• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.389-395
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• 2000

A natural colorants was extracted from cherry by 10wt% aqueous acetic acid solution as an extractant. Silk and cotton fabrics were dyed with the cherry extract in the temperature range of $40-80^\circ{C}$ and for the time range of 30-60min. by pre- and post-mordanting with various mordants, their dyeability and fastness were investigated. The natural cherry extract prepared in this study has a maximum absorbance at 520nm. It was found that the optimum dyeing temperature and time were $40^\circ{C}$ and 50min, respectively. The pre-mordanting method was more effective than post-mordanting. All mordants except $SnCl_2\cdot{2H}_2O\;and\;FeSO_4\cdot{7H}_2O$ were effective for silk fabrics. However, the dyeability on cotton fabrics increased in the order of $CrK(SO_4)_2\cdot{12H_2O>(CH_3COO)_2Cu\cdot{H}_2O>CuSO_4\cdot{5H}_2O>AlK(SO_4)_2\cdot{12H}_2O>FeSO_4\cdot{7H}_2O>SnCl_2\cdot{2H}_2O$ among the mordants used in this study Fastness(light, water, washing, perpspiration fastness) on the silk and cotton fabrics increased with using mordants. The post-mordanting using mordant$(CH_3COO)_2Cu\cdot{H}_2O$ among the various mordants in this study gave the best fastness.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.811-816
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• 2000

Five experiments were conducted to evaluate blood urea nitrogen (BUN) as a potential index of feed efficiency (G/F) and lean growth in growing-finishing pigs. Exp. 1 was conducted to examine the relationship between feeding protocol and BUN values. Fasted-refed pigs exhibited BUN peaks 3 h post-prandially while those given ad libitum access to diet had inconsistent BUN patterns in 10 h blood sampling with an 1 h interval. In Exp. 2 and 3, it was revealed that the peak BUN values were negatively correlated (p<0.01) with G/F in both barrows and gilts at 20 kg body weight (BW) and 50 kg to 90 kg BW. In Exp. 4, it was found that BUN values between 55 kg and 70 kg BW, when lean gain is maximized, were best correlated with average daily lean gain (ADLG). In Exp. 5, 18 barrows and 21 gilts were used to examine the relationship between BUN values at 65 kg BW and ADLG from birth to market weight. The BUN values at 65 kg BW and ADLG were negatively correlated (p<0.01) in both genders. These experiments demonstrated that there was a correlation between peak BUN values, and G/F and ADLG under specific circumstances.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.253-270
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• 2016

In the wool textile industry, the necessity for technology development has been steadily raised to create improved fineness and yarn count of existing wool yarns with thick fineness for ensuring higher quality grades of wool yarn. Recently, through controlling fineness of wool yarn for making finer wool in relation with environmentally-friendly and high-sensitivity trend, a differentiated continuous drawing process where the quality of wool can be artificially manipulated has been suggested in the latest textile industry. This study investigated the basic conditions during the continuous drawing process which enable to manufacture wool yarn with fine count by controlling reducing agent treatment, physical drawing and drying after reducing agent treatment, and oxidizing agent post-treatment conditions. Furthermore, this study reviewed the drawing effects by applying the basic conditions for reduction and oxidation reaction in the drawing processes of wool/cashmere, wool/silk, wool/polyester blended yarns as well as such wool yarns. Also, in order to review the practicability, this study examined the physical properties and dyeability of drawn wool yarn applied textile materials in comparison with normal wool yarn applied textile materials.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.199-207
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• 2020

Recently, as the demand for masks increases, the use of filter-replaceable cotton masks is increasing. A filter-replaceable cotton mask is one of the ways to solve the environmental problems of a disposable nonwoven mask because only the filter can be replaced after washing. Cotton fiber products are known to be environmentally friendly, but cotton products dyed with general synthetic dyes are not safe for humans. In this study, to prepare of cotton mask applied with natural dyeing, the optimal dyeing conditions are set when dyeing with gallnut extract. A polychromatic natural dye that changes color by mordant, and the functionalities of gallnut dyeing fabrics are evaluated. The experimental method is dyed the gallnut by temperature and time by concentration to set the optimal conditions. The color fastness rating grade of aluminium potassium sulfate dodecahydrate, copper(ll) sulfate pentahydrate, and iron(ll) chloride tetrahydrate were evaluated after the pre/post mordanting.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권7호
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• pp.982-992
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• 2011

