 feints, the maximal 61 points and the mean 40.42 feints. 2) The degrees of stress perceived by pregnant women were: the minimal 32 points, the maximal 109 points and the mean 65.49 points. 3) The results of hypotheses were: the first hypothesis was not supported that the higher the degree of social support from situation perceived by pregnant women, the lower that of stress(r= -0.01129, p=0.8895) the second was supported that the higher the degree if support perceived indirectly by pregnant women, the lower that of stress(r= -0.23832, p=0.0029). the third was supported that the higher the degree of support perceived directly by pregnant women, the lower that of stress. (r= -0.36019, p=0.0001) 4) The fourth shows that in the relationships between the characteristics of socio-popualtion and obstetrics and the degree of social support, there was significant difference; i) the support from situation differs in learning (t= -2.178, p<.05), and satisfaction of marriage (F=5.06, p<.01) ii) the support perceived indirectly differs in learning (t= -3.065, p<.01), month of pregnant(F= 2.78, p <.05), satisfaction of marriage (F=20.08, p<.001) and forms of family (t=2.11, p<.05) iii) the support perceived directly differs in satisfaction of marriage (F=21.00, p <.001) and forms of family (t=2.11, p<.05) 5) the fifth shows that in the relationship between the characteristics of sociopopulation and obstetrics and stress, the degree of satisfaction of marriage only shows the significant statistical difference(F= 0.40, p<.01) 6) The sixth shows that the factor affecting the stress of pregnant women was the support perceived directly and its explanatory power was 12.9%.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.201-205
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• 1974

Blood serum from 30 pregnant cows, 6 non-Pregnant cows (one month after delivery), 6 sterile cows (ovarian cyst), and 6 heifers (16 months old) were analyzed for total vitamin E concentration by the ferric chloride-bipyridyl reaction. The pregnant group was determined periodically throughout pregnancy. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The mean value of serum vitamin E level in pregnant group was $0.651{\pm}0.068(SE)mg/100ml$, in non-pregnant group $0.647{\pm}0.119(SE)mg/100ml$, in sterile group $0.488{\pm}0.053(SE)mg/100ml$, and in heifer group $0.083{\pm}0.016(SE)mg/100ml$. Samples below 0.19mg/100ml were net observed and most of the pregnants (83.3%) showed the values of 0.40 to 0.99mg/100ml during pregnancy 2. The difference of vitamin E level between pregnant group and non-pregnant group was net significant, but these trio groups showed a significantly higher value than that of sterile group. On the other hand, in heifer group was recognized significantly lower value compared with adult groups. 3. The change of serum vitamin E level in pregnant group revealed the tendency of decrease as gestation progresses and significantly dropped at the eighth month, thereafter, the value was rose slightly at the tenth month of gestation but no differences were observed. The coefficient of correlation between months and serum vitamin E levels during pregnancy was r=-0.956(p<0.01), and a regression equation was Y (serum vitamin E levels, mg/100ml)=1.034-0.063x(month).

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.161-170
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• 2020

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify the influences of the attitudes of pregnant women and their husbands towards sex during pregnancy on sexual function. Additional purpose was to compare the frequency of sexual dysfunction according to gender and gestational trimester and to describe the changes in sexual behavior according to the gestational trimester. Methods: In this study, 231 pregnant couples completed self-report questionnaires during their visits to women's hospitals or community health centers. The questionnaires assessed general characteristics, maternal/paternal sexual attitudes towards sex during pregnancy (Maternal Sex during Pregnancy Scale, MSP/Paternal Sex during Pregnancy Scale, PSP), and sexual function (using the Female Sexual Function Index and International Index of Erectile Function, respectively). Multiple regression analysis was done to test the research model using SPSS version 23.0. Results: In this study, 74.9% of pregnant women and 38.5% of their husbands reported sexual dysfunction. Sexual dysfunction was prevalent in pregnant women in the first trimester and prevalent in husbands in the third trimester. MSP (β=.44, p<.001) in pregnant women and PSP (β=.39, p<.001) and being in the first trimester (β=.17, p=.012) in husbands influenced sexual function during pregnancy. In the first trimester, the scores for attitudes towards sex during pregnancy were the lowest in pregnant women, while they were the highest in their husbands. Conclusion: Positive attitudes about sex during pregnancy are important for sexual function in pregnant couples. Because the difference in attitudes towards sex during pregnancy between pregnant women and their husbands was greatest in the first trimester, sexual health interventions need to be provided in early pregnancy.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.124-131
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• 2021

