• 대한치과기공학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.213-219
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• 2020

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the impact of physical surface roughing with a polishing tool onto the pre-sintering yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (TZP) core and liner treatment for chemical bonding on the bond strength of TZP core and veneering ceramic. Methods: Overall, 80 specimens were classified into two groups (non-liner, NL; and usingliner, UL ) depending on the use of liner, and these two groups were then subclassified into four groups depending on the polishing tool used. (1) Non-liner groups: NS, non-liner+stone point; NC, non-liner+carbide bur; NP, non-liner+paper cone point; NT, non-liner+silicon point. (2) Using-liner groups: US, using-liner+stone point; UC, using-liner+carbide bur; UP, usingliner+paper cone point; UT, using-liner+silicon point. The pre-sintering surface roughing values and shapes were observed, and after burning up the veneering ceramic, the shear bond strength was measured using a universal testing machine. For significance testing, a one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's multiple comparison test were conducted. An optical microscope was used to observe the fracture plane, and the following results were obtained. Results: Surface roughness NP (4.09±0.51 ㎛) represented a higher value than other groups (p<0.001). In shear bond strength, NS (35.21±1.44 MPa) of the NL group showed the highest bond strength (p<0.001). The UL group did not show a statistically significant difference between groups (p=0.612). Conclusion: Our study findings reveal that the bond strength of TZP core and veneering ceramic was improved by pre-sintering physical surface treatment than by chemical bonding with liner surface treatment.

• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.27-35
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• 2013

One of the most important factors that have a large influence on performance of the solar water heater system is performance of the solar collector, more detailedly, coating technology on the surface of the solar collector, which can provide high solar absorptance and low emittance. The core of the coating technology is to coat solar selective surfaces. In this study, various performance experiments are carried out using $Cr_2(SO_4)_3{\cdot}15H_2O$ coating technology. Here, IGBT(Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) of 5000A-15V was used as the surface processing rectifier which can stably output power and also can control voltage and current. The plating solution mainly contains black chrome$^{+3}$ concentration, H-y Conductivity, N-u Complex, NF Additive and NC-2 Wetter. Before applying the black chrome coating on the copper plate, optimal conditions are provided by using various preprocessing methods such as removal of fat, activation, electrolytic polishing, nickel strike, copper sulfate plating and bright neckel plating, and then the automatic continuous coating experiment are performed according to plating time and cathode current density. In the experiment, after the removal of fat, chemical polishing, nickel strike and activation processes as the preprocessing methods, the black chrome coating was performed in a plate solution temperature of $28^{\circ}C$ and a cathode current density of $18A/cm^2$ for 90 seconds. The thickness of chrome and nickel on the coated plate is $0.389{\mu}m$, $159{\mu}m$ respectively. As a result of the coating experiment, it showed the most excellent performance having a high solar absorptance of 98% and a low emittance of $5{\pm}1%$ when the black chrome surface had a thickness of $0.398{\mu}m$.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제60권1호
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• pp.132-138
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• 2022

본 연구에서는 광경화 3D 프린팅 방식인 SLA (Stereo Lithography Apparatus) 방식 출력물의 후처리 방법에 따른 표면 특성의 변화를 체계적으로 비교하고, 용도에 맞는 후처리 방법에 대한 정보를 제공하기 위한 기초 연구를 수행하였다. SLA 방식 출력물은 연마를 통해 표면의 불규칙한 미세구조를 규칙적으로 변화시켜 투명도를 일부 개선할 수는 있었으나, 유리와 같은 충분한 투명도를 확보하기는 어려웠다. 연마에 따른 접촉각 특성 변화는 연마 시간이 증가할 수록 그리고 사용된 사포의 입도가 작을 수록 다소 증가하는 경향을 보였으나 샘플 간 편차가 크고 평균 77~90°의 접촉각을 나타내어 대부분 통계적으로 유의미한 차이를 보이지는 않았다. 연마 이외 다양한 방법을 통한 표면처리 방법이 시도되었으며, 시판되는 차량용 흠집제거제나 실리콘 오일 등을 도포하여 쉽고 간단하게 투명도를 개선하는 것이 가능함을 확인하였다. 또한, 입도 사이즈를 줄이며 순차적으로 연마한 후 흠집제거제를 사용함으로써 유리와 같은 높은 투명도를 확보할 수 있는 방법을 제안하였다. 마지막으로 연마와 다양한 방법을 통해 표면처리를 하더라도 접촉각은 90° 이상을 확보하기 어려웠으며 소수성의 특성을 필요로 하는 경우, 본 연구에서 사용된 다양한 방법 외 소수성 코팅과 같은 추가적인 처리가 필요함을 확인하였다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.205-216
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• 2023

