• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.348-353
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• 2003

Generally, two different types of fructose polymer are found in nature. One is inulin, whose fructosyl residues are linked mainly by a ${\beta}-(2,1)-linkage$, while the other is high-molecular-weight levan, whose fructosyl residues are linked mainly by a ${\beta}-(2,6)-linkage$. In contrast to the extensive studies on the prebiotic properties of inulin, there has been no report on the effect of levan on the large bowel microflora in viva. Therefore, to examine whether dietary levan can be used as a prebiotic, Sprague-Dawley male rats were fed one of two diets for 3 weeks: 1) basal diet plus sucrose; 2) basal diet plus 10% (wt/wt) levan. The cecal bowel mass, cecal and colon short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), pH, and microflora were then compared. The intake of the levan-containing diet significantly increased the total cecal weight and wall weight. The analyses of the SCFAs in the cecal and colonic contents revealed that levan was converted into acetate, butyrate, and lactate, which resulted in acidic conditions. The intake of levan also significantly increased the total number of microorganisms by 5-fold and lactic acid-producing bacteria (LAB) 30-fold in the feces. Accordingly, the current work shows that levan can be used as a prebiotic for stimulating the growth of LAB in an animal model.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.149-155
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• 2020

본 연구에서는 야콘 덩이뿌리 추출물이 프로바이오틱스인 비피더스균과 락토바실러스균의 생장에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 하였다. 야콘의 당함량을 HPLC로 분석한 결과, 생체 중 100 g 당프락토올리고당 함량이 7.60 g으로 가장 많았으며, 유리당은 수크로스가 0.72 g, 프럭토스 0.34 g, 글루코스 0.26 g 순의 함량을 보였다. 야콘 추출물이 장내 유산균 활성에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해 락토바실러스 3종(L. acidophilus AD031, L. plantarum BH02 and L. fermentum BH03)과 비피더스 3종(B. bifidum BGN4, B. longum BORI, B. lactis AD011) 등 6종을 대상으로 대조군과 야콘처리군 배지에서 유산균의 생장속도를 비교하였다. 락토바실러스 3종의 균주들은 대조군과 야콘처리군에서 대수기에 도달하는 시간이 비슷하였고, 생균수에서도 비슷하거나 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 하지만, 비피더스 3종의 경우 야콘처리군에서 모두 생장이 증가되었고, 특히, B. longum BORI 균주는 배양 10시간 이후부터 대조군과의 확연한 차이를 나타냈다. 이와 같은 결과로, 야콘 추출물은 장내 유익균 중에서도 비피더스균에 특이적인 증식 효과를 보이며, 야콘의 프락토올리고당이 비피더스균 증식에 적합한 영양원임을 확인하였다.

• 식품기술
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.55-61
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• 2002

장내 균총 개선을 위하여 조합시킨 prebiotics와 probiotics는 최고의 건강 증진을 제공할 잠재성을 갖지만, 알맞은 균주선발이 필수적이다. 기능성 식품시장은 연간 15∼20% 성장하고 있고, 그 산업은 33백만 달러의 값어치가 있다(Hilliam, 2000). 기능성 식품은 nutraceuticals, designer foods, medicinal foods, therapeutic foods,superfoods, foodiceuticals와 medifoods로 알려져 있고 그 정의는 전통적인 영양소개념을 넘어선 건강증진 성분을 함유한 식품이라고 할 수 있다(Berner와 O'Donnell,1998). 식품은 phytochemicals, bioactive peptides, $\omega$-3 불포화 지방산, 그리고probiotics 또는 기능성을 갖게 되는 prebiotics의 부가에 의하여 변형될 수 있다(Berner와 O'Donnell, 1998)(표 1). 장관에서 살수 없는 균을 함유한 요구르트의 경우와 같은 다양한 발효 낙농식품 제조에 젖산균을 사용한 이래, 오늘날에는 발효식품에Lactobacillus acidophilus와 bifidobacteria 같은 probiotic 균을 사용하는 경향이다. Probiotic 식품은 살아 있는 미생물을 함유한 식품이고, 그 미생물은 충분한 양이살아 있는 상태로 장 속에 공급되었을 때에 미생물 균총을 개선하여 소비자 건강을 증진시키는 것이라고 할 수 있다(Fuller, 1992). 전통적으로, probiotics는 요구르트와 기타 발효식품에 사용되어 왔지만, 최근에는 드링크, 알약형, 캡슐형, 동결건조물과 같은 형태로도 공급되고 있다. 오늘날, 전세계에 sour cream, buttermilk, 요구르트, 분유와 frozen desserts 같은 식품에 bifidus acidophilus를 함유한 제품이 70개를 넘고 있으며, 일본에서만도 probiotic 미생물을 함유한 형태의 우유제품이 53종류 이상 개발되어 있다. Probiotics는 유럽에서도 매우 인기가 있지만, 주로 요구르트에 한정되어 사용되고 있다(Hilliam, 2000).