Objective: Approximately 30% of preeclamptic pregnancies exhibit abnormal liver function tests. We assessed liver injury-associated enzyme levels and circulating transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) levels in an arginine vasopressin (AVP)-induced pregnant Sprague-Dawley rat model. Methods: Pregnant and non-pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats (n=24) received AVP (150 ng/hr) subcutaneously via mini-osmotic pumps for 18 days. Blood pressure was measured, urine samples were collected, and all animals were euthanized via isoflurane. Blood was collected to measure circulating levels of TGF-β1-3 isomers and liver injury enzymes in pregnant AVP (PAVP), pregnant saline (PS), non-pregnant AVP (NAVP), and non-pregnant saline (NS) rats. Results: The PAVP group showed significantly higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure than both saline-treated groups. The weight per pup was significantly lower in the AVP-treated group than in the saline group (p<0.05). Circulating TGF-β1-3 isomer levels were significantly higher in the PAVP rats than in the NS rats. However, similar TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 levels were noted in the PS and PAVP rats, while TGF-β2 levels were significantly higher in the PAVP rats. Circulating liver-type arginase-1 and 5'-nucleotidase levels were higher in the PAVP rats than in the saline group. Conclusion: This is the first study to demonstrate higher levels of TGF-β2, arginase, and 5'-nucleotidase activity in PAVP than in PS rats. AVP may cause vasoconstriction and increase peripheral resistance and blood pressure, thereby elevating TGF-β and inducing the preeclampsia-associated inflammatory response. Future studies should explore the mechanisms through which AVP dysregulates liver injury enzymes and TGF-β in pregnant rats.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.10.1-10.10
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• 2023

Background: The collection of ovaries from slaughterhouses is an important source of oocytes for in vitro embryo production. On the other hand, the physiological stage of slaughtered females varies and influences embryo production. Objectives: The study examined the in vitro efficiency of embryos and demi-embryos from young, non-pregnant adult, and pregnant adult ewes from a local slaughterhouse. Methods: One thousand three hundred ovaries were collected from August to October 2020. The recovered oocytes were matured, fertilized, and cultured at 5% CO2, 38.5℃, and 100% humidity. Embryo bisection was performed in 96 blastocysts (n = 32 per treatment). The demiembryo pairs were incubated for their reconstitution for 12 h. SAS was used for data analysis. Results: The number of oocytes collected from the experimental group of non-pregnant adult ewes was higher (p ≤ 0.007) than those collected from the group of pregnant adult ewes (2.67 ± 0.19 vs. 2.18 ± 0.15 oocytes/group, respectively). The blastocyst rate was higher (p ≤ 0.0001) in the non-pregnant adult group (36.39%) than in the young (17.96%). The ratio of demi-embryos that recovered the blastocoelic cavity was higher (p < 0.05) in the young group (81.25%) than in the pregnant adult group (59.38%). The diameter of the demi-embryos was higher (p < 0.05) in the non-pregnant adult group (186.54 ± 8.70 ㎛) than those in the young and pregnant adult groups. Conclusions: In conclusion, the in vitro embryo production efficiency was highest when using oocytes from non-pregnant adult ewes under the conditions of this study.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.42-49
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• 1999

The reproductive effect of $Telazol^{\circledR}$ was studied in pregnant rats. Two different doses (20 or 40 mg/kg/day) were injected on days one of 3, 5 or 8 of pregnancy and 3 consecutive days of 3~5 or 5~7 in pregnant rats. On days 8 or 21, the rats were anesthetized, the cesarean section was performed, the uterus was carefully examined, and the numbers of corpora lutea, implantation sites and viable fetuses, fetal and placental weights and pre-and post-implantation losses in rats were surveyed. Simultaneously the concentrations of sodium and potassium of the plasma, uterine and amniotic fluids were determined. And gestation period in pregnant rats, postnatal offspring survival and body weight gains were evaluated. Administration of $Telazol^{\circledR}$ did not exert a bad influence upon body weight gains in pregnant rats. Reproductive indices were normal. The concentrations of sodium and potassium of the plasma, uterine and amniotic fluids in pregnant rats remained unchanged. Gestation period of rats, postnatal offspring survival and body weight gains were normal. It is concluded that $Telazol^{\circledR}$ is devoided of significant adverse reproductive effects in pregnant rats.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.117-125
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is the fundamental study to develope basic slacks pattern for pregnant women by analysing characteristics of the lower half of their body. The results are as followers: 1. The pregnancy has changed almost all items including the waist height, lengths and etc. and changed proportion of body by accumulation of fat. 2. The changes of the waist circumference and flat figure from waist to hip could be found by analysing the body shell (pregnant women from five months pregnance to one month after delivery). 3. The postures of five month-pregnant women were compared with those of six, seven, eight, and nine month-pregnant women, and with those of one month after delivery. The waist height has been increased till the middle of pregnancy but lowed till the end of the pregnancy.