• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.45-64
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• 2022

Purpose - This paper examines South Korea's potential status as a carbon leakage country, and the level of risk posed by the Korean emissions trading scheme (ETS) for Korean industries. The economic effects of border carbon adjustments (BCAs) to protect energy-intensive Korean industries in the process of achieving the carbon reduction target by 2030 through the Korean ETS are also analyzed. Design/methodology - First, using the Korean Input-Output (IO) table, this paper calculates the balance of emissions embodied in trade (BEET) and the pollution terms of trade (PTT) to determine Korean industries' carbon leakage status. Analyses of the risk level posed by carbon reduction policy implementation in international trade are conducted for some sectors by applying the EU criteria. Second, using a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, three BCA scenarios, exemption regulations (EXE), reimbursement (REB), and tariff reduction (TAR) to protect the energy-intensive industries under the Korean ETS are addressed. Compared to the baseline scenario of achieving carbon reduction targets by 2030, the effects of BCAs on welfare, carbon leakage, outputs, and trading are analyzed. Findings - As Korea's industrial structure has been transitioning from a carbon importing to a carbon leaking country. The results indicate that some industrial sectors could face the risk of losing international competitiveness due to the Korean ETS. South Korea's industries are basically exposed to risk of carbon leakage because most industries have a trade intensity higher than 30%. This could be interpreted as disproving vulnerability to carbon leakage. Although the petroleum and coal sector is not in carbon leakage, according to BEET and PTT, the Korean ETS exposes this sector to a high risk of carbon leakage. Non-metallic minerals and iron and steel sectors are also exposed to a high risk of carbon leakage due to the increased burden of carbon reduction costs embodied in the Korean ETS, despite relatively low levels of trade intensity. BCAs are demonstrated to have an influential role in protecting energy-intensive industries while achieving the carbon reduction target by 2030. The EXE scenario has the greatest impact on mitigation of welfare losses and carbon leakage, and the TAF scenario causes a disturbance in the international trade market because of the pricing adjustment system. In reality, the EXE scenario, which implies completely exempting energy-intensive industries, could be difficult to implement due to various practical constraints, such as equity and reduction targets and other industries; therefore, the REB scenario presents the most realistic approach and appears to have an effect that could compensate for the burden of economic activities and emissions regulations in these industries. Originality/value - This paper confirms the vulnerability of the Korean industrial the risk of carbon leakage, demonstrating that some industrial sectors could be exposed to losing international competitiveness by implementing carbon reduction policies such as the Korean ETS. The contribution of this paper is the identification of proposed approaches to protect Korean industries in the process of achieving the 2030 reduction target by analyzing the effects of BCA scenarios using a CGE model.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.81-98
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• 2022

Purpose - This study aims to compare the requirements under the United Nations Convention on Contract for the International Sales of Goods (CISG) and the Korean Civil Act (KCA) regarding the buyer's right to require the delivery of substitute goods. The buyer's right to demand substitute delivery not only protect them from the seller's breach of contract but also preserves the contractual bond between the parties by providing an opportunity for sellers to protect their goodwill and circumvent the extreme remedy of avoidance. However, as substitute delivery entails additional efforts and costs for return and re-shipment, this right should not be allowed in every case of defect. Additionally, unlike the CISG, the KCA contains no specific provision related to the requirements for claiming substitute delivery. Therefore, it would be meaningful to examine and compare what requirements should be fulfilled before the buyer exercises the right in relation to non-conforming goods under the CISG and the KCA. Design/methodology - We conducted a comparative study of the requirements under the CISG and the KCA regarding the buyer's right to require delivery of substitute goods given a seller's delivery of non-conforming goods. Additionally, we referred to the opinions from the CISG Advisory Council, the draft of the KCA amendment, and related precedents, mainly focusing on the existence and severity of defects, reasonableness, and timely notice and requests as the major requirements for substitute delivery. Findings - The results of this study can be summarized as follows: First, the CISG provides more detailed requirements about the right to require delivery of substitute goods; by contrast, the KCA does not stipulate any such requirement. Thus, specific requirements for substitute delivery should be included when amending the KCA. Second, the CISG attempts to minimize overlapping and conflict with other remedies by specifying detailed requirements for the delivery of substitutes. Third, both the CISG and KCA require reasonableness for substitute delivery. Originality/value - Although there are no explicit legal requirements for substitute delivery under the KCA, there has been relatively little discussion of this issue to date. Therefore, the findings of our study can guide future revisions of the KCA to fill this loophole. Moreover, the recently released CISG Advisory Council opinion that clarifies the continuing confusion and debate, can help distinguish which remedy is suitable for a particular case. It may provide practical advice for businesspeople in international trade as well as legal implications for the future development of the KCA.

