• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.417-429
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• 2019

Poly Sulfone nanofibers were electrospun to fabricate membranes of different characteristics. To fabricate the fiber mats, polymer concentration, flowrate, and current density were determined as the most influencing factors affecting the overall performance of the membranes and studied through Response Surface Methodology. The Box-Behnken Design method (three factors at three levels) was used to design, analyze, and optimize the parameters to achieve the best possible performance of the electrospun membranes in forward osmosis process. Also, internal concentration polarization that characterizes the efficiency of the forward osmosis membranes was determined to better assess the overall performance of the fabricated electrospun membranes. Water flux to reverse salt flux was considered as the main response to assess the performance of the membranes. As confirmed experimentally, best membrane performance with the minimal structural parameter value could be achieved when predicted optimal values were used to fabricate the membranes through electrospinning process.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.177-184
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• 2011

Membrane fouling is an unavoidable phenomenon in operation of seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) and major obstacle for economic and efficient operation. When fouling occurs on the membrane surface, the permeate flux is decreased, on the contrary, the trans-membrane pressure (TMP) is increased, therefore operation and maintaining costs and potential damage of membranes are able to the pivotal risks of the process. Chemical cleaning process is essential to prevent interruptions for effective RO membrane filtration process. This study focused on proper chemical cleaning condition for polyamide RO membranes of 4 companies. Several chemical agents were applied for chemical cleaning under numbers of operating conditions. Additionally, a monitoring tool of FEEM as autopsy analysis method is adapted for the prediction of organic bio-fouling.

• 멤브레인
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.104-112
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 용매로 N-methyl-2-pyrrollidone을 사용하여, 상전환 방법으로 carboxylic acid를 함유한 음이온성 한외여과막을 제조하였다. 첨가제, 제막조건 및 운전조건에 따른 투과 특성을 알아보았다. Bovin serum albumin (BSA) 수용액의 pH에 따른 상대투과유속을 측정하여 fouling형성에 따른 투과 특성의 변화를 살펴보았다. 투과 특성은 막 제조환경과 투과 공정에 영향을 받았다. 이온교환용량과 측정 온도가 증가할수록, 그리고 BSA의 등전점으로부터 수용액의 pH값이 멀어질수록 상대투과유속이 증가하였다.

• 한국해양공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국해양공학회 2004년도 학술대회지
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• pp.7-12
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• 2004

Desalination system of revers osmosis(RO) membrane has been proven to be the most economical not only for the desalination of water containing salts, but also for the concentration of solute. RO membranes were traditionally made of inorganic polymers such. as cellulose acetate(CA), Polyamide(PA). To retain more minerals in deep ocean water, a new hybrid membrane composed of tourmaline film as organic material onto inorganic layer of CA polymer in asymmetric structure was developed for RO membrane process. The performance tests were carried out in the permeability of pure water and the rejection of NaCl solution to evaluate the adaptability for DOW desalination. The results of these basic tests show possibility to apply the new hybrid RO membrane for the desalination with function control.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.323-331
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• 2020

With the increasing demand on reverse osmosis (RO) membranes for water purification worldwide, the number of disposed membrane elements is expected to increase accordingly. Thus, recycling and reuse of end-of-life RO membranes should be a global environmental action. In this work, we aim to reuse the spent RO membrane for nanofiltration (NF) and ultrafiltration (UF) process by subjecting the spent membrane to solvent and oxidizing solution treatment, respectively. Our results showed that solvent-treated RO membrane could perform as good as commercial NF membrane by achieving similar separation efficiencies, but with reduced water permeability due to membrane surface fouling. By degrading the polyamide layer of RO membrane, the transformed membrane could achieve high water permeability (85.6 L/㎡.h.bar) and excellent rejection against macromolecules (at least 87.4%), suggesting its reuse potential as UF membrane. More importantly, our findings showed that in-situ transformation on the spent RO membrane using solvent and oxidizing solution could be safely conducted as the properties of the entire spiral wound element did not show significant changes upon prolonged exposure of these two solutions. Our findings are important to open up new possibilities for the discarded RO membranes for reuse in NF and UF process, prolonging the lifespan of spent membranes and promoting the sustainability of the membrane process.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.113-120
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• 2019

To investigate surface properties and interception performances of the new modified PVDF membrane coated with Graphene Oxide (GO) and nano-$TiO_2$ (for short the modified membrane) via the interface polymerization method combined with the pumping suction filtration way, filtration experiments of the modified membrane on Humic Acid (HA) were conducted. Results showed that the contact angle (characterizing the hydrophilicity) of the modified membrane decreased from $80.6{\pm}1.8^{\circ}$ to $38.6{\pm}1.2^{\circ}$. The F element of PVDF membrane surface decreased from 60.91% to 17.79% after covered with GO and $TiO_2$. O/C element mass ratio has a fivefold increase, the percentage of O element on the modified membrane surface increased from 3.83 wt% to 20.87%. The modified membrane surface was packed with hydrophilic polar groups (like -COOH, -OH, C-O, C=O, N-H) and a functional hydrophilic GO-polyamide-$TiO_2$ composite configuration. This configuration provided a rigid network structure for the firm attachment of GO and $TiO_2$ on the surface of the membrane and for a higher flux as well. The total flux attenuation rate of the modified membrane decreased to 35.6% while 51.2% for the original one. The irreversible attenuation rate has dropped 71%. The static interception amount of HA on the modified membrane was $158.6mg/m^2$, a half of that of the original one ($295.0mg/m^2$). The flux recovery rate was increased by 50%. The interception rate of the modified membrane on HA increased by 12% approximately and its filtration cycle was 2-3 times of that of the original membrane.

