• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.347-354
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• 2006

Generally, it has been known that positive plate efficiency is the most influential effect on the initial current capacity of lead acid battery. Thus, in this study, we have investigated the curing effect of the positive plate, which is one of the important lead acid battery processes. The curing process of the positive plate is performed either with the separation of each plate with 1mm gap or with no gap of plate. As a result, when there is no interval between each plate, the higher temperature current happened than expected, resulting in the changes in the initial current efficiency of the lead acid battery. The chemical composition and crystal structure of a material coated on the positive plate were identified with XRD and SEM. It was resulted that were only there not a lot of 4BS (tetrabasic-lead sulfate, $4PbO{\cdot}PbSO_4)$ on the plate in case of curing of plates without interval, but a large quantity of $Pb_3O_4$ also formed on the surface. On the other hand, it was observed that 3BS (tribasic-lead sulface, $3PbO{\cdot}PbSO_4{\cdot}H_2O)$ was the main product on the plate in case of typical curing process with some interval. From the initial current capacity test, the positive plate having 3BS was approximately 40% higher in initial current capacity than that having 4BS. It was concluded that 4BS and $Pb_3O_4$ on the plate surface were harmful to the initial current capacity of lead acid battery.

• 한국인쇄학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.77-90
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• 1997

Positive type presensitized offset plate developer were blended by quantitative analysis method. The test had been proceeeded to check variation of developability, shelf life and tone reproduction by SiO2/Na2O ratio to PS plate developer, added glycerin, and sodium phosphate with glycerin. This study of tone reproduction had been tested 5 times to get accuracy by PS platesusing kodak CCG C-3, KMS. The test result of tone reproduction of presensitized offset plates can be summarized as follows ; major compositions in positive type plate developer were Na, Si, K and P, developability were increased by Sio2/NaO2 ratio in positive type plate developer. Shelf life can be kept by add glycerin to positive type plate developer. Tone reproduction were improved by sodium phosphate due to buffer action while shelf life can be kept by add glycerin in positive type plate developer.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.313-321
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• 1997

The antibiotic residues of the urine, the liver, the lung, the kidney and the spleen in slaughtered pigs at Kyongbuk province were detected by TLC(505 kit) and EEC-4 plate method. 1. The positive rate of residual sulfamethazine which was detected by 505 kit in the urine (n=200) was 0.0%. 2. The positive rate of residual sulfamethazine which was detected by EEC-4 plate in the urine (n=126), the liver(n=98), the kidney(n=72), the spleen (n=68) and the lung(n=48) were 63%, 49%, 36%, 34% and 24%, respectively. 3. By EEC-4 plate method, the positive detection rates of the urine were 53.0% in BS(pH 6.0), 29.0% in BS(pH 7.2), 11.5% in BS(pH 8.0) and 13.0% in ML(pH 8.0) medium, that of the liver 41.5% in BS(pH 6.0), 22.0% in BS(pH 7.2), 6.5% in BS(pH 8.0) and 5.0%, in ML (pH 8.0) medium, that of the lung 21.0% in BS(pH 6.0), 9.5%, in BS(pH 7.2) and 8.5% in BS(pH 8.0) medium, and that of the kidney 31.5% in BS(pH 6.0), 14.5% in BS(pH 7.2), 20.0% in BS(pH 8.0) and 3.0% in ML(pH 8.0) medium. In the spleen, only in BS(pH 6.0) medium the positive rate was detected as 33.5 %. 4. The positive rates of samples which shown TLC-positive detected by EEC-4 plate method were 53.9% in no band, 77.8% in one band, 80.9% in two bands, 66.7% in three bands, respectively. In conclusion, the EEC-4 plate method could be applied for the detection of residual antibiotics in samples which shown as out of standard Rf values by TLC-method (SOS kit).

