• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.57-78
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• 2008

According to the previous studies about Shilla's cremate grave, in the process of importing the cremate grave, there has been correlation with Chinese Buddhism, and there have been a lot of mentions about the change of the grave, Yinwha(Stamp) patterns and its existence, and about the characteristics of the vessels to contain the bones. The cremate grave is categorized into two-parts type and mono-type, depending on the dead person. The cremate graves that are in local areas such as Wang-Gyeong, show difference in types. The typical vessel to contain the bones, called "Yeongyeol Gori Yoogaeho" is again proved to have existed from A.D 8c. ~ A.D 9c., judging from the Yinwha pattern stamp's existence. Yet, the Yeongyeol Gori Yoogaeho from 9th century used the patternless pottery, also seen from the Won-wha 10 yeon-myeong cremate grave. Due to the prosperity of Buddhism, when the "Mukuchonggwang Taranikyong(Sutra)", translated into Han language in 704 at Dang, was imported into Shilla, the funeral ceremonies of Shilla people changed from making cremate graves with vessels or scattering the bones in oceans, into building stupas in temples with hopes and wishes to bring oneself and family's fortune and the next life of the dead. As a result, the meaning of "Grave" disappeared for the cremate graves, and rather the ceremony changed into scattering bones and wishing fortunes for the dead person. In other words, the ancestor-worship ceremony which was focused on the tomb changed into commemorating the ancestors and wishing individual fortunes by the religious assembly in temples and the building process of stupas. In conclusion, this social change was the cause of the extinction of stone chamber with tunnel entrance and the tombs such as cremate grave.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.35
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• pp.28-56
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• 2002

There is no definite theory, which archeologists have believed to be built either for the protection or ceremonial purpose, of enclosure historical site exhibited from Bronze Age to Samhan era in Korea. The main conditions of choosing right enclosure were natural levee-backswamp-plateau, which all found in village on a hill. For this reasons Kimhae Daesoeng-dong enclosure discovered in 2001 is not an exception, and therefore this enclosure has been believed to be a beginning point of the farming society. In Korea there have been 2 types of enclosure. One is that enclosure entirely surrounds whole historic site itself and the other is that enclosure partially does. Although Kimhae Daesoeng-dong historic site has been discovered only part of it, it's not believed to have the first type-which surrounds the whole enclosure historic site In this research, 3 developing steps of enclosure historic site were defined. Enclosure surrounds only a part of the historic site is 1st step. Enclosure surrounds all around the site is 2nd step. The site discovered with big round clay pottery and developed into multiple enclosure is 3rd step. Since some researches have not been accomplished, the hypothesis above was suggested to have a better understanding of the development of enclosure historic site. The purpose of enclosure has been separately explained for the protection or for the ceremony. It is difficult to assert that excavation sites could be applied to only one of two purposes. But it is possible that both purposes of enclosure such as protection and as division from ceremonial area could be applied together. Kimhae Daesoeng-dong enclosure was shown for the purpose of division from ceremonial area. But we can not ignore that since Kimhae Daesoeng-dong enclosure exposed to the Sea and dwelling area was not shown from village hill, it would be probably for the protection. However enclosure of Gujibong village area in Daesoeng-dong had used for ceremonial purpose since the Bronze Age, even this enclosure would be possible to play an important role of being a center of legend of Gaya foundation. Many unsolved questions are still lying ahead. The enclosure was used for a short time, even if dwelling area was found in and out of enclosure, there were no differences between them, and although duplicate and triplicate enclosure were found, we could not sure which were before and after. Also we could not confirm the type of enclosure with location condition which was the flat land or the top of hill on floodplain. We should not divide the types of enclosure historic site due to differences from cross section of stratum. And I expect that we will have much data such as distribution of enclosure historic site in Yeongnam area where is concerned with origin and diffusion of Japan and China.

• The Southeast Asian review
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.329-358
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• 2011

The pottery and porcelain of Myanmar is very various such as Celadon, Black glazed large Jar and White galzed Jar painted Green Colour. In these Myanmarese Ceramics, Black glazed large Jar is very important to understand the Character and Role of Myanmar Ceramics. The description on the Black glazed large Jar of Myanmar is seen in several Books such as a travel essay of Ibun Battuta, Duarte Barbosa, The book of Duarte Barbosa: A Account of the Contries Bordering on the Indian Ocean and their Inhabitants, Jan Huygen van Linschoten, Volker, T., Porcelain and the Dutch East India Company These descriptions on the Black glazed Jar in these Books are important evidence to discovery the existence of it and its Types and Price and Use. The appearance of Black glazed Jar of Myanmar is considered in the Middle of 14C with the description of the Book of Ibn Battuta. Furthermore, Excavated from the Shipwreck of China in the Sinan, Chellanamdo, it is certain that the Black glazed large Jar was already existed in the early of 14C. And it was considered that the Shipwreck of China in the Sinan, Chellanamdo was started from Ninbo(寧波) of China to the destination of Japan with the Inscrition made Bamboo. So we know that The route of $Ninbo{\rightarrow}Korea{\rightarrow}Japan$ is very important in the Trade Ceramics of East Asia in 14C. And The size of Black glazed Jar has 3 types, Large, Middle and Small. The large type is used as a Tools for Water and Oil. The small type is the personal bottle for drinking. The Price of Black glazed Jar of Myanmar was changed as times go by. The price of the late of 16C and the early of 17C is 30 prolin and the late of 17C is 8 Prolin. The price of the Black glazed Jar of Myanmar in the late of 16C and the early of 17C is estimated 3 times for the price of the late of 17C. and This change of the price of Myanmarese Black Glazed Jar is decided on the Demand and Supply. and the Black glazed Jar of Myanmar was mainly used for the tools for Morpin in the year of 1620 and for Salt and Sugar in the year of 1640 and for Water and Oil in the late of 17C.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.25
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• pp.63-84
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• 2021

