• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.39 no.2 s.120
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• pp.25-30
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• 2007

Recently the use of web offset printing has been increasing, which can provide high print speed, mass production, and high print quality. However, high speed web offset printing has frequently undergone a blistering problem when the printed paper passes through hot air dryers. Blistering occurs in the middle of the base paper or in the coating layer. This paper focused on the blistering occurring in the base paper. In order to elucidate the effect of pigment ratio on blistering, 6 types of coating color were prepared with varying GCC/clay ratios and printability and blistering were investigated focusing on structure changes in the coating layer. When the clay content in the coating layer was increased, surface roughness and surface strength were decreased and paper gloss was increased. In addition, it was found that the coating layer structure with high clay content, which contains lots of discontinuous pores, hindered water vapors to penetrate out and, as a result, blistering occurred.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.242-248
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• 2008

The iron incorporation method according to addition steps during the synthesis of iron incorporated MCM-41 was examined systematically. Iron addition during pH adjustment was more effective than the other addition steps which were addition to template agent solution or addition after mixing of template agent and sodium silicate solution. In case of iron addition after extraction of template agent from as-synthesized silica MCM-41, most of the iron was on the surface of pores not the frame work structure. Although the amount of iron addition was increased, there was a limit to the amount of iron incorporated into framework structure of MCM-41. The synthesized FeMCM-41 catalyst showed catalytic activities for propylene oxidation. Otherwise, there might be no attractive differences of catalytic activity among the addition steps of iron.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.6-10
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• 2012

We have observed the change in the film resistance of thin nickel film up to 13 nm, which is deposited on a porous anodic alumina substrate, prepared by two-step anodization technique under phosphoric acid. The resulting film grows as a porous film, following the pore structure on the surface of the alumina substrate, and the value of the resistance lies above $150k{\Omega}$ within the range of thickness studied here, decreasing very slowly with the film thickness. The observed resistance value is much higher than the reported value of a uniform film at the same thickness. Since the observed value of the surface coverage with the pores is smaller than the critical value, expected from the percolation theory, the pore structure limits the formation of conduction channel across the film. In addition, by comparing to the typical model of thickness-dependent resistivity, we expect that the scattering at the pore edge further increases the film resistance.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.263-268
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• 2013

Porous biphasic calcium phosphate scaffolds were fabricated by a freeze-gel casting technique using a tertiary-butyl alcohol (TBA)-based slurry. After sintering, unidirectional macropore channels of scaffolds aligned regularly along the TBA ice growth direction were tailored simultaneously with micropores formed in the outer wall of the pore channels. The crystallinity, micro structure, pore configuration, bulk density, and compressive strength for the scaffolds were investigated with X-ray diffractometery, scanning electron microscopy analysis, a water immersion method, and a universal test machine. The results revealed that the sintered porosity and pore size generally resulted in a high solid loading which resulted in low porosity and small pore size, which relatively increased the higher compressive strength. After being sintered at $1100-1300^{\circ}C$, the scaffolds showed an average porosity and compressive strength in the range 35.1-74.9% and 65.1-3.0 MPa, respectively, according to the processing conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.301-307
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• 2013

SiC hollow fiber was fabricated by curing, dissolution and sintering of Al-PCS fiber, which was melt spun the polyaluminocarbosilane. Al-PCS fiber was thermally oxidized and dissolved in toluene to remove the unoxidized area, the core of the cured fiber. The wall thickness ($t_{wall}$) of Al-PCS fiber was monotonically increased with an increasing oxidation curing time. The Al-PCS hollow fiber was heat-treated at the temperature between 1200 and $2000^{\circ}C$ to make a SiC hollow fibers having porous structure on the fiber wall. The pore size of the fiber wall was increased with the sintering temperature due to the decomposition of the amorphous $SiC_xO_y$ matrix and the growth of ${\beta}$-SiC in the matrix. At $1400^{\circ}C$, a nano porous wall with a high specific surface area was obtained. However, nano pores grew with the grain growth after the thermal decomposition of the amorphous matrix. This type of SiC hollow fibers are expected to be used as a substrate for a gas separation membrane.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.46-53
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• 2016

The structure of plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) coatings was investigated as a function of NaOH concentration in 0.06 M $Na_2SiO_3$ + 0.06 M $Na_3PO_4$ solution by using SEM and epoxy replica method. The PEO film was formed on AZ31 Mg alloy by the application of anodic pulse current with 0.2 ms width and its formation behavior was studied by voltage-time curves during the formation of PEO films. It was found that the addition of NaOH into $PO_4{^{3-}}$ and $SiO_3{^{2-}}$ containing aqueous solution causes a decrease in the PEO film formation voltage, suggesting that dielectric breakdown of the PEO becomes easier with increasing $OH^-$ ion concentration in the solution. With increasing $OH^-$ ion concentration, thickness of the PEO film increased and surface roughness decreased. The size of pores formed in the PEO layer became smaller and the number of cracks in the PEO layer increased with increasing $OH^-$ ion concentration. Based on the experimental results obtained in the work, it is suggested that $OH^-$ ions in the solution can contribute not only to the dielectric breakdown but also to the formation of PEO films in the presence of $PO_4{^{3-}}$ and $SiO_3{^{2-}}$ ions in the solution.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.2979-2984
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• 2015