• 한국프랜차이즈경영연구
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.17-31
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• 2022

Purpose: With the development of the Internet, consumers can quickly access the electronic word-of-mouth. Consumers seek to reduce uncertainty by referring to the opinions of other consumers about products and services when making purchase decisions. In the food service industry, evaluating a restaurant before an actual visitation is difficult. Therefore, electronic word-of-mouth is important to interact with the customer in restaurants. as it can be used as an exchange of information in which consumers participate and interact with other customers. This study was conducted to verify how online word-of-mouth characteristics (Consensus, Vividness, Neutrality) on attitudes and visit intention from the perspective of social exchange theory. And it was performed to verify the structural relationship between short-term visit intention, mid-term visit and long-term visit intention. Research design, data, and methodology: A survey was conducted on customers who have visited restaurants. Of a total of 312 responses, 306 responses were used, excluding insincere responses and missing values for factors analysis. SPSS 25.0 and AMOS 25.0 were used for statistical analysis, and hypothesis testing was conducted after verifying the validity and reliability of the questionnaire items. Result: The result of the analysis showed that, consensus and neutrality have a positive effect on attitude but not much on vividness. In addition, consensus, vividness, and neutrality have no effect on the short-term visit intention. Finally, the short-term visit intention has a positive effect on mid-term visit intention, and mid-term visit intention has a positive effect on long-term visit intention. Conclusions: Based on the results, this study suggested that it is necessary to have practical implications for marketing and monitoring restaurant reviews in consideration of the characteristics of electronic word-of-mouth. When managing electronic-word-of-mouth, it is necessary to manage the consensus and neutrality is essential to provide sufficient information about the restaurant. The focus should not only be on vividness, such as photos and videos. In addition, restaurants should also provide a good experience for first-time visitors as the short-term visit intention positively affects mid-term and long-term visit intention.

• 한국프랜차이즈경영연구
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2022

Purpose: In the restaurant sector, it has been known that consumers' positive perception of brands influences their positive WOM intention, and information sources play an important role in increasing credibility by enhancing consumer awareness and developing differentiated brands. This study examines the effects of information sources (e.g., advertisement, WOM, SNS) on trust (cognitive and affective) and, WOM and eWOM intention in the restaurant context. In the model, cognitive and affective trust play mediating roles in the relationships between information sources (e.g., advertisement, WOM, SNS) WOM and eWOM intention. Research design, data, and methodology: Research models and hypotheses were developed according to the research direction. The survey questionnaire items were developed and used appropriately according to the contents of this paper based on prior studies. All constructs were measured with multiple items developed and validated in prior studies. A total of 502 responses were collected from an online survey. The research model was evaluated using SmartPLS 4.0. Frequency analysis was performed to understand the demographic characteristics of the survey respondents. The reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity were assessed using measurement model analysis. The proposed model was verified using the structural equation model. Results: Advertisement, WOM, and SNS information sources all had a positive effect on affective trust, whereas only WOM had a significant effect on cognitive trust. In addition, affective trust had a positive effect on cognitive trust and eWOM intention but did not affect WOM intention. Finally, cognitive trust was found to have a positive effect on both WOM intention and eWOM intention. Conclusions: This study redefines the concept of where restaurant service companies should focus when providing consumers with information about their products and services. As a result, the conceptual framework of positive word of mouth intention to increase new customer visits to the restaurant brand has been expanded. In addition, this study not only presents an information source management strategy for restaurant brands, but also presents practical implications for resource allocation guidelines for customer management in the restaurant sector.

• 한국심리학회지:학교
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.371-398
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• 2021

본 연구는 A 대학 4학년 학생선수들을 대상으로 3회기에 걸친 진로프로그램을 시행하고 그 효과성을 검증하였다. Super와 Ginsberg의 진로발달이론과 Holland의 직업선택이론을 기반으로 하여 진로프로그램을 구성하였으며 90분씩 3주에 걸쳐 진행됐다. 연구에 참여한 학생선수는 총 13명이며 운동 종목은 야구, 럭비, 하키, 피겨이다. 학생선수는 운동을 그만두었을 때 운동선수 이외의 다른 직업에 대한 준비가 쉽지 않다는 문제점에 기반하여 본 프로그램은 학생선수들이 졸업 후 가질 수 있는 직업들은 무엇인지 탐색할 수 있게 하고 그를 통해 진로 준비의 효능감을 높이는 것을 주목적으로 하였다. 프로그램을 통해 학생선수들의 자기 이해가 향상되었으며 진로 태도 성숙의 준비성이 향상되었다. 또한, 학생선수들의 진로결정 자기효능감이 프로그램 시행 전과 비교하여 유의미하게 향상되었다. 그러나 학생들의 진로 스트레스는 프로그램 전과 비교하여 유의미하게 줄어들지 않았다. 비교적 단기간의 진로프로그램이지만 학생선수들이 학령기 동안 경험하기 힘들었던 자신에 대한 이해와 직업정보에 대한 탐색은 그들의 진로준비에 효과적으로 도움이 된다는 것이 발견되었다. 마지막으로 학생선수들을 위한 진로프로그램의 개발과 시행의 필요성과 본 연구의 의의 및 한계점 등이 논의되었다.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.801-806
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• 2022