In order to investigate the diverse physicochemical changes that occurred in traditional Korean pottery during its production, including before and after firing, this study produced six replicas of a celadon maebyeong inlaid with cloud-and-crane designs, respectively corresponding to the process of shaping, carving, inlaying designs, first firing, glazing and second firing, respectively. It then conducted a scientific study of these six replicas and analyzed their images through high-resolution three-dimensional transmission imaging. The materials used for the replicas show different mineral phases and even colors depending on the components of each material. For example, black inlay with a high content of iron oxide (Fe₂O₃) shows dark colors and white inlay with a high alumina (Al₂O₃) content appears white. Physicochemical properties such as chromaticity and magnetic susceptibility and major components of the replicas were confirmed by the differences in the density in the computed tomography (CT) images. The characteristics of fired products such as fine structure, absorption ratio, apparent porosity, and other characteristics of the major mineral components were identified by the presence of pores and the formation of cracks inside the replicas in the image analysis.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.28
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• pp.17-34
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• 2022

This study seeks to identify the material characteristics of earthenware excavated from the Bangi-dong Ancient Tomb No. 3 and the articulated stone-mound tomb of the Seokchon-dong ancient tombs in the Songpa region, and analyze the homogeneity and the firing temperature of the materials used at each excavated site. The remains have been studied relatively recently, and the groups of tombs in which they were found demonstrate the transition of ancient Korean burial systems, and at the same time, provide important archaeological data about those in power at the time. The earthenware pottery excavated from the two sites examined in the study were buried at different times, and it is assumed that they were made by procuring weathered soil of similar gneiss, judging from the behavior of the compatible and incompatible elements and the weathering tendency found by examining the main components. In addition, the examination of the mineral composition and microstructure of clay indicates that the earthenware from Seokchon-dong was fired at 950 degrees Celsius or lower at a relatively early stage. On the other hand, the earthenware from Bangi-dong Tomb No. 3 was confirmed to have experienced temperatures below 850 degrees Celsius and above 1,000 degrees Celsius. However, it is difficult to interpret the difference as the result of the changes in firing temperature throughout the eras. It is expected that it will be possible to interpret the changes in earthenware manufacturing techniques by comparing more diverse earthenware potteries and ancient soils.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.199-206
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• 2021

The three generations of Haenam Yoon, who have been handed down to Gongjae Yoon DuSeo (1668~1715), Yoon DeokHee (1685~1776) and Yoon Yong (1708~1740), were based in Haenam. They had an artistic soul on the stage of Hanyang and succeeded in the art of the family, building a reputation as a family of Seonbi painters representing the late Joseon Dynasty. Born as the eldest son of Gongjae and lived at the age of 82, Rakseo learned a variety of studies, calligraphy and painting from his father and Lee Seo. While learning the paintings of the early and mid Joseon period, and accepting the Namjong painting method, he pursued the realism and three-dimensional sense of the subject by adding a Western-style shading method. In particular, he showed outstanding talent in horse paintings and pottery figures, expressing his original 'Beauty that realistically portrays real scenery'. Cheonggo, who was born as the second son of Rakseo and died at the age of 32, was good at Namjong landscape painting using various tree drawing methods. He painted the original Siuido by changing the topical poems, as well as detailed observations and explorations to accurately describe the facts of the object. In addition, 'Beauty showing affection through realistic scenery' was expressed by newly changing and reinterpreting the tendency of home appliances painting to express the spirit as a form beyond the realistic landscape. Rakseo and Cheonggo father and son made a 'NogUdang' painting style, drastically changing the paintings of the late Joseon Dynasty, and had a great influence on the history of Korean painting.