이 연구의 목적은 3D 프린팅 레진의 연마 방법에 따른 색조 안정성과 표면 조도를 시간에 따라 비교하는 것이다. 3D 프린터와 TC-80DP 레진을 이용하여 3D 프린팅 레진 시편을 제작하였고, 각 시편은 연마하지 않은 군, Enhance^®군, Sof-Lex^TM군으로 분류되었다. 각 군은 연마 직후 기준점을 측정하고, 다시 인공 타액과 오렌지 주스에 나누어 침전시킨 뒤, 침전 1, 7, 30, 60일에 CIE L^*a^*b^* 값의 색차(ΔE^*)와 각 시점의 표면 조도가 측정되었다. 연구 결과, 60일 침전 후 인공 타액에서는 육안으로 확인 가능한 정도의 색조 변화는 일어나지 않았으나 오렌지 주스에서는 육안으로 확인 가능한 색조 변화가 나타났고, 용액에 따른 차이는 유의미했다. 표면 조도는 Sof-Lex^TM군에서만 오렌지 주스가 인공 타액보다 유의하게 높았다. 연마 방법에 따른 색조 변화의 차이는 없었으나 표면 조도는 Sof-Lex^TM군이 연마하지 않은 군과 Enhance^®군보다 유의하게 낮았으며, 모든 군에서 치태 침착 임계 조도보다는 높았지만, 임상적으로 허용 가능한 정도였다. 이번 연구 결과, 유전치 전장관 수복을 위해 영구 수복용 3D 프린팅 레진 사용 시 착색제 섭취에 유의해야 하며, SofLex^TM를 이용하여 연마하는 것이 권장된다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제58권3호
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• pp.207-216
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• 2020

목적: 최근 치과에 도입된 polyetherketoneketone (PEKK)의 연마 특성이 Candida albicans의 부착에 미치는 영향을 기존 의치상재료인 polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)와 비교하고자 하였다. 재료 및 방법: PEKK(그룹 E)와 PMMA(그룹 M)를 사용하여 직경 8 mm, 두께 2 mm인 원판 형태 시편을 제작한 후 연마 정도에 따라 각각 2개 그룹으로 세분하였다(ER, MR: rough; EP, MP: polished, 각 그룹당 시편 12개). 연마는 SiC 연마지로 시행하였으며, ER과 MR 그룹에서는 600 grit SiC 연마지만으로, EP와 MP 그룹에서는 600, 800, 1,000, 1,200 grit SiC 연마지로 단계적으로 연마하였다. 표면의 평균 거칠기는 원자력간 현미경(AFM)을 사용하여 Sa값을 측정하였고 주사전자 현미경으로 1,000배와 20,000배 확대하여 표면을 관찰하였다. 24-well 세포배양 용기에 연마된 시편 및 C. albicans 현탁액을 넣고 37℃에서 2시간 동안 배양하여 C. albicans의 부착을 유도하였으며, 부착된 진균을 피펫팅을 통해 분리하고 현탁액을 10 배씩 단계적으로 10³ 배까지 희석한 후, Sabouraud dextrose 고체배지에 스프레더를 이용하여 접종하였다. 48시간 후 각 고체배지에 형성된 집락의 개수(CFU/plate)를 세어 기록하였다. 측정된 값들의 통계적 차이를 확인하기 위해 one-way ANOVA와 Tukey HSD test를 수행하고 유의수준을 0.05로 정하였다. 결과: 평균 Sa 값은 MR 그룹이 다른 그룹에 비해 유의하게 더 높게 나타나 단계적 연마지 연마법은 PMMA 시편에서만 유의한 효과가 있었음을 확인할 수 있었다 (P < .05). MP 그룹과 EP 그룹간에 Sa 값은 유의한 차이가 없었다. 주사전자현미경 관찰결과 PEKK 시편들의 표면에서 다수의 보풀 같은 돌기가 형성되어 있는 것을 볼 수 있었고 EP 그룹에서 더 심해진 것을 관찰할 수 있었다. CFU/plate의 평균값은 EP 그룹에서 가장 높게 나왔으며 가장 낮은 MP 그룹과 유의한 차이를 보였다 (P < .05). 결론: PMMA와 비교하여 PEKK에서는 단계적 연마지를 이용한 연마를 시행 시 C. albicans의 부착 증가로 이어질 수 있으며, 임상에서도 이러한 점에 대한 신중한 고려가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.229-234
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• 2006