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.1141-1145
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• 2008

Isomaltooligosaccharide (IMO) is a promising dietary component with prebiotic effect, and the long-chain IMOs are preferred to short chain ones owing to the longer persistence in the colon. To establish the optimal process for synthesis of long-chain IMOs, we systematically examined the reaction condition of dextransucrase of Leuconostoc mesenteroides B-512F by changing the ratio of sucrose to maltose (varying as 1:4, 1:2, 1:1, and 2:1) and amount of each sugar (from 2% to 20%). As a result, a ratio of 2:1 (sucrose to maltose, 10:5% or 20:10%, w/v) was determined as an optimal condition for long-chain IMO synthesis (DP3-DP9) with relatively higher yields (70-90%, respectively).

• 한국생명과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생명과학회 2004년도 국제학술심포지움
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• pp.22-26
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• 2004

A self-replicating RNA ligase ribozyme was converted to a cross-catalytic format whereby two ribozymes direct each other's synthesis from a total of four component substrates. Each ribozyme binds two RNA substrates and catalyzes their ligation to form the opposing ribozyme. The two ribozymes are not perfectly complementary, as is the case for replicating nucleic acid genomes in biology. Rather, the ribozymes contain both template elements, which are complementary, and catalytic elements, which are identical. The specificity of the template interactions allows the cross-catalytic pathway to dominate over all other reaction pathways. In the presence of $2{\mu}M$ each of the corresponding substrates, one ribozyme catalyzes the synthesis of the second ribozyme with an initial rate of $6.8{\times}10^{-3}\;min^{-1}$, while the second ribozyme catalyzes the synthesis of the first with an initial rate of $2.9{\times}10^{-3}min{-1}$. As the concentration of the two ribozymes increases, the rate of formation of additional ribozyme molecules increases, consistent with the overall autocatalytic behavior of the reaction system. Here, I present results that possibly demonstrate a clue for a self-replicating molecule by showing an RNA ligase ribozyme, which is reminiscent of 'Prebiotic Era'.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.522-530
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• 2013

Probiotic 기능성이 우수한 유산균을 선발하기 위하여 9개월 미만의 모유수유아로부터 100종의 Lactobacillus균을 분리하였다. C. elegans를 이용한 in vivo 실험으로 장내 우점능을 검사하여 L. rhamnosus GG와 비교했을 때 다른 균주들보다 상대적으로 장환경에 대하여 우수한 우점특성을 갖는 probiotic 유산균주 9종을 선발하였다. Mucin을 이용한 in vitro 부착능력 검토결과, L. rhamnosus GG대비 90% 이상의 부착능을 보였으며, pH 2.5에서의 내산성 및 0.5% oxgall을 함유한 내담즙성에서 각각 97% 이상과 99% 이상의 높은 생존율을 나타냈다. 또, 81% 이상의 높은 콜레스테롤 저해능과 다양한 prebiotics 이용가능성을 확인하였고 최종적으로 L. rhamnosus 4종, L. plantarum 5종인 것으로 동정되었다. 이상의 결과로부터 in vivo 실험을 통해 우선 선발한 균주들이 프로바이오틱스 균주로서 요구되는 조건을 우수하게 충족시킨다는 것을 알 수 있었으며, 따라서 in vivo 모델로서 C. elegans을 이용한 장내우점능력 검토는 내산성, 내담즙성, 콜레스테롤 저하, 그리고 prebiotic 기질 이용능 등의 고기능성의 probiotic 균주 선발에 직접적으로 이용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제30권9호
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• pp.1343-1354
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• 2020

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a skin disorder that causes chronic itch. We investigated the inhibitory effects of a mixture of prebiotic short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides and long-chain fructooligosaccharides (scGOS/lcFOS), inulin, or β-glucan on AD development in 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB)-treated NC/Nga mice. Mice were randomly assigned to six groups: untreated mice, AD control, positive control (DNCB-treated NC/Nga mice fed a dietary supplement of Zyrtec), and DNCB-treated NC/Nga mice fed a dietary supplement of prebiotics such as scGOS/lcFOS (T1), inulin (T2), or β-glucan (T3). The prebiotic treatment groups (T1, T2, and T3) showed suppression of AD symptoms, Th2 cell differentiation, and AD-like skin lesions induced by DNCB. In addition, prebiotic treatment also reduced the number of microorganisms such as Firmicutes, which is associated with AD symptoms, and increased the levels of Bacteroidetes and Ruminococcaceae, which are associated with alleviation of AD symptoms. Our findings demonstrate the inhibitory effects of prebiotics on AD development by improving the Th1/Th2 cytokine balance and beneficial symbiotic microorganisms in in vitro and in vivo models.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제4권6호
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• pp.470-476
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• 2010

