• Wind and Structures
• /
• v.32 no.1
• /
• pp.19-30
• /
• 2021

This study presents buckling analysis of a simply supported sandwich plate with functionally graded porous layers. In the kinematic relation of the plate, a hyperbolic shear displacement model is used. The governing equations of the problem are derived by using the principle of virtual work. In the solution of the governing equations, the Navier procedure is implemented. In the porosity effect, four different porosity types are used for functionally graded sandwich layers. In the numerical examples, the effects of the porosity parameters, porosity types and geometry parameters on the critical buckling of the functionally graded sandwich plates are investigated.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• v.71 no.1
• /
• pp.89-98
• /
• 2019

In this study, the mechanical bending behaviors of functionally graded porous nanobeams are investigated. Four types of porosity which are, the classical power porosity function, the symmetric with mid-plane cosine function, bottom surface distribution and top surface distribution are proposed in analysis of nanobeam for the first time. A comparison between four types of porosity are illustrated. The effect of nano-scale is described by the differential nonlocal continuum theory of Eringen by adding the length scale into the constitutive equations as a material parameter comprising information about nanoscopic forces and its interactions. The graded material is designated by a power function through the thickness of nanobeam. The beam is simply-supported and is assumed to be thin, and hence, the kinematic assumptions of Euler-Bernoulli beam theory are held. The mathematical model is solved numerically using the finite element method. Numerical results show effects of porosity type, material graduation, and nanoscale parameters on the static deflection of nanobeam.

• Clean Technology
• /
• v.29 no.4
• /
• pp.249-254
• /
• 2023

In this study, porosity estimation was conducted by the physical properties of zeolite. Because of the difficulty of directly measuring the porosity of particulate matter, the porosity was calculated by applying the measured physical properties of zeolite to the calculation formula presented in various literature. For this purpose, the average particle size, particle size distribution, specific surface area, and pore characteristics of three types of zeolite - zeolite beta, zeolite Y, and ZSM-5 - were measured. In addition, the true density using gas and liquid phases, and two types apparent density (tap and untapped density) were measured. We calculated the porosity using these results, compare and analyzed the results, and evaluated main factors that determine the porosity.

• Laser Solutions
• /
• v.10 no.4
• /
• pp.1-6
• /
• 2007

This study includes the effects of shielding gas types and flow rate on Nd:YAG Laser weldability of sintered material. The types of shielding gas were evaluated for He, Ar and N2. Bending strength, porosity rate, hardness and aspect ratio testing of laser weld are carried out to evaluated the weldability. As a results, Ar gas was showed the best welding strength even it has the most porosity content on weld metal, and depend on increases the gas flow rate, it was not only got deeper penetration depth but also showed higher bending strength. Therefore we could know that bending strength is not only affect the porosity content but also melting area.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
• /
• 2003.11a
• /
• pp.509-512
• /
• 2003

Dehydration and micro crack thermal expansion occur in cement hydrates of concrete structure heated by fire for a long time. The characteristic of concrete exposed to high temperature can be analyzed from distribution of porosity and pore size. Porosity showed a tendency to increase irrespective of specimen types. This is due to both the outbreak of collapse of gel comprising the cement and a micro crack by heating. Porosity did not affect the variety of specimen and increased with the same tendency throughout every specimen. In addition, the deteriorate of compressive strength resulted from increase in porosity

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• v.67 no.2
• /
• pp.115-123
• /
• 2018

By using the first order shear deformation plate theory (FSDT) in the present paper, the effect of porosity on the buckling behavior of carbon nanotube-reinforced composite porous plates has been investigated analytically. Two types of distributions of uniaxially aligned reinforcement material are utilized which uniformly (UD-CNT) and functionally graded (FG-CNT) of plates. The analytical equations of the model are derived and the exact solutions for critical buckling load of such type's plates are obtained. The convergence of the method is demonstrated and the present solutions are numerically validated by comparison with some available solutions in the literature. The central thesis studied and discussed in this paper is the Influence of Various parameters on the buckling of carbon nanotube-reinforced porous plate such as aspect ratios, volume fraction, types of reinforcement, the degree of porosity and plate thickness. On the question of porosity, this study found that there is a great influence of their variation on the critical buckling load. It is revealed that the critical buckling load decreases as increasing coefficients of porosity.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• v.30 no.6
• /
• pp.603-615
• /
• 2019

