• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제54권6호
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• pp.854-862
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• 2016

최근 화석연료를 대체할 친환경 신재생에너지에 대한 요구가 증가하면서 수소에너지가 미래 대체에너지원으로서 주목받고 있다. 수소를 생산하는 방법 중 수전해 기술은 에너지효율과 안정성이 뛰어난 장점이 있지만, 산소발생반응시 발생하는 높은 과전압은 여전히 단점으로 지적되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 분무열분해 공정을 통하여 Co 전구체로부터 $Co_3O_4$를 제조하였다. 또한, urea, sucrose, citric acid의 유기물첨가제를 사용하여 다양한 입자 크기와 표면형상을 가지는 $Co_3O_4$를 제조하였고, 필요에 따라 추가로 열처리를 실시하였다. 합성한 $Co_3O_4$의 물리적 특성을 분석하기 위해 X-선 회절 분석(XRD)으로 결정성을 조사하였고, 주사전자현미경(SEM)과 투과전자현미경(TEM)으로 입자형상 및 표면을 분석하였다. 질소 흡 탈착 시험을 통해 촉매의 비표면적 및 기공부피를 측정하였고, 질소도핑을 확인하기 위해 X-선 광전자 분광법(XPS)을 사용하였다. 촉매의 산소발생반응 활성을 알아보기 위해 3전극 셀에서 선형주사전위법(LSV)으로 전기화학적 거동을 분석하였다. 첨가제를 사용하지 않은 $Co_3O_4$가 가장 우수한 활성을 보였고, 이는 분무열분해법을 통하여 상대적으로 작은 입자형성과 높은 비표면적의 영향인 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.227-232
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• 2013

Al-based alloys have recently attracted considerable interest as structural materials and light weight materials due to their excellent physical and mechanical properties. For the investigation of the potential of Al-based alloys, a surface porous $Al_{88}Cu_6Si_6$ eutectic alloy has been fabricated through a chemical leaching process. The formation and microstructure of the surface porous $Al_{88}Cu_6Si_6$ eutectic alloy have been investigated using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The $Al_{88}Cu_6Si_6$ eutectic alloy is composed of an ${\alpha}$-Al dendrite phase and a single eutectic phase of $Al_2Cu$ and ${\alpha}$-Al. We intended to remove only the ${\alpha}$-Al phase and then the $Al_2Cu$ phase would form a porous structure on the surface with open pores. Both acidic and alkaline aqueous chemical solutions were used with various concentrations to modify the influence on the microstructure and the overall chemical reaction was carried out for 24 hr. A homogeneous open porous structure on the surface was revealed via selective chemical leaching with a $H_2SO_4$ solution. Only the ${\alpha}$-Al phase was successfully leached while the morphology of the $Al_2Cu$ phase was maintained. The pore size was in a range of $1{\sim}5{\mu}m$ and the dealloying depth was nearly $3{\mu}m$. However, under an alkaline NaOH, aqueous solution, an inhomogeneous porous structure on the surface was formed with a 5 wt% NaOH solution and the morphology of the $Al_2Cu$ phase was not preserved. In addition, the sample that was leached by using a 7 wt% NaOH solution crumbled. Al extracted from the Al2Cu phase as ${\alpha}$-Al phase was dealloyed, and increasing concentration of NaOH strongly influenced the morphology of the $Al_2Cu$ phase and sample statement.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제18권8호
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• pp.831-840
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• 1997

