• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.307-317
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• 1998

This study was to investigate the vitrification method for cryopreservation technique of bovine in vitro fertilization(IVF) embryos. The morphological appearance and viability following vitrification of IVF bovine blastocysts and expanded blastocysts were examined. Embryos obtained 6, 7, 8 or 9 days after IVF were vitrified in both 40% ethylene glycoI(EG) plus 0.3M trehalose and 20% polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP) in DPBS(ETP, Exp. 1) and ETP solution added 0.375M dextrose (ETPD, Exp. 2). The viability of Days 6, 7, 8 and 9 vitrified /thawed embryos at 24∼48 h culture after thawing was 11.9%, 19.8%, 23.4% and 15.3% in ETP(Exp. 1), and 34.6%, 54.5%, 37.9% and 13.0% in ETPD(Exp. 2), respectively. The viability of vitrified embryos produced from the culture days after IVF did not differ in Exp. 1, but significantly differ in Exp. 2(P＜0.05). The viability of blastocysts and expanded blastocysts significantly differed(P＜0.05) in 15.2% and 23.3%(Exp. 1), and 25.0% and 45.8%(Exp. 2). The result of Exp. 1 was similar to that of Exp. 2 on the viability of embryo according to developmental stages, but ETP solution plus sugar(dextrose) was increased the viability of vitrified embryos. In Experiment 3, The viability of vitrified embryos was not different between 12% and 20% PVP concentrations in ETP solution according to culture days or developmental stages. To investigate the effect of addition of sugar, two type of carbohydrates and a mixture of cryoprotectants for vitrification on the survival of bovine IVF embryos, bovine Days 7 to 9 blastocysts and expanded blastocysts were cryopreserved in either 20% glycerol plus 20% EG, 0.375M sucrose and 0.375M dextrose (GESD, Exp. 4) or 20% glycerol plus 20% EG, 0.3M trehalose and 20% PVP(GETP, Exp. 5) in DPBS. Survival rates of Day 7, 8 and 9 embryos at 24∼48h culture after thawing were 71.4%, 94.6% and 40.5% in GESD, and 59.5%, 81.5% and 62.5% in GETP, respectively. Hatching rates of Day 7, 8 and 9 embryos after thawing were 28.6%, 35.1% and 16.2% in GESD, and 27.0%, 33.3% and 18.8% in GETP, respectively. These results indicates that a mixture of cryoprotectants(glycerol and EG) and addition of sugar can improve the survival rates of the bovine IVF embryos(Day 7 or 8) vitrified, and the expanded blastocyst embryos are more suitable for vitrification than early blastocysts stage.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.417-425
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• 2013

We sought to provide a method for freezing and preserving primordial germ cells, or an avian germ cell of a bird, as a material for developmental engineering or species preservation. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of slow freezing with a vitrification method for the cryopreservation of chicken primordial germ cells (PGCs). PGCs obtained from the germinal gonad of day 5.5-6 day (stage 28) cultured chick embryos, using the MACS method, were classified into two groups: slow freezing and vitrification. We examined the viability of PGCs after Cryopreservation. Four freezing methods were compared with each other, including the following: Method 1: The PGCs were frozen by a programmed freezer in a plastic straw, including 2.0 M ethylene glycol (EG) as cryoprotective additive (slow freezing) Method 2: The PGCs were vitrified in a plastic straw, including 8.0 M EG, plus 7% polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) (rapid freezing). Method 3: The slow freezing was induced with a cryotube including 2.0 M EG Method 4: The PGCs were frozen in a cryotube including 10% dimethyl suloxide (DMSO) (rapid freezing). After freezing and thawing, survival rates of the frozen-thawed PGCs from Method 1 to 4were 76.4%, 70.6%, 80.5% and 78.1% (p<0.05), respectively. The slow freezing ($-80^{\circ}C$ programmed freezer) method may provide better survival rates of frozen-thawed PGCs than the vitrification method for the cryopreservation of PGCs. Therefore, these systems may contribute to the cryopreservation of a rare avian species.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.57-62
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• 2009

Genetic diagnosis method of Virion Captured (VC)/RT-PCR for Rice stripe virus (RSV) and Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV), Korean major rice viruses transmitted by small brown plant hopper, Laodelphax striatellus, was developed. Virion extraction buffer for rice plant was 0.01M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, containing 0.5% sodium sulfite. However, the extraction buffer for L. striatellus was 0.01M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, containing 0.5% sodium sulfite and 2% polyvinylpyrrolidone wt 40,000 (PVP-40). Specific primers for detection of RSV and RBSDV were selected for VC/RT-PCR method. The specific primers were used as a duplex primer to detect viruliferous small brown plant hopper collected from Gimpo, Pyeongtaek and Siheung areas in Gyeonggi province. The genetic diagnosis methods of single and duplex VC/RT-PCR for RSV and RBSDV could be used easily and economically, especially on the diagnosis of L. striatellus. The rate of viruliferous insect (RVI) for RSV was compared with ELISA and VC/RT-PCR for L. striatellus collected from fields. RVI by ELISA was same as 9.2% with RVI by VC/RT-PCR. However, there were some different detection results between the methods. It could be suggested that there is a possibility of serological and/or genomic differences among RSV isolates. The portion of RVI detected simultaneously by ELISA and VC/RT-PCR was 71.0%, and the detection rate from VC/RT-PCR was higher as 3.2% than that from ELISA, which had a reason of simultaneous detection ability both RSV and RBSDV of VC/RT-PCR.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.371-382
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• 2020