Three experiments were carried out to determine the nutritional value and to verify the pig performance in growing and finishing phases (30 to 90 kg) fed on diets containing common corn (CC), high-lysine corn (HLC) and high-oil corn (HOC). In the total digestibility trial (Exp. I) 12 barrows were used. Values of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) as-fed basis for CC, HLC and HOC, were: 3,396 and 3,275 kcal/kg; 3,248 and 3,139 kcal/kg; 3,445 and 3,308 kcal/kg, respectively. In order to determine the apparent and true ileal digestibility coefficients of amino acids, as well as the values of true digestible amino acids of the CC, HLC and HOC, an ileal digestibility trial was done (Exp. II) with T-cannulated barrows ("T" simple). The treatments consisted of three diets, with one of them as the sole source of protein (CC, HLC and HOC). In the performance experiment (Exp. III), 36 crossbred pigs, allotted in a completely randomized design with three treatments and 12 replications were used. Treatments consisted of three diets: 1 - CC; 2 - HLC and 3 - HOC. It was observed no difference for performance and carcass variables among the corns with different nutritional profiles. Results of the three experiments highlighted the importance of segregating corns in their real chemical and energetic composition as well as the values of true digestible amino acids for formulating diets for growing and finishing pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권8호
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• pp.1301-1309
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• 2020

Objective: To evaluate the use of nurse sows and post-weaning nutrition strategies for low wean weight (WW) pigs on lifetime growth and efficiency. Methods: Animals (n = 270) were assigned to one of five treatments at 28 d. Low WW pigs (<6 kg) were either weaned and offered a special dietary regime recommended for low WW pigs (WEAN) or placed on a nurse sow (NURSE) and weaned at 49 d. Normal WW pigs (9 kg) (NORM) were also weaned at 28 d. After weaning, NORM and NURSE pigs were offered either a 'high' (4 kg/pig of starter 1 diet followed by 8 kg/pig of starter 2 diet) or 'low' (8 kg/pig of starter 2 diet) starter diet allowance in a 2×2 factorial arrangement. A typical grower diet was then offered, followed by a typical finisher diet until 147 d of age. Results: NORM pigs where heavier throughout their life compared to NURSE pigs (91.4 kg vs 76.2 kg at 147 d; p<0.001). WEAN pigs were heavier at 70 d compared to NURSE pigs (23.9 kg vs 21.0 kg; p<0.001), but there was no significant difference at 147 d between NURSE and WEAN treatments. NURSE pigs had reduced feed intake throughout the finishing period (1.6 kg/d; p<0.001) compared to WEAN (2.0 kg/d) and NORM (1.9 kg/d) pigs. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) of NURSE (2.20) was lower than NORM and WEAN during the finishing period (2.40 and 2.79, respectively). Conclusion: Extended (up to 49 d) nursing for low WW pigs resulted in improved FCR during the finishing period, but no overall improvement in growth rate compared to low WW pigs weaned at 28 d and offered a specialised starter regime. Normal WW pigs where significantly heavier than low WW pigs throughout the study.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.128-137
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• 2019

PURPOSE. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of different finishing and polishing techniques on water absorption, water solubility, and microhardness of ceramic or glass-polymer based computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) materials following thermocycling. MATERIALS AND METHODS. 150 disc-shaped specimens were prepared from three different hybrid materials and divided into five subgroups according to the applied surface polishing techniques. All specimens were subjected up to #4000 grit SiC paper grinding. No additional polishing has been done to the control group (Group I). Other polishing procedures were as follows: Group II: two-stage diamond impregnated polishing discs; Group III: yellow colored rubber based silicone discs; Group IV: diamond polishing paste; and Group V: Aluminum oxide polishing discs. Subsequently, 5000-cycles of thermocycling were applied. The analyses were conducted after 24 hours, 7 days, and 30 days of water immersion. Water absorption and water solubility results were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc tests. Besides, microhardness data were compared by Kruskal-Wallis and MannWhitney U tests (P<.05). RESULTS. Surface polishing procedures had significant effects on water absorption and solubility and surface microhardness of resin ceramics (P<.05). Group IV exhibited the lowest water absorption and the highest microhardness values (P<.05). Immersion periods had no effect on the microhardness of hybrid ceramic materials (P>.05). CONCLUSION. Surface finishing and polishing procedures might negatively affect physical properties of hybrid ceramic materials. Nevertheless, immersion periods do not affect the microhardness of the materials. Final polishing by using diamond polishing paste can be recommended for all CAD/CAM materials.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.218-227
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 5 weeks self-help management program developed by Kim et al. (2000-b) and reinforced with music therapy for post stroke patients. Method: This was pre-experimental study and the subjects were 14 post stroke hemiplegic patients at home who were registered at the Gunsan Health Center. The program was applied for five weeks and two hours for each session composed of the preparation step, the main step and the finishing step. The contents of the program were ROM exercise, daily activity training, risk factors and aftereffects, nutrition management and stress management. To collect data, all subjects were questioned before and after the application of the program. Collected data were analyzed through frequencies, percentages, Wilcoxen signed rank test and Cronbach's alpha using SPSS-WIN program. Result: After the application of the self-help management program, a statistically significant increase was observed in the subjects' ability to perform activities of daily living (p=.039), ability to perform instrumental activities of daily living (p=.005), self-efficacy (p=.001), self-care behavior (p=.001) and quality of life (p=.001), and a statistically significant decrease was observed in depression (p=.012). Conclusion: The present self-help management program was found to be helpful in improving the subjects' physical and psychological functions after they were attacked by stroke, so to be an effective nursing intervention strategy for post stoke patients. Future researches need to reinforce and materialize music therapy and to develop and apply a self-help management program that includes not only post stroke patients but also their families. In addition, it is necessary to expand the scope of subjects and apply follow-up management in order to continue self-help meetings.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.10-19
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• 2006