• 멤브레인
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.439-449
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• 2013

본 연구는 상용화된 방향족 폴리아미드 역삼투막에 diphenylamine (DPA)을 표면개질 시킴으로써 내염소성과 내오염성이 향상된 역삼투 복합막을 제조하고 최적화시키는 방법에 대해서 연구하였다. 역삼투막의 내염소성과 내오염성을 증가시키기 위해 반응성이 뛰어난 아민(amine)기를 가지고 있고 열적 화학적 안정성이 뛰어난 페닐기 2개가 있는 DPA를 사용하였고, 개질 온도와 시약 농도를 변화시켜가며 개질 조건을 최적화시켰다. XPS, AFM 그리고 contact angle을 이용하여 역삼투막의 표면 개질을 통한 표면 특성 변화를 확인하였으며 역삼투막의 투과성능 평가 결과 역삼투막의 내염소성과 내오염성이 향상된 역삼투 분리막을 제조하였다.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.235-250
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• 2014

The impacts of membrane degradation due to chlorine attack on the rejection of inorganic salts and trace organic contaminants by nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes were investigated in this study. The rejection of trace contaminants was examined at environmentally relevant concentrations. Changes in the membrane surface morphology were observed as a result of chlorine exposure. A small increase in rejection was consistently observed with all four membranes selected in this study after being exposed to a low concentration of hypochlorite (100 ppm). In contrast, a higher concentration of hypochlorite (i.e., 2000 ppm) could be detrimental to the membrane separation capacity. Membranes with severe chlorine impact showed a considerable decrease in rejection over filtration time, possibly due to rearrangement of the polyamide chains under the influence of chlorine degradation and filtration pressure. The reported results indicate that loose NF membranes are more sensitive to chlorine exposure than RO membranes. The impact of hypochlorite exposure (both positive and negative) on rejection is dependent on the strength of the hypochlorite solution and is more significant for the neutral carbamazepine compound than the negatively charged sulfamethoxazole.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.63-72
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• 2022

Choline chloride-glycerol (1:2 mol), a natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) is examined as a draw solution in forward osmosis (FO) for dewatering application. The NADES is easy to prepare, low in toxicity and environmentally benign. A polyamide thin film composite membrane was used. Characterization of the membrane confirmed porous membrane structure with good hydrophilicity and a low structural parameter (722 ㎛) suitable for FO application. A dilute solution of 20% (v/v) NADES was enough to generate moderate water flux (14.98 L m^-2h^-1) with relatively low reverse solute flux (0.125 g m^-2h^-1) with deionized water feed. Application in dewatering industrial wastewater feed showed reasonably good water flux (11.9 L m^-2h^-1) which could be maintained by controlling the external concentration polarization and fouling/scaling mitigation via simple periodic deionized water wash. In another application, clarified sugarcane juice could be successfully concentrated. Recovery of the draw solute was accomplished easily by chilling utilizing thermo responsive phase transition property of NADES. This study established that low concentration NADES can be a viable alternative as a draw solute for dewatering of wastewater and other heat sensitive applications along with a simple recovery process.

• 멤브레인
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.453-462
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• 2014

폴리에스터(polyester) 부직포 상에 폴리술폰(polysulfone) 고분자 지지체를 만든 후, 그 표면에 폴리아미드 복합 박막을 형성시킴으로써 정삼투(FO) 공정에 적합한 분리막을 제조하였다. PSF 지지체는 19 중량%의 함량으로 디메틸 포름아미드(DMF)에 균일하게 용해된 폴리술폰 용액을 상 전이 공정을 통하여 제조되었으며, 기계적 보강재로 $100{\mu}m$의 두께를 가지는 폴리에스터 부직포를 사용하였다. 19 중량%의 PSF/DMF 용액으로 제조된 PSF 지지층은 sponge-like구조를 가지는 비대칭 내부 구조를 나타내었다. 정삼투(FO) 공정에서 내부의 농도 분극을 줄이기 위하여, $20{\mu}m$의 얇은 부직포 보강층을 가지는 지지체 상에 9~19 중량%의 PSF/DMF 용액으로 PSF 지지체를 제조하였다. 이들 얇은 부직포 보강층에서 제조된 지지층들은 공극률이 향상된 sponge-like구조를 가지는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 각각의 지지층들 표면에 방향족 폴리아미드 가교 반응을 통하여 복합 박막을 얻을 수 있었다. FO 운전 결과, 12 중량%의 DMF/PSF 용액으로 제조한 지지체를 가지는 복합 박막이 가장 우수한 투과 성능을 보여 주었다. 이 경우 4.5 LMH의 유량과 3.47 GMH의 염의 역확산 속도를 가지는 역삼투 분리막에 사용되는 두꺼운 부직포에 비해 약 2.5배 유량이 많은 24.3 LMH의 유량과 1.5 GMH의 염의 역확산 속도를 보여주고 있다. 부직포의 두께 저하와 이에 적합한 PSF 캐스팅 용액의 최적화를 통하여 부직포와 PSF층의 경계면 공극률을 향상시킬 수 있었다.