There have been continuous attempts to quantify sensory attributes of cosmetic products by measuring relevant physical properties. The most representative method to evaluate stickiness is to measure axial force using texture analyzer. Stickiness is known to correlate with AUC which abbreviates area under curve in the obtained axial force curve as a function of time. Recently, Normandie University research group developed in vivo stickiness evaluation method considering the characteristics of skin along with established evaluation method[8]. Based on the study, we tried to optimize in vivo stickiness evaluation method especially for cosmetic creams. The experiment was carried out on 5 different facial creams products by changing the amount and the times of rolling of creams, and the shape and material of probes. Based on the results of the sensory evaluation, the most consistent conditions were established as the optimal evaluation method. As a result, applying 70 μL of cream and rubbing 10 times for 7 s inside the 3.4 cm circle were judged to be suitable. As for the probes, spherical metallic probe was more proper due to its reproducibility. We conducted the settled method on 10 subjects to check its validity. Although the absolute values of AUC differed depending on the individuals, the AUC values were all ranked the same. Finally, for the standardization of stickiness of AUC, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was set as a reference material and we measured AUC of its aqueous solution by changing concentration. Then, the degree of stickiness recognition for 5 different creams was surveyed to check the correlation between AUC and stickiness.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.25-37
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• 2011

PES UF membranes containing silver were prepared to impart antibacterial properties for waste water treatment. Asymmetric membranes for antibacterial application were prepared from polyethersulfone (PES) and silver nitrate ($AgNO_3$) (PES/$AgNO_3$=15/2 by weight) solution in N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) via simple wet phase inversion technique. These membranes were characterized by polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) of different molecular weights (1000 ppm in water) at room temperature and on operating pressure of 5 bars. It was observed that the water flux of PES-$AgNO_3$ membrane is slightly lower than virgin PES but still increased linearly with the increment of pressure applied. The morphology of the resulting membranes was examined using Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). Elemental analysis using EDS proved that silver is successfully loaded on the membrane surfaces. Due to the success of loading silver on membrane surfaces, antibacterial activities were evaluated via agar diffusion method against Escherichia coli (E.coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) culture. By incorporating 2 wt% of silver nitrate, PES-$AgNO_3$ showed significant inhibition ring on both E.coli and S.aureus. Filtration of E.coli solution (OD 0.31) showed satisfactory rejection data with ~100% inhibition growth after 24 hours incubation at $37^{\circ}C$. Resultant membranes also exhibit better tensile strength (compared to virgin PES) up to 71% may be due to the suggested interactions. The residual silver during fabrication was measured using ICP-MS and result showed that the residual silver content of PES-$AgNO_3$ membrane was only ~1% of the original silver added in the polymer solution. These studies have shown that PES-$AgNO_3$ UF membranes are potential in improving the filtration in water treatment.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.423-437
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• 2015

Polyvinylidene fluoride/fullerene nanoparticle (PVDF/$C_{60}$) composite microfiltration (MF) membranes were fabricated by a non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) using N, N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) as solvent and deionized water (DI) as coagulation solution. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was added to the casting solution to form membrane pores. $C_{60}$ was added in increments of 0.2% from 0.0% to 1.0% to produce six different membrane types: one pristine PVDF membrane type with no $C_{60}$ added as control, and five composite membrane types with varying $C_{60}$ concentrations of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0%, respectively. The mechanical strength, morphology, pore size and distribution, hydrophilicity, surface property, permeation performance, and fouling resistance of the six membranes types were characterized using respective analytical methods. The results indicate that membranes containing $C_{60}$ have higher surface porosity and pore density than the pristine membrane. The presence of numerous pores on the membrane caused weaker mechanical strength, but the water flux of the composite membranes increased in spite of their smaller size. Initial flux and surface roughness reached the maximum point among the composite membranes when the $C_{60}$ concentration was 0.6 wt.%.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.250-264
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• 1994