Core/shell structured composite metal oxides of Fe2O3/MgO were prepared by thermal decomposition of Fe(acac)3 adsorbed on the surface of MgO cores. The morphology of the composites conformed to that of the MgO used as the cores. Broad powder X-ray diffraction peaks shifted toward larger d, large BET surface area (∼350 m2/g), and the size of crystalline domains in nano range (4 nm), all corroborate to the nanocrystallinity of the Fe2O3/MgO composite which was prepared by using nanocrystalline MgO as the core. By use of microcrystalline MgO as the core, microcrystalline Fe2O3/MgO composite was prepared, and it had small BET surface area of less than 35 m2/g. AFM measurements on nanocrystalline Fe2O3/MgO showed a collection of spherical aggregates (∼80 nm dia) with a very rough surface. On the contrary, microcrystalline Fe2O3/MgO was a collection of plate-like flat crystallites with a smooth surface. The nitrogen adsorption-desorption behavior indicated that microcrystalline Fe2O3/MgO was nonporous, whereas nanocrystalline Fe2O3/MgO was mesoporous. Bimodal distribution of the pore size became unimodal as the layer of Fe2O3 was applied to nanocrystalline MgO. The macropores in a wide distribution which the nanocrystalline MgO had were absent in the nanocrystalline Fe2O3/MgO. The decomposition of CCl4 was largily enhanced by the overlayer of Fe2O3 on nanocrystalline MgO making the reaction between nanocrystalline Fe2O3/MgO and CCl4 be nearly stoichiometric. The reaction products were environmentally benign MgCl2 and CO2. Such an enhancement was not attainable with the microcrystalline samples. Even for the nanocrystalline MgO, the enhancement was not attained, if not with the Fe2O3 layer. Without the layer of Fe2O3, it was observed that the nanocrystalline domain of the MgO transformed into microcrystalline one as the decomposition of CCl4 proceeded on its surface. It appeared that the layer of Fe2O3 on the particles of nanocrystalline Fe2O3/MgO blocked the transformation of the nanocrystalline domain into microcrystalline one. Therefore, in order to attain stoichiometric reaction between CCl4 and Fe2O3/MgO core/shell structured composite metal oxide, the morphology of the core MgO has to be nanocrystalline, and also the nanocrystalline domains has to be sustained until the core was exhausted into MgCl2.

• 환경생물
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.290-300
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• 2022

장목만에서 분리한 Alexandrium 종의 배양주를 확보하여 형태와 계통분류를 통해 종을 명확히 하고 온도, 염분 및 영양염 농도 차이에 따른 성장 반응을 파악하였다. 확보한 Alexandrium 종은 형태적으로 Alexandrium catenella, A. tamarense와 구분이 되지 않았다. 하지만, 분자계통도 작성을 통해 장목만에서 분리한 Alexandrium 종은 A. tamarense species complex 내의 A. pacificum (Group IV)에 속하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 온도에 대한 성장 반응 실험에서 A. pacificum (Group IV)는 15℃와 20℃에서 높은 성장 속도와 유영세포 농도를 보였고, 염분에 대한 성장 반응 실험에서 A. pacificum (Group IV)은 염분 20~35 psu의 넓은 염분 범위에서 성장하였다. 즉, A. pacificum(Group IV)은 협온성, 광염성의 특징을 가진다. 그리고 영양염 첨가에 따른 성장반응 실험에서, A. pacificum (Group IV)은 질산염과 인산염의 농도 증가와 함께 성장을 하였지만, 질산염과 인산염에 대해 다른 소비 전략을 가지는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국표면공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국표면공학회 2016년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.197-197
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• 2016

Commercially pure titanium (CP Ti) and Ti-6Al-4V alloys have been widely used for biomedical applications. However, the use of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy in biomaterial is then a subject of controversy because aluminum ions and vanadium oxide have potential detrimental influence on the human body due to vanadium and aluminum. Hence, recent works showed that the synthesis of new Ti-based alloys for implant application involves more biocompatible metallic alloying element, such as, Nb, Hf, Zr and Mo. In particular, Nb and Hf are one of the most effective Ti ${\beta}-stabilizer$ and reducing the elastic modulus. Plasma electrolyte oxidation (PEO) is known as excellent method in the biocompatibility of biomaterial due to quickly coating time and controlled coating condition. The anodized oxide layer and diameter modulation of Ti alloys can be obtained function of improvement of cell adhesion. Manganese(Mn) plays very important roles in essential for normal growth and metabolism of skeletal tissue in vertebrates and can be detected as minor constituents in teeth and bone. Radio frequency(RF) magnetron sputtering in the various PVD methods has high deposition rates, high-purity films, extremely high adhesion of films, and excellent uniform layers for depositing a wide range of materials, including metals, alloys and ceramics like a hydroxyapatite. The aim of this study is to research the Mn coatings on the micro-pore formed Ti-29Nb-xHf alloys by RF-magnetron sputtering for dental applications. Ti-29Nb-xHf (x= 0, 3, 7 and 15wt%, mass fraction) alloys were prepared Ti-29Nb-xHf alloys of containing Hf up from 0 wt% to 15 wt% were melted by using a vacuum furnace. Ti-29Nb-xHf alloys were homogenized for 2 hr at $1050^{\circ}C$. Each alloy was anodized in solution containing typically 0.15 M calcium acetate monohydrate + 0.02 M calcium glycerophosphate at room temperature. A direct current power source was used for the process of anodization. Anodized alloys was prepared using 270V~300V anodization voltage at room. Mn coatings was produced by RF-magnetron sputtering system. RF power of 100W was applied to the target for 1h at room temperature. The microstructure, phase and composition of Mn coated oxide surface of Ti-29Nb-xHf alloys were examined by FE-SEM, EDS, and XRD.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.216-224
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• 1997