Despite several recent attempts to measure the concentration of individual catechins by HPLC, it has not been so easy to separate catechins accurately. The aim of the present work is to provide a proper condition for separating each component of catechins by HPLC analysis, and also to evaluate the experimental variables including color differences, and metal ion contents after dyeing and mordanting. Four kinds of Catechins, (-)-epicatechin(EC), (-)-epicatechin gallate(ECG), (-)-epigallocatechin(EgC), (-)-epigallocatechin gllate(EgCG) were isolated from the residues after dyeing. Catechins in Korean green tea leaves are richer when e tea leaves are younger. Higher concentration of catechins owes it to e way it is processed. The contents of catechins adsorbed in silk fabrics after dyeing were in order of EGCG>ECG>EGC>EC. We have found $68\%$ uptake of EGCG, and 116.8mg of EGCG in the silk fabrics after it was dyed with $1\%$ Korean green tea extracts. The absorbance intensity and K/S values of dyed silk fabrics were increased with dyeing temperature and time. Only the surface color of the silk fabric dyed with green tea extracts was yellowish red, but it changed from yellowish red to red with an increase in the mordant concentration. Post-mordanted silk fabrics with ferrous sulfate changed from yellowish red to red and purple color shade. In a practical evaluation, there is no significant change in color after twenty times of the continuous dry cleaning process. However, post-mordanted fabrics with ferrous sulfate faded the brightness of color after dry cleaning. Dyeing silk fabrics with a Korean tea extract reduced the metal ion contents in the silk fabrics when compared to the untreated silk fabrics. Metal contents in silk fabrics dyed and post-mordanted with $1\%$ each metal solution were 0.194 ppm for Aluminum, 1.601ppm for Copper, and 0.334 ppm for Iron. After the post-mordanting process, the heavy metal ion absorption increased, which was mainly attributed to the catechins and polyphenols in dyed silk fabrics.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.314-326
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• 2013

The purpose of this research is to analyze the effects of Dansam and Sappan wood extract to perform combination dyeing on silk fabrics, with respect to color changes, fastness (washing, dry cleaning, perspiration, rubbing and light fastness), and functionality (antibacterial activity and deodorization). Combination dyeing was performed by first combining Dansam with Sappan wood, then Sappan wood with Dansam, in these orders. Given the changes in the combination ratio, pre-mordant treatment was performed. Looking at the surface colors of each dye, Dansam generally produces YR color series, while Sappan wood produces YR, R, and RP color series. The effects of changing the order in which combination dying was performed on the surface colors were as follows. First, combination dyeing (A) was performed by using Dansam before Sappan wood, to produce YR and R color series. Then combination dyeing (B) was performed by using Sappan wood before Dansam, to produce YR, R, and RP color series. By visual inspections, more similar color changes of the combination dyeing were noticed with the post-dyeing material rather than the pre-dyeing material. Therefore, it was presumably confirmed that surface color changes of combination dyeing were greatly influenced by the post-dyeing color. Individual dyeing tests for fastness showed that Dansam was comparatively superior to Sappan wood, which demonstrated lower fastness to washing, dry cleaning, perspiration, and light, relatively. The fastness of combination dyed samples was shown middle, but similar fastness to the post-dye material, The fastness of (B) method was higher than (A) method in the washing and light fastness. This confirms that color fastness from combination dyeing was considerably influenced by the post-dye material. It was found that all dyed samples had a very high bacterial reduction rate of 99.9% and high deodorization rate of 95%.