현대에서 디지털 시대에서의 색채 능력의 필요성은 시대의 요구로 기존 실습에 없는 세분화된 디지털 4영역에 관한 색채 실습 개선의 연구가 필요한 것이다. 기존 물감 색채 실습에서 해결되기 어려운 디지털 전공자들에게 더 특화된 4분야 영역별 디지털 색채 실습의 수업이 필요하며, 디지털화된 채색 및 색채 감각의 수업을 위해 효율적 인공지능의 활용을 연구하였다. 본 논문에서는 기존 색채 배색과 조색이 CMYK분야만 할수 있는 실습이었던 것을 포토샵 인공지능 쎈쎄이(Adobe Sensei)의 인공지능과 빅데이터 기술을 기반으로 디지털 색채 배색 실습과 조색의 방식을 제안하여, 색채 실습 영역 확대를 보여주고자 하였다. 아울러 최신의 어도비 쎈세이 프로그램 인공지능이 제공하는 개별 사용자들의 색채 정량화한 데이터를 토대로 필터 효과를 활용한 디지털 색에서의 실질적인 색 조합과 렌덤색채에 대한 학습자 예측을 향상 시키는 실습에 목적을 두었다. 결론적으로, 기존의 물감 실습의 혼색 과정의 모호성을 제거하고, 디지털 채색의 디테일을 보안한 프로그램 활용의 연구이며, 학습자의 수준과 숙련도가 낮아도 인공지능의 지원을 통한 학습능력의 향상으로 감각을 키워나가기 좋은 초급자와 중급자의 효과적 학습 방법을 제공할 수 있는 실습방식을 제안하고자 했다. 이론 고찰을 통한 배색과 주색에 필요한 어도비 프로그램 실습 방식과 기존 물감 실습보다 학습능력에 좋은 교습 향상에 대해 제시하였다.

• 실천공학교육논문지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.387-392
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• 2022

세계적인 탄소 중립에 동참하고자, 대한민국 정부에서도 '녹색건축물 조성 지원 법' 시행령을 통해 2030년까지 모든 건축물에 대해 제로에너지 건축물 인증을 진행할 계획에 있다. 이에 따라 국가적으로도 비교적 생활 밀접 접근성이 좋은 태양광 발전과 관련한 여러 사업을 지원하고 있다. 특히 지붕 설치형 태양광 발전 시스템의 경우 환경 파괴 없이 유휴 공간을 활용하여 에너지를 생산한다는 측면에서 주목받고 있지만, 다른 태양광 발전 설비 대비 낮은 발전효율이 단점으로 지적되고 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 이러한 부분을 해소하고자, 단축형 태양광 추적을 위한 태양광 패널 구조물에 관한 연구를 통해 효율적인 태양광 패널 각도 가변 시스템을 제안하고 더불어 지붕 설치형 태양광 발전 시스템의 적용 환경을 고려해 태양광 패널의 파손 및 2차 피해 예방을 위한 방안을 제안한다. 더불어 ICT 융합을 통해 태양광 패널을 제어, 사고 예측 안전 시스템 구성을 프로젝트 기반의 교육 프로그램 연계 구성이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국프랜차이즈경영연구
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.47-57
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• 2022

Purpose: Recently, it is common to see cases where an amount similar to the cost of a meal is spent on dessert, or an amount greater than the cost of a meal is spent on dessert. The generation MZ is showing a tendency of 'value consumption' by consuming values and beliefs in consideration of the recent impact on society and the environment. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the effect of dessert cafe quality and eco-friendly behavior on customer trust and loyalty targeting the generation MZ who have visited desert cafés. This study examined the mediating role of customer trust in the relationships between desert café quality, eco-friendly behavior and customer loyalty, and also the moderating effect of and eco-friendly behavior on customer trust and customer loyalty. Research design, data, and methodology: To achieve purposes of this study, 229 data were collected from respondents who visited desert café and analyzed using measurement model (reliability test and correlation analysis), Fornell-Larcker Criterion and Heterotrait-Monotrait Ratio (HTMT) assessment, and structural equation model (PLS-SEM) with SPSS 22.0 and SmartPLS 3.3.7. Results: The research results are as follows. First, desert cafes' quality positively influenced customer trust but did not customer loyalty. Second, desert cafes' eco-friendly behavior positively influenced customer trust and customer loyalty. Fourth, the interaction term of dessert cafe quality and eco-friendly behavior did not influence customer trust and customer loyalty. Conclusions: This study emphasized the necessity of service quality and eco-friendly behavior of dessert cafes by examining the relationship between the quality of dessert cafes and eco-friendly behaviors, customer trust and loyalty. It also found the importance of the role of trust in securing loyal customers. In order to secure and retain loyal customers, the owners of dessert cafes should make effortsto improve the quality of the cafes' products and services so that customers can feel a sense of trust, and actively publicize that they are practicing eco-friendly management. As a result of this study, it is intended to provide practical implications for the management of dessert cafes by understand ing the effects of product and service quality and eco-friendly behaviors of companies to bakery industry workers and start-ups.