TEOS와 에탄올의 양을 고정하고 H2O/TEOS의 몰비가 2.6-59.0이 되는 범위에서 염산촉매를 사용하여 다공성 실리카 세라믹을 제조하였다. 서로 다른 조성의 솔 9종을 만든 후 젤화시간 측정, TG/DTA에 의한 건조시료의 열분석 및 FT-IR과 X-ray diffractometer에 의한 중간생성물의 특성분석을 수행하였고 50$0^{\circ}C$까지 열처리한 시료의 FT-IR에 의한 SiO2폴리머 분석, N2-adsorption isotherm을 이용한 비표면적과 기공크기분포 조사 및 TEM에 의한 SiO2폴리머의 형태와 기공의 변화를 조사하였다. 적용된 조성 및 촉매의 농도에서 최소 젤화반응시간은 TEOS1몰달 물의 양이 약 11몰에서, 가장 높은 중합도는 약 8-18몰에서, 그리고 가장 큰 비표면적값은 약 11몰에서 보였다. 이것은 물의 양이 약 11몰일 때 중합반응이 가장 빠르게 진행하였음을 의미한다. 결론적으로, 물의 양이 증가함에 따라서 약 11몰까지는 반응이 빠르게 진행되나 그 이상의 물이 사용될 경우 과잉의 물이 반응저해요인으로 작용하여 젤화시간의 지연 및 비표면적의 감소를 보인다.

• 청정기술
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.239-248
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 (주)파인텍에서 개발한 제올라이트 4A 분리막을 이용하여 물, 에탄올, 이소프로필알코올 단일 성분 및 혼합물의 투과증발 실험을 수행하였다. 본 분리막은 수열합성법을 이용하여 제막하였고, Si/Al 비율이 1인 LTA 구조에 $Na^+$를 이온교환하여 약 $4{\AA}$의 기공크기를 갖고 있으며, 강한 친수성을 나타내고 있다. 물리적 특성을 확인하기 위해 SEM, porosimetry, BET, 압축강도계를 이용하였다. 다양한 온도 및 농도 조건 실험을 통해 제올라이트 4A 분리막이 물/에탄올(분리계수 3,000 이상) 및 물/이소프로필알코올(분리계수 1,500 이상) 혼합물로 부터 물을 선택적으로 분리할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 활동도계수, Generalized Maxwell Stefan 모형 및 Dusty Gas 모형을 이용하여 단일성분 및 혼합물의 투과증발 거동을 모사하였으며, Genetic Algorithm를 이용한 상수추정을 통하여 분리층의 흡착 및 확산상수를 구하였다.

• 멤브레인
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.97-106
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• 2002