The resistant dextrin NUTRIOSE$^{(R)}$, developed from starch, is expected to act as a prebiotic. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of NUTRIOSE$^{(R)}$ on cecal parameters, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations, and fecal excretion in rats. In an initial experiment, twenty-four male Fischer F344 rats were randomly assigned to one of the following four treatments for 14 days: G0 (control diet), G2.5 (control diet+2.5% of dextrin), G5 (control diet + 5% of dextrin), and G10 (control diet + 10% of dextrin). After 14 days, total cecal weight, cecal content, and cecal wall weight were significantly increased in G5 and G10 compared to G0. At the same time, cecal pH was significantly lower in G10 compared to G0. Total SCFA concentration was significantly higher in G10 than in G5, G2.5, and G0, and significantly higher in G5 than in G0. Acetate, butyrate, and propionate concentrations were significantly increased in G5 and G10 compared to the controls. In a second trial based on a similar design, eighteen male Fischer F344 rats were treated with a control diet supplemented with 5% of dextrin or 5% of fructo-oligosaccharide. The results obtained with NUTRIOSE$^{(R)}$ were similar to those obtained with the fructo-oligosaccharide. In a third experiment, two groups of 5 Fischer F344 rats were orally treated with 100 and 1,000 mg/kg NUTRIOSE$^{(R)}$, respectively, and from 18% to 25% of the dextrin was excreted in the feces. The results of these three studies show that the consumption of NUTRIOSE$^{(R)}$, by its effects on total cecal weight, cecal content, cecal wall weight, pH, and SCFA production, could induce healthy benefits since these effects are reported to be prebiotic effects.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제29권12호
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• pp.1904-1915
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• 2019

Resistant starch (RS) is metabolized by gut microbiota and involved in the production of short-chain fatty acids, which are related to a variety of physiological and health effects. Therefore, the availability of RS as a prebiotic is a topic of interest, and research on gut bacteria that can decompose RS is also important. The objectives in this study were 1) to isolate a human gut bacterium having strong degradation activity on non-gelatinized RS, 2) to characterize its RS-degrading characteristics, and 3) to investigate its probiotic effects, including a growth stimulation effect on other gut bacteria and an immunomodulatory effect. Bifidobacterium adolescentis P2P3 showing very strong RS granule utilization activity was isolated. It can attach to RS granules and form them into clusters. It also utilizes high-amylose corn starch granules up to 63.3%, and efficiently decomposes other various types of commercial RS without gelatinization. In a coculture experiment, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron ATCC 29148, isolated from human feces, was able to grow using carbon sources generated from RS granules by B. adolescentis P2P3. In addition, B. adolescentis P2P3 demonstrated the ability to stimulate secretion of Th1 type cytokines from mouse macrophages in vitro that was not shown in other B. adolescentis. These results suggested that B. adolescentis P2P3 is a useful probiotic candidate, having immunomodulatory activity as well as the ability to feed other gut bacteria using RS as a prebiotic.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.61-65
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• 2007

김치의 기능성 향상을 위해 내산소성의 Bifidobacterium animalis DY-64와 올리고과당을 첨가한 김치를 제조하고 발효과정동안 이화학적, 미생물학적 특성에 대해 조사하였다. $4^{\circ}C$, 30일간의 김치 발효과정 중 비피도박테리아는 1 log cycle이 감소되었으며 올리고과당을 함께 첨가한 군에서는 비피도박테리아의 생존률이 높게 유지되었다. 또한 Lactobacillus spp.와 Leuconostoc spp.의 생육 및 생존률이 더욱 증가되었다. 발효과정동안 비피도박테리아와 올리고과당 첨가 김치는 유기산(젖산과 초산)의 생성이 대조군보다 유의적으로 높았다. 올리고과당 김치는 일반 김치보다 신내, 신맛, 아삭아삭함이 더 높았다. 이러한 결과로 비피도박테리아 김치 제조시 시판 올리고과당을 첨가하면 비피도박테리아의 생존성을 증가시키며 장내에서는 prebiotics로서 이용되어 김치의 기능성을 향상시킬 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.