• 한국건축시공학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.403-414
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• 2022

공공 시설물에 대한 자산관리는 그 중요성이 날로 증가하고 있으며 이를 위한 연구들이 다수 수행되고 있다. 본 연구는 공공자산관리의 실질적인 운영을 위한 전략 제시를 위한 기초연구로서 공공자산관리를 위한 비용 항목들간의 중요도 및 영향 관계를 비교 분석하여 비용적 관점에서 효율적인 관리 및 활용방안을 제안하고자 한다. 본 연구에서는 기존 연구를 바탕으로 비용 요인을 도출하여 상위 항목 4가지 하위 항목 19가지를 선정하였다. 이를 바탕으로 설문조사를 실시하였으며, 설문조사의 결과는 계층분석적의사결정 방법(AHP) 및 ISM(Interpretive Structural Modeling) 방법을 활용하여 분석하였다. AHP 분석법은 항목간의 우선 순위를 도출에 활용되었고, ISM은 주요 그룹 및 상호 영향도 확인에 이용되었다. 그 결과 우선 순위와 중요도 모두 높게 나타난 항목인 사용자비용, 해체·폐기비용, 대체 비용, 유지관리·보수비용 등과 같은 항목들은 공공시설물 공공자산관리에 있어서 우선적으로 고려해야할 항목으로 판단되며, 초기공사비용, 계획설계비용, 공사비용, 감리비용들은 다른 항목들에게 받는 영향은 적으나 다른 항목들에 미치는 영향은 크게 나타나므로 위 항목들 또한 공공시설물 공공자산관리 활용방안에 있어서 다른 항목들에 미치는 영향을 최소화하는 것이 필요함을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구에서 제시된 결과 및 분석 방법은 향후 공공시설물 자산관리를 위한 전략 제시에 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제22권8호
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• pp.153-162
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• 2022

Relevance. Innovative activities in education should be aimed at ensuring the comprehensive development of the individual and professional development of students. The main idea of modular technology is that the student should learn by himself, and the teacher manages his learning activities. The advantage of modular technology is the ability of the teacher to design the study of the material in the most interesting and accessible forms for this part of the study group and at the same time achieve the best learning results. Innovative Moodle technology. it is gaining popularity every day, significantly expanding the space of teaching and learning, allowing students to study inter-faculty university programs in depth. The purpose of this study is to assess the quality of implementation of the e-learning system Moodle. The study was conducted at the South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushinsky in order to identify barriers to the effective implementation of innovative distance learning technologies Moodle and introduce a new model that will have a positive impact on the development of e-learning. Methodology. The paper used a combination of theoretical and empirical research methods. These include: scientific analysis of sources on this issue, which allowed us to formulate the initial provisions of the study; analysis of the results of students 'educational activities; pedagogical experiment; questionnaires; monitoring of students' activities in practical classes. Results. This article evaluates the implementation of the principles of distance learning in the process of teaching and learning at the University in terms of quality. The experiment involved 1,250 students studying at the South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushinsky. The survey helped to identify the main barriers to the effective implementation of modern distance learning technologies in the educational process of the University: the lack of readiness of teachers and parents, the lack of necessary skills in applying computer systems of online learning, the inability to interact with the teaching staff and teachers, the lack of a sufficient number of academic consultants online. In addition, internal problems are investigated: limited resources, unevenly distributed marketing advantages, inappropriate administrative structure, and lack of innovative physical capabilities. The article allows us to solve these problems by gradually implementing a distance learning model that is suitable for any university, regardless of its specialization. The Moodle-based e-learning system proposed in this paper was designed to eliminate the identified barriers. Models for implementing distance learning in the learning process were built according to the CAPDM methodology, which helps universities and other educational service providers develop and manage world-class online distance learning programs. Prospects for further research focus on evaluating students' knowledge and abilities over the next six months after the introduction of the proposed Moodle-based program.