• 지역과문화
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.113-132
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• 2020

This study explored ways to make tourism resources based on the historical significance and major legacies of Yesan Imjon Fortress and Hongju Juryu Fortress, the center of the war where the core leadership of Baekje Restoration War was located. After the collapse of Baekje, it looked at the process of the restoration war centered on Imjon Fortress, the main characters, Imjon Fortress and Juryu Fortress, and the legends related to the restoration war. The tourism value of Baekje Restoration War is highlighted in terms of location identity and dark tourism. After reviewing cases of similar characteristics to the Baekje Restoration War, the method of tourism resourceization was presented. The elements of resourceization include characters, battles, relics, places, and name legends. Reproduction strategy, experience strategy, hard branding strategy and soft branding strategy were presented. As an example of the reenactment strategy, the Baekgang Battle reenactment event was presented. Experience strategies include walking and Baekje pottery. As for the hard-branding strategy, installation of sculptures of major characters and upgrading of tourist information signs were suggested. Soft branding strategies raised the need for logo marks, catch phrases, character products, video contents, and story maps through the branding of fortresses related to the Baekje Restoration War.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.413-426
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• 2023

These experiments were conducted for 3 years from 2021 to 2023 to develop a method that can be safely used to prevent the leakage of Golden apple snails (Pomacea canaliculata) from eco-friendly rice plantations. In the southern part of Jeollanam-do, after planting rice, the young golden apple snails placed in the rice field become adults around mid-July and begin spawning. These individuals can overwinter in drains that do not dry out, but individuals hatched after mid-July will not mature enough to overwinter. The size of golden apple snails overwintered in the drainage canal was more than 2.5cm in shell height. Installing a net at the inlet could block 95% of the inflow of snails, and 99% of outflow was blocked by installing an improved water trap and net at the drain. During the mid-drying period and pre-harvest drying period, a water path was created with a power paddy pottery machine. 59.5% of snails were attracted to the waterway, and it took 130 minutes to build the waterway and collect the snails. Based on these results, seasonal paddy management tips for the safe use of giant snails in rice fields were suggested.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.41 no.11
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• pp.834-841
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to investigate the properties of traditional Korean ash glazes by using locally available sources; 10 kinds of grain stems,2 kinds of husks (pod, chaff), and 4 kinds of vegetables (spinach, radish leaf and stem, pumpkin leaf and stem, pepper stem), and to develop their practical uses as ash glazes. The test results of these ash glazes indicate that these ashes can be classified into four categories. The first group, which includes perilla stem ash, sesame stem ash, black bean stem ash and red-bean stem ash, shows strong milky white due to relatively lower content of $SiO_2$, and relatively higher content of CaO and P$_2$O$\_$5/ content (10% higher than others), and their glazes were found to be suitable for opaque glaze as they show relatively stable bright greenish color. The second group includes pepper stem ash, spinach ash, pod ash, radish leaf and stem ash, and bean stem ash, and this group was found to contain even quantity of every component. And their glaze show somewhat greenish color because of especially high content of MgO and more than 2% of Fe$_2$ $O_3$. They were found to be suitable for basic glaze of IRABO glaze. The third group, which includes com stalk ash, white bean ash, pumpkin leaf and stem ash, has more $SiO_2$ and Al$_2$ $O_3$ than other ashes, and it also contains 3～5% of Fe$_2$ $O_3$. As a result of those components, this third group shows the greatest change of color and chroma, and was found to be suitable glazes as basic glaze of Temmoku and black glazes. The fourth group (reed ash, rice straw ash, indian millet stalk ash and chaff ash) has as much as 45～82% of $SiO_2$ and relatively lower content of Fe$_2$ $O_3$ and P$_2$ $O_3$. This group shows blue or greenish white color, and was found to be suitable as the basic glaze of white glaze.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.154-169
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• 2019

This study attempts to shed light on the nature and purpose of the small melon-shaped celadon ewer that was found in the Sinan shipwreck, focusing on the fact that it has the shape of a ewer, yet could not really have served as a tea or liquor utensil given its small size and unusual shape. We analyzed the shape-related characteristics of other melon-shaped celadon ewers as well as this one; checked the use of similar items unearthed in China and Japan; examined the relevant literature, materials, and paintings; and arrived at the following conclusion. First, it was found that the small melon-shaped celadon ewer was one of a type that was first made in the Southern Song Period in China and continued to be made until the Yuan Period. The artifact displays some differences from many similar relics found in the same shipwreck, particularly its spout, lid, and handle. Second, research on the tea ceremonies and types of liquors prevalent during the Song and Yuan Periods of China, as well as the appearance of this ewer, suggest that it was unsuitable for use as a liquor utensil. Third, we looked at the relevant literature records, paintings, and relics unearthed in China and Japan in an attempt to determine its actual purpose. It is well known that the literati had a deep affection for stationery items, particularly water droppers, which were made in a variety of shapes during the Song Period of China and thereafter. According to literature dating from the Song and Ming Periods, it appears that melon- or ewer-shaped water droppers were used. Certain paintings from the Ming Period depict a small ewer, along with a water dropper, as a stationery item. Looking at paintings dating from medieval Japan, small ewer-shaped objects do not figure among the tea and liquor utensils depicted, whereas kettles with handles and hot water bottles do. Objects known as yeonjeok (a water dropper) were included among the items said to have been made in pottery kilns during medieval Japan. However, a book on flower arrangement of Japan dating from the fifteenth century shows a small ewer, with flowers in it, among the stationery items placed on a desk. Based on this detail, it is concluded that the small melon-shaped celadon ewer from the Sinan shipwreck might have been used as a flower bottle as well as a stationery item.