This paper has presented a new foaming technology of selective hybrid-structured polymer film with expanded pores. The porous structure of closed pore was firstly fabricated by applying the 355nm UV-pulsed laser to 0.1mm thick film that was uniformly mixed with PP pellets, copper powder, and CBA (Chemical Blowing Agent). In order to expand pore size of closed-cell shape, LAMO(Laser Aided Micro pore Opening) processing was conducted to heat the copper powder, and then the bigger pore size of closed-cell more than existing pore size was successfully formed because of rapid conduction of heated metal powder. From the experimental results, various process parameters such as laser fluence, intensity, scan rate, spot size and density of powder and CBA were considerably considered to reveal the correlation among the pore characteristics. In the future, a function experiment will be carried out to use the hybrid film of industrial applications.

• ALGAE
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.305-318
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• 2018

In Trachelomonas hispida, the adult envelope that surrounds the monad is oval in shape and covered with spines. Development of the lorica is an interesting, but poorly known phenomenon. We observed in detail the formation of spineless envelopes of T. hispida using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that young cells formed delicate and net-like envelopes. The structure changed with age, and mature specimens had solid, thick loricae with small pores. As the loricae aged, they changed their shape, and rope-like fibres from the external layer started to unwind, progressing from the apical pore, exposing the underlying net-like structure. X-ray spectrometry showed that Fe was the major mineral component in young and mature loricae, whereas old loricae did not contain Fe salts, although they did contain a high number of Mn compounds. We also noticed a different pattern of mineralization process in the envelopes. Apart from the even distribution of mineral deposition over the entire lorica, we observed that it started from the apical pore and ended at the posterior end. There was considerable morphological variation in envelope shape and ornamentation, which had collars and folds around the apical pore and process at the posterior end. This suggested that many varieties of T. hispida should be taxonomically reappraised. We also discuss a hypothetical role for the spines on lorica surfaces in aquatic ecosystems.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.44 no.7
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• pp.517-528
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• 2021

A recent genetic study with Brucella abortus revealed the secretion activator gene A (SagA) as an autolysin component creating pores in the peptidoglycan (PGN) layer for the type IV secretion system (T4SS) and peptidoglycan hydrolase inhibitor A (PhiA) as an inhibitor of SagA. In this study, we determined the crystal structures of both SagA and PhiA. Notably, the SagA structure contained a PGN fragment in a space between the N- and C-terminal domains, showing the substrate-dependent hinge motion of the domains. The purified SagA fully hydrolyzed the meso-diaminopimelic acid (DAP)-type PGN, showing a higher activity than hen egg-white lysozyme. The PhiA protein exhibiting tetrameric assembly failed to inhibit SagA activity in our experiments. Our findings provide implications for the molecular basis of the SagA-PhiA system of B. abortus. The development of inhibitors of SagA would further contribute to controlling brucellosis by attenuating the function of T4SS, the major virulence factor of Brucella.

• Journal of Institute of Convergence Technology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.21-25
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• 2018

We developed nano-porous $TiO_2-SiO_2$ composites (commercial name : PTI, porous titania insulator) with low thermal conductivity as thermal insulating material as well as function of photocatalyst. The objectives of this paper are, firstly, to evaluate of the thermal conductivity of the PTI powder in the temperature range from -160 to $250^{\circ}C$, secondly to evaluate of thermal conductivities of insulation materials that is applied PTI powder. The structure of the PTI powder that has the pores size of 20-30 nm and the particle diameter of 2-10 nm. The PTI had a high surface area of $400m^2/g$ and a mean pore size of $45{\AA}$, which was fairly uniform. The thermal conductivity was measured by GHP(guarded hot plate) method and HFM(heat flux method). The PTI structure is a three-dimensional network nano-structures composed by a pearl-necklace that involved a precious stone in the center of the necklace. The thermal conductivities of PTI-PX powder by the GHP and HFM were 0.0366 W/m.K, 0.0314 W/m.K at $20^{\circ}C$, respectively. This is similar to values that are proportional to the square of the absolute temperature of the thermal conductivity of static air. The thermal conductivities of insulating sheets coated with PTI powder were similar results with that of the PTI powder.