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.41-47
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• 2008

This study was conducted to made a grid alloy (Pb-Ca-Sn-Al) which has a temporary composition ratio in order to improve the efficiency of lead acid batteries. The positive activity material made a 3BS(tri-basic lead sulfate; $3PbO{\cdot}PbSO_4{\cdot}H_2O$) by a low temperature curing and it evaluates the plate efficiency through the life cycle testing. The initial current capacity of low temperature curing plate was excellent but the life cycle was not good (S1). As for the S2 plate, however, the initial current capacity and the life cycle were superior.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.381-392
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• 2023

This study experimentally investigates the flexural behavior of steel-UHPC composite slabs composed of an innovative negative Poisson's ratio (NPR) steel plate and Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC) slab connected via demountable high-strength bolt shear connectors. Eight demountable composite slab specimens were fabricated and tested under traditional four-point bending method. The effects of loading histories (positive and negative bending moment), types of steel plate (NPR steel plate and Q355 steel plate) and spacings of high-strength bolts (150 mm, 200 mm and 250 mm) on the flexural behavior of demountable composite slab, including failure mode, load-deflection curve, interface relative slip, crack width and sectional strain distribution, were evaluated. The results revealed that under positive bending moment, the failure mode of composite slabs employing NPR steel plate was distinct from that with Q355 steel plate, which exhibited that part of high-strength bolts was cut off, part of pre-embedded padded extension nuts was pulled out, and UHPC collapsed due to instantaneous instability and etc. Besides, under the same spacing of high-strength bolts, NPR steel plate availably delayed and restrained the relative slip between steel plate and UHPC plate, thus significantly enhanced the cooperative deformation capacity, flexural stiffness and load capacity for composite slabs further. While under negative bending moment, NPR steel plate effectively improved the flexural capacity and deformation characteristics of composite slabs, but it has no obvious effect on the initial flexural stiffness of composite slabs. Meanwhile, the excellent crack-width control ability for UHPC endowed composite members with better durability. Furthermore, according to the sectional strain distribution analysis, due to the negative Poisson's ratio effect and high yield strength of NPR steel plate, the tensile strain between NPR steel plate and UHPC layer held strain compatibility during the whole loading process, and the magnitude of upward movement for sectional plastic neutral axis could be ignored with the increase of positive bending moment.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제30권8호
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• pp.426-434
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• 2020

The performance characteristics of a lead acid battery are investigated with the content of Sodium Perborate Tetrahydrate (SPT, NaBO₃·4H₂O) in a positive plate active material. SPT, which reacts with water to form hydrogen peroxide, is applied as an additive in the positive plate active material to increase adhesion between the substrate (positive plate) and the active material; this phenomenon is caused by a chemical reaction on the surface of substrate. A positive plate with the increasing content of SPT is prepared to compare its properties. It is confirmed that the oxide layer increases at the interface between the substrate and the active material with increasing content of SPT; this is proven to be an oxide layer through EDS analysis. Battery performance is confirmed: when SPT content is 2.0 wt%, the charging acceptance and high rate discharge properties are improved. In addition, the lifetime performance according to the Standard of Battery Association of Japan (SBA) S0101 test is improved with increasing content of SPT.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.198-202
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• 2004

잔류물질 간이 시험법으로 EEC-4 plate test와 Charm II test가 항생물질과 합성항균제 잔류검사에 널리 이용되고 있는 바, 이들 상호간의 결과 수치를 비교, 분석한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. EEC-4 plate혹은 Charm II 에서 양성으로 나타난 돈육 71건에 대하여 HPLC로 정량 분석한 결과, only tetracyclines 46건, only sulfonamides와 solfonamides+tetracyclines가 각각 4건씩, amphenicols+tetracyclines와 amphenicols+sulfonamides+tetracyclines가 각각 1건씩 검출되었고, 15건에서는 검출되지 않았다. Sulfonamides 계열에서 검출된 9건의 경우, Charm-II test 결과 수치가 낮은 경우에 정량 검출량이 높게 나타났고, EEC-4 plate test 결과 pH 6.0, pH 7.2, pH 8.0 모두에서 양성으로 나타나는 등 두 시험방법 간에 연관성이 있었고, chloramphenicols 계열에서 검출된 2건과 검출되지 않은 7건의 경우, Charm-II test결과 수치가 낮은 경우에는 오히려 정량 검출되지 않았으나, control point 근방의 양성 수치에서는 검출량이 높게 나타날 뿐 아니라 EEC-4 plate test에서도 pH6.0, pH7.2, pH8.0 모두에서 양성으로 나타나는 등 두 시험방법 간에 연관성이 있었다. 한편, tetracycline계열의 경우, EEC-4 plate와 Cham-II간에 연관성은 없었다. 또한, EEC-4 plate와 Charm II에서 각각 양성을 나타내었으나 HPLC에서는 검출되지 않는 경우는 tetracyclines계열에서는 $10.5\%(6/57)$, sulfonamides계열의 경우는 없었고, chloramphenicols계열의 경우는 $81.8\%(9/11)$로 각각 나타나 EEC-4 plate와 Charm II가 세 가지 잔류물질 시험에 대한 screening method로서 적합함을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.225-233
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• 1997