In the present work, free vibration of beams made of imperfect functionally graded materials (FGMs) including porosities is investigated. Because of faults during process of manufacture, micro voids or porosities may arise in the FGMs, and this situation causes imperfection in the structure. Therefore, material properties of the beams are assumed to vary continuously through the thickness direction according to the volume fraction of constituents described with the modified rule of mixture including porosity volume fraction which covers two types of porosity distribution over the cross section, i.e., even and uneven distributions. The governing equations of power law FGM (P-FGM) and sigmoid law FGM (S-FGM) beams are derived within the frame works of classical beam theory (CBT) and first order shear deformation beam theory (FSDBT). The resulting equations are solved using separation of variables technique and assuming FG beams are simply supported at both ends. To validate the results numerous comparisons are carried out with available results of open literature. The effects of types of volume fraction function, beam theory and porosity volume fraction, as well as the variations of volume fraction index, span to depth ratio and porosity volume fraction, on the first three non-dimensional frequencies are examined in detail.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• v.49 no.6
• /
• pp.713-728
• /
• 2023

This paper aims to investigate the free vibration analysis of FG plates, taking into account the effects of even and uneven porosity. The study employs the Hellinger-Reisner functional and obtains the element's bending stress and membrane stress fields from the analytical solution of the governing equations of the thick plate and plane problem, respectively. The displacement field serves as the second independent field. While few articles on free vibration analysis of circular plates exist, this paper investigates the free vibration of both rectangular and circular plates. After validating the proposed element, the paper investigates the effects of porosity distributions on the natural frequency of the FG porous plate. The study calculates the natural frequency of thin and thick bending plates with different aspect ratios and support conditions for various porosity and volume fraction index values. The study uses three types of porosity distributions, X, V, and O, for the uneven porosity distribution case. For O and V porosity distribution modes, porosity has a minor effect on the natural frequency for both circular and rectangular plates. However, in the case of even porosity distribution or X porosity distribution, the effect of porosity on the natural frequency of circular and rectangular plates increases with an increase in the volume fraction index.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• v.32 no.2
• /
• pp.253-264
• /
• 2019

This paper presents the combination resonances of FG porous (FGP) cylindrical shell under two-term excitation. The effect of structural damping on the system response is also considered. With regard to classical plate theory of shells, von-$K{\acute{a}}rm{\acute{a}}n$ equation and Hook law, the relations of stress-strain is derived for shell. According to the Galerkin method, the discretized motion equation is obtained. The combination resonances are obtained by using the method of multiple scales. Four types of FGP distributions consist of uniform porosity, non-symmetric porosity soft, non-symmetric porosity stiff and symmetric porosity distribution are considered. The influence of various porosity distributions, porosity coefficients of cylindrical shell and amplitude excitations on the combination resonances for FGP cylindrical shells is investigated.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• v.82 no.2
• /
• pp.151-161
• /
• 2022

In this study, the effect of porosity distribution pattern on the free vibration analysis of porous FG plates with various boundary conditions is studied. The material properties of the plate and the porosities within the plate are considered to vary continuously through the thickness direction according to the volume fraction of constituents defined by the modified rule of the mixture, this includes porosity volume fraction with four different types of porosity distribution over the cross-section. The governing partial differential equation of motion for the free vibration analysis is obtained using hyperbolic shear deformation theory. An analytical solution is presented for the governing PDEs for various boundary conditions. Results of the presented solution are compared and validated by the available results in the literature. Moreover, the effects of material and porosity distribution and geometrical parameters on vibrational properties are investigated.