Polysulfone (PSf/NMP/alcohol 용액과 chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) (CPVC)/THF/Alcohol 용액에 대한 광산란 패턴을 SALS (Small angle light scattering)와 FE-SEM (field emission scanning electron microscope)을 이용하여 조사하였다. PSf 용액에서는 시간에 따라 q값의 최대 산란 강도를 보이는 광산란 거동을 나타내어 스피노달 (SD) 상분리 거동을 나타내는 반면, CPVC 용액에서는 q값이 증가함에 따라 광산란 강도가 줄어드는 핵성장 (NG) 거동을 나타냈다. 각 고분자 용액에서 상분리 중반과 후반부에서 비용매 첨가제로 사용된 알코올의 탄소수가 증가할수록 농도분극의 증가율은 줄어들었다. 또한, SD에서의 초반부의 시간에 따른 산란 강도는 비용매 첨가제의 종류에 무관하게 Cahn의 건형 이론에 잘 부합되었다. 또한, SALS 장치로 얻어진 기공크기와 전자현미경으로 얻어진 영역 크기는 상호간에 비교되었다. 20PSf/70NMP/10n-butano1 (w/w%) 용액에 대한 산란 패턴은 초기 상분리 거동에서부터 후기 거동까지 매우 선명하게 관측되었고, 초반, 중반, 그리고 후반부에 대한 SD에 대한 이론적 결과와 잘 일치하였다. 최고의 산란강도를 나타낸 각도의 크기는 n-butanol>n-propanol>methanol>no alcohol 순으로 관찰되었으며, 이 순서로 최종 형성된 막 단면의 기공 크기가 감소되는 것으로 조사되었다.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.559-569
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• 2018

Catalytic supports made of carbon have many advantages, such as high coking resistance, tailorable pore and surface structures, and ease of recycling of waste catalysts. Moreover, they do not require pre-reduction. In this study, ash-free coal (AFC) was obtained by the thermal extraction of carbonaceous components from raw coal and its performance as a carbon catalytic support was compared with that of well-known activated carbon (AC). Nickel was dispersed on the carbon supports and the resulting catalysts were applied to the steam reforming of toluene (SRT), a model compound of biomass tar. Interestingly, nickel catalysts dispersed on AFC, which has a very small surface area (${\sim}0.13m^2/g$), showed higher activity than those dispersed on AC, which has a large surface area ($1,173A/cm^2$). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the particle size of nickel deposited on AFC was smaller than that deposited on AC, with the average values on AFC ${\approx}11nm$ and on AC ${\approx}23nm$. This proved that heteroatomic functional groups in AFC, such as carboxyls, can provide ion-exchange or adsorption sites for the nano-scale dispersion of nickel. In addition, the pore structure, surface morphology, chemical composition, and chemical state of the prepared catalysts were analyzed using Brunauer-Emmett-Taylor (BET) analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR).

• Journal of Korean Dental Science
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.71-81
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the corrosion behaviors of dental implant alloy after microsized surface modification in electrolytes containing Mn ion. Materials and Methods: $Mn-TiO_2$ coatings were prepared on the Ti-6Al-4V alloy for dental implants using a plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) method carried out in electrolytes containing different concentrations of Mn, namely, 0%, 5%, and 20%. Potentiodynamic method was employed to examine the corrosion behaviors, and the alternatingcurrent (AC) impedance behaviors were examined in 0.9% NaCl solution at $36.5^{\circ}C{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$ using a potentiostat and an electrochemical impedance spectroscope. The potentiodynamic test was performed with a scanning rate of $1.667mV\;s^{-1}$ from -1,500 to 2,000 mV. A frequency range of $10^{-1}$ to $10^5Hz$ was used for the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. The amplitude of the AC signal was 10 mV, and 5 points per decade were used. The morphology and structure of the samples were examined using field-emission scanning electron microscopy and thin-film X-ray diffraction. The elemental analysis was performed using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Result: The PEO-treated surface exhibited an irregular pore shape, and the pore size and number of the pores increased with an increase in the Mn concentration. For the PEO-treated surface, a higher corrosion current density ($I_{corr}$) and a lower corrosion potential ($E_{corr}$) was obtained as compared to that of the bulk surface. However, the current density in the passive regions ($I_{pass}$) was found to be more stable for the PEO-treated surface than that of the bulk surface. As the Mn concentration increased, the capacitance values of the outer porous layer and the barrier layer decreased, and the polarization resistance of the barrier layers increased. In the case of the Mn/Ca-P coatings, the corroded surface was found to be covered with corrosion products. Conclusion: It is confirmed that corrosion resistance and polarization resistance of PEO-treated alloy increased as Mn content increased, and PEO-treated surface showed lower current density in the passive region.