Diamonds have been widely employed as polishing media for precise machining and noble substrates for microelectronics. The recent development of the split sphere press has led to the enhancement of low quality natural diamonds. Synthesized and treated diamonds are sometimes traded deceptively as high quality natural diamonds because it is hard to distinguish among these diamonds with conventional gemological characterization method. Therefore, we need to develop a new identification method that is non-destructive, fast, and inexpensive. We proposed using new methods of UV fluorescence and X-ray Lang topography for checking the local HPHT stress field to distinguish these diamonds from natural ones. We observe unique differences in the local stress field images in treated diamonds using UV fluorescence and Lang topography characterization. Our result implies that our proposed methods may be appropriate for identification of the treated diamonds.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.483-489
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• 2011

연구목적: 본 연구의 목적은 글리세린의 도포가 복합레진의 중합 후 표면경도에 미치는 효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구 재료 및 방법: 디스크 형태의 황동 몰드에 복합레진(Z-250, 3M ESPE)을 충전 후 다음과 같이 광중합 하였다. 1군(대조군)은 복합레진 표면을 공기 중에 노출한 후 40초 동안 광조사, 2군은 표면을 Mylar strip으로 덮은 후 40초 광조사, 3군은 표면을 glycerin으로 도포 후 40초 광조사, 4군은 공기 중에 노출시켜 20초 광조사한 다음 시편 표면에 glycerin으로 도포한 후 추가로 20초 동안 광조사 하였다. 각 그룹당 20개의 시편을 준비하였고, 연마 후 또는 연마를 하지 않고 시편의 표면경도를 측정하였다. 5일 후 각 시편의 표면경도를 재 측정하였다. 데이터는 three-way ANOVA와 Tukey's post hoc test를 이용하여 분석하였다. 결과: 중합 직 후, 연마하지 않은 시편의 표면경도는 2군 > 3군 > 4군 > 1군의 순이었다. 연마한 경우 각 군 사이의 유의한 차이는 없었다. 같은 군 내에서는 5일 후 표면경도가 중합 직 후 보다 증가하였고 연마한 경우가 연마하지 않은 경우보다 더 높은 표면경도를 나타냈다. 결론: 중합 후 복합레진의 표면경도를 증가시키기 위한 가장 좋은 방법은 연마였고, 중합 전 Mylar strip의 사용이나 glycerin의 도포 역시 중합된 복합레진의 표면경도를 증가시켰다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.9-18
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• 2017

Objectives: This study evaluated color differences (${\Delta}Es$) and translucency parameter changes (${\Delta}TPs$) of various computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) blocks after immersion in coffee. Materials and Methods: Eight CAD/CAM blocks and four restorative composite resins were evaluated. The CIE $L^{\ast}a^{\ast}b^{\ast}$ values of 2.0 mm thick disk-shaped specimens were measured using the spectrophotometer on white and black backgrounds (n = 6). The ${\Delta}Es$ and ${\Delta}TPs$ of one day, one week, and one month immersion in coffee or water were calculated. The values of each material were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparisons (${\alpha}=0.05$). The ${\Delta}Es$ after prophylaxis paste polishing of 1 month coffee immersion specimens, water sorption and solubility were also evaluated. Results: After one month in coffee, ${\Delta}Es$ of CAD/CAM composite resin blocks and restorative composites ranged from 1.6 to 3.7 and from 2.1 to 7.9, respectively, and ${\Delta}TPs$ decreased. The ANOVA of ${\Delta}Es$ and ${\Delta}TPs$ revealed significant differences in two main factors, immersion periods and media, and their interaction except for ${\Delta}Es$ of TEL (Telio CAD, Ivoclar Vivadent). The ${\Delta}Es$ significantly decreased after prophylaxis polishing except GRA (Gradia Block, GC). There was no significant correlation between ${\Delta}Es$ and water sorption or solubility in water. Conclusions: The ${\Delta}Es$ of CAD/CAM blocks after immersion in coffee varied among products and were comparable to those of restorative composite resins. The discoloration of CAD/CAM composite resin blocks could be effectively removed with prophylaxis paste polishing, while that of some restorative composites could not be removed.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.458-472
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• 1987