In an effort to Improve the quality of meat and to monitor farms, residual tetracyclines in local beef and pork produced in the province of North Chung-cheong were determined by a EEC 4-plate, Charm II and HPLC, respectively. The results were summarized as follows ; 1. Of the 547 samples, 4 beef and 13 pork samples were judged to be positive by EEC 4 - plate method. 2. Detection rates of tetracyclines by type 1(++--) and type 2(+++ or ++$\pm$-) micro-bial growth Inhibition In EEC 4-plate method were 100% and 71%, respectively. 3. Of 17 positive samples, 6 were positive for tetracyclines, 4 were positive for tetracyclines and sulfonamides, 1 was positive for sulfonamides, and 2 were positive for others by Charm II test. 4. The best eluents were 0.01M methanolic oxalic acid, and the ideal temperature for stable concentration was $40^{\circ}C$ as optimal HPLC analytical conditions for the detection of tetracy-clines. 5. Of the 10 positive samples for tetracyclines by Charm II test, tetracyclines were confirmed in 2 beef and 6 pork samples, using HPLC, at levels ranging from 3.64~4.22 ppm and 0.2~1.20 ppm, respectively.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 1995년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.177-181
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• 1995

Lead-acid battery is used widely as a power source in the automobile, industrial machines, folk lifts U.P.S etc. But this battery has man\ulcorner disadvantages such as heavy low energy density, environment problem etc. In this paper, we have studied the physicochemical and electrochemical properties of lead-acid battery positive plates with regard to the method of curing. It has been observed that curing conditions strongly influence electrode composition and electrchemical performance.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.17-29
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• 2004

A multiresidual analysis was performed to determine 12 sulfonamides(sulfacetamide, sulfadiazine, sulfisomidine, sulfathiazole, sulfapyridine, sulfamerazine, sulfamethazine, sulfamonomethoxine, sulfisoxazole, sulfamethoxazole, sulfaquinoxaline, and sulfadimethoxine) in beef and pork simultaneously. The multiresidual analysis for the sulfonamides currently used was able to analyze 5 kinds of sulfonamides at the same time. The method of this 12 sulfonamides multiresidual analysis in this study was matrix solid-phase dispersion(MSPD) by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS). The recovery rate of the materials was measured by MSPD method with 3 different extraction solvents; Dichloromethane, DCM: Ethylacetate(3:1), DCM:EA(9:1). Also, samples (84 beef and 205 pork samples) which were positive by EEC-4 plate test from 2001 to 2003 were tested to investigate the kinds of sulfonamides using HPLC. The results from the study were as follows; 1. The recovery rate of the materials was measured by MSPD method with 3 different extraction solvents; Dichloromethane, DCM:Ethylacetate(3:1), DCM:EA(9:1). The method of extraction solvent with DCM:ethyl acetate(9:1) was the most excellent(87.7∼99.3%) in separation and reappearance. 2. In the LC/MS analysis. of sulfonamides, signal to noise ratio was showed relatively high in the positive mode and special ion in the quality analysis was determined via [M+H]$\^$+/ and m/z 156. A spectrum of sulfonamides was showed from all 12 sulfonamides. 3. The samples positive by the EEC-4 plate, a screening test method, were categorized by sulfonamides through Charm II and confirmed the kinds of sulfonamides through HPLC. 1) Among 84 beef samples positive by EEC-4 plate, 20 samples were positive by Charm II and identified as 7 sulfamethazine, 9 sulfadimethoxine, 1 sulfamonomethoxine and 3 unknown status. 2) Among 205 pork samples positive by EEC-4 plate, 42 samples were positive by Charm II and identified as 19 sulfamethazine, 1 sulfadimethoxine, 4 sulfamonomethoxine and 5 unknown status.