Omeprazole(OMZ)-cholestyramine(CHL) and various OMZ-Dowex resin complexes were prepared by reaction between OMZ and activated resins in 0.1N NaOH solution. And their physical properties were tested by means of infrared(IR), differential scaning caloimeter(DSC), X-ray diffraction. Chemical stability of OMZ-CHL was increased markedly compared with OMZ and the decomposition of OMZ-CHL followed the pseudo first-order kinetics and the rate constants were $2.743{\times}10^{-4}/day$ at $20^{\circ}C$, $7.83{\times}10^{-3}day^{-1}$ under 80% RH and $1.68{\times}10^{-2}day^{-1}$ under UV radiation, respectively. On the other hand, the rate constants of OMZ were $2.996{\times}10^{-4}day^{-1}$ at $20^{\circ}C$, $1.17{\times}10^{-2}day^{-1}$ under 85% RH, and $4.07{\times}10^{-2}day^{-1}$ under UV radiation, respectively. The rates of dissolution of OMZ-CHL bulk and OMZ-CHL tablet were 100% and more than 85% in 15 minutes, respectively, which were increased than OMZ base and OMZ-tablet. In the acute toxicological test, the value of oral $LD_{50}$(mouse) was 4.608 g/kg. OMZ-CHL was pelletized using lactose, polyethyle neglycol(PEG), D-sorbitol, Avicel PH 101, sodium laurylsulfate and polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP) K-30, and enteric coated with HPMCP, Myvacet, acetone, ethanol and cetanol, of which dissolution rate was found to be more than 85% in 10 minutes. From the above results, it was found that OMZ-CHL is a useful means for development of new oral dosage forms of OMZ.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.80-91
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• 2013

Metal-templated condensation of cyclohexanedione dioxime and phenylboronic acid in the presence of Fe(II) sulfate heptahydrate proceeds cleanly in methanol to furnish the Fe(II) clathrochelate. An organic/inorganic hybrid membranes composed of Fe(II) clathrochelate and polyethersulfone was prepared by using phase inversion method. For membrane preparation, the Fe(II) clathrochelate was highly soluble (3~5 g/L) in DMF, NMP, and DMAc, which meets the requirements for the solubility of metal complexes in polar aprotic solvent used in membrane preparation. It was stable even in the presence of strong acids, such as trifluorosactic acid (pKa = 0.3). It was characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, and their stability in solution phase studied in the presence of (i) strong acids or (ii) competing chelates. Organic/inorganic hybrid membranes were prepared with polyethersulfone, polyvinylpyrrolidone, p-toluenesulfonic acid, Fe(II) clathrochelate and DMF by using nonsolvent induced phase inversion method. The addition of Fe(II) clathrochelate leads increase of surface pore density, mean pore size and flux. We can obtain highly asymmetric membranes by addition of Fe(II) clathrochelate.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.121-129
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• 1999

The objective of this study was to produce calves by transfer of embryos derived from slaughter house(SHD) and ultrasound-guided ovum pick-up (OPU). At 60 hrs after injection of 400 mg FSH dissolved in 25% polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP) by single dose, ultrasound-guided follicular oocyte aspiration was ferformed. Day-7 and day-8 blastocysts produced by in vitro maturation (IVM), fertilization (IVF) and culture(IVC) of the oocytes derived from SHD and OPU were nonsurgically transferred into recipients. The results obtained were as follows. The cleavage rate and the development rate to blastocysts were not significantly (P<0.05) different between the oocytes obtained by SHD (72.9% vs. 34.1%) and OPU (75.9% vs. 38.4%). The oocyte recovery rate from the number of follicles by ultrasound-guided aspiration were not significantly (P<0.05) different between Holstein (61.7%) and Hanwoo (60.1%), but the rate of oocytes useful for IVF was significantly (P<0.05) higher in Hanwoo (69.3%) than Holstein (59.6%). The cleavage rate and the development rate to blastocysts was not significantly (P<0.05) different between Holstein (74.9% vs. 39.2%) and recipients on day 8 of estrus cycle resulted in 13 pregnancies (34.2%). One of them was sacrificed during gestation period due to mastitis and another was aborted spontaneous. The resulting 14 calves were morphologically normal at birth. Seventy eight fresh OPU-IVF embryos were transferred into 21 recipients on day 8 of estrus cycles, resulting in pregnancy of 12 recipients (41.4%). Two of them were sacrificed during gestation period due to mastitis and the other two were aborted. Nevertheless, the 11 OPU-calves have been born normally.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.169-176
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• 2004

Acyclovir(ACV) is an important antiviral drug used extensively against infections caused by herpes viruses, especially herpes simplex and varicella zoster. Because of high crystallinity and large particle size, solubility of intact ACV is very low in water(1.3 mg/ml). The goal of this work is to enhance the solubility of ACV. To make solid dispersion, Polyethyleneglycol, Hydroxyprophylmethylcelluose and Polyvinylpyrrolidone were used as polymer carriers in this work. Polymer carriers and drug were dissolved in acetic acid. And then spray drying method and freeze drying method were used as solvent extraction. Morphology, crystallization and functional group were characterized using SEM, XRD and FT-IR. The result of in vitro test showed the sample using PVP as polymer carrier had higher dissolution rate(up to 466%) than intact ACV.