A heart supplies bloods of about 15, 000 liters to each human organ in a day. A normal function of heart valves is necessary to this act of heart. The disease of heart valve develops to a narrowness of a closure, resulting in an abnormal circulation of bloods. In an attempt to eliminate the affliction of heart valves, the operation method to repair with artificial heart valves has been developed and saved numerous patients over past 30 years. This replacement operation has been performed since early 1960`s in Korea, but all the artificial heart valves used are imported from abroad with very high costs until recent years. The artificial heart valve using pyrolytic carbon has been developed at KAIST, which was proved to be stable in the mechanical performance and durability. Therefore, the in viva performance of this valve was examined through animal tests. The artificial heart valves used in this study are tilting disc type valves, in which the disc were made of graphite coated with pyrolytic carbon and the cages were made of titanium. In viva testings of these valves were performed in 12 dogs, in which right ventriculo-pulmonary arterial [Croup I] or inter-aortic [Croup IV] valved conduit was implanted using polytetrafluoroethylene conduits containing KAIST valve and aortic valve [Group II] or pulmonary valve [Croup III] was replaced by a KAIST valve with a 21mm or 19mm tissue annulus diameter. In group I and II, pre-and post-operative transvalvular pressure gradient was measured and compared with other prosthetic valves. During post operative period laboratory examination was performed including hemoglobin, hematocrit, red cell count, white cell, lactic acid dehydrogenase and platelet. The eight surviving dogs were sacrificed and autopsy was performed at 2, 6, and 8 weeks. KAIST valve has low transvalvular gradient and relatively high orifice area. Average ventriculo-aortic peak systolic transvalvular gradient was 14 mmHg in 21 mm valve and 19 mmHg in 19 mm valve. The valve has slight intravascular hemolysis effect. Thrombogenic effect of low polishing quality and eddy currents around small orifice is high. The valve has vulnerability of disc movement. These animal tests suggest that the improvement of the heart valve design, surface polishing state and prescription methods.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.300-307
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• 2018

PURPOSE. To investigate the fatigue and fracture resistance of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) ceramic molar crowns on dental implants and human teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Molar crowns (n=48; n=8/group) were fabricated of a lithium-disilicate-strengthened lithium aluminosilicate glass ceramic (N). Surfaces were polished (P) or glazed (G). Crowns were tested on human teeth (T) and implant-abutment analogues (I) simulating a chairside (C, crown bonded to abutment) or labside (L, screw channel) procedure for implant groups. Polished/glazed lithium disilicate (E) crowns (n=16) served as reference. Combined thermal cycling and mechanical loading (TC: $3000{\times}5^{\circ}C/3000{\times}55^{\circ}C$; ML: $1.2{\time}10^6$ cycles, 50 N) with antagonistic human molars (groups T) and steatite spheres (groups I) was performed under a chewing simulator. TCML crowns were then analyzed for failures (optical microscopy, SEM) and fracture force was determined. Data were statistically analyzed (Kolmogorow-Smirnov, one-way-ANOVA, post-hoc Bonferroni, ${\alpha}=.05$). RESULTS. All crowns survived TCML and showed small traces of wear. In human teeth groups, fracture forces of N crowns varied between $1214{\pm}293N$ (NPT) and $1324{\pm}498N$ (NGT), differing significantly ($P{\leq}.003$) from the polished reference EPT ($2044{\pm}302N$). Fracture forces in implant groups varied between $934{\pm}154N$ (NGI_L) and $1782{\pm}153N$ (NPI_C), providing higher values for the respective chairside crowns. Differences between polishing and glazing were not significant ($P{\geq}.066$) between crowns of identical materials and abutment support. CONCLUSION. Fracture resistance was influenced by the ceramic material, and partly by the tooth or implant situation and the clinical procedure (chairside/labside). Type of surface finish (polishing/glazing) had no significant influence. Clinical survival of the new glass ceramic may be comparable to lithium disilicate.