• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.151-156
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• 1985

In this paper, the plane stress fracture toughness of cold rolled 4.5mm thick SS41 steel plate was investigated for various crack ratios respectively in case of base metal, normalized and annealed heat-treated specimens using the method of J-integral. The specimen geometry used was double edge tension (DET) specimen. The experiments were performed on an Instron machine and all the crack lengths were measured by travelling microscope. The plane stress fracture toughness obtained by the method of Rice equation was J sub(1C)=22.8kgf/mm for the base metal, j sub(1C)-24.7kgf/mm for the normalized specimen and J sub(1C)=26.9 kgf/mm for the annealed. The J-integral computed at the limit load was found unsuitable for fracture toughness determination, because of large variation depending on the crack ratio.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.7 no.8
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• pp.91-98
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• 1999

This paper describes the air flow characteristics inside the throttle valve. Tow-dimensional steady incompressible Navier-Strokes equation are solved numerically with embedding the conceopt of the artificial compressibility and adopting the Baldwin-Lomax turbulence model. With varying the valve opening angles(the Reynolds number )such as 15$^{\circ}$(5000) , 45$^{\circ}$(3000) , 75$^{\circ}$(7000) and 90$^{\circ}$(10000), respectively. tow cases, with a valve shaft and without one, are analysed. The pressure loss between the entrance and exit is severe at 15$^{\circ}$, 100 times as larger as that of 90$^{\circ}$ case, which also depends much on the existece of the valve shaft. The counter rotating vortices are formed over the valve plate with the shaft at only 75$^{\circ}$. They are smally and very large scale in front and back of the valve shaft , respectively. The velocity profiles of 15$^{\circ}$ and 90$^{\circ}$ at the exit are almost symmetric to the horizontal center line, however, the symmetricity is no longer maintained at 45$^{\circ}$ and 75$^{\circ}$ , and in addition, the flow at 75$^{\circ}$ is enforced a lot below center line. The pressure distribution on the walls is largely changed near the valve shaft, and its magnitude becomes great as the valve angle decreases.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.1903-1908
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• 2008

This paper presents a characteristics of linear induction motor considering airgap variation for railway transit in order to achieve high performance of the vehicle. The operating principle of a LIM(Linear induction motor) is identical to a rotary induction motor. Space-time variant magnetic fields are generated by the primary part across the airgap and induce the electro-motive force(EMF) in the secondary part, a conducting sheet. This EMF generates the eddy currents, which interact with the airgap flux and so produce the thrust force known as Loren's force. Even though the operating principal is exactly same as a rotary motor, the linear motor has a finite length of the primary or secondary parts and it causes static and dynamic end-effect which is the discontinuous airgap flux phenomenon. This end-effect causes the deterioration of the system performance, especially in high-speed operation. Another problem is that construction tolerance restricts the minimum airgap in order to prevent a collision between the primary part and the secondary reaction plate. More over, as the airgap length is getting smaller, the attraction force between the primary part and secondary parts is getting larger dramatically and the attraction force would be another friction against propulsion. Therefore, it is necessary to figure out the characteristics of linear induction motor considering airgap variation in order to achieve high performance of the vehicle. The dynamic model of LIM taking into account end-effects is derived. Then the modified mechanical load equation considering the effect of the attraction and thrust force according to the airgap variation is analyzed. The simulation results are presented to show the effect of the LIM according to the airgap variation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.12 no.3 s.46
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• pp.291-302
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• 2000

In recent years the development of high modulus, high strength and low density boron and graphite fibers bonded together has brought renewed interestes in structural elements. When a plate with arbitrarily oriented layers and clamped boundary conditions is subjected to uniform loading, it is difficult to analyze and apply, compared with isotropic and orthotropic cases. Therefore the numerical methods, such as finite difference method or finite element method, should be emloyed to analyse such problems. In this study the finite difference technique is used to formulate the bending analysis of symmetric composite laminated skew plates. When this technique is used to solve the problem, it is desirable to reduce the order of the derivatives in order to minimize the number of the pivotal points involved in each equation. The 4th order partial differential equations of laminated skew plates are converted to an equivalent three of 2nd order partial differential equations with three dependant variables.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.221-225
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• 2001

Flow properties of red flower cabbage pigment solutions were determined over a wide range of temperatures ($20-50^{\circ}C$) and soluble solid concentrations (1-65%) using a cone and plate rotational viscometer. Flow properties of the pigment solutions were adequately described by the simple power law model. Within the tested ranges of concentration, temperature and shear rate, the flow behavior index (n) and the consistency index (K) of the solutions were in the ranges of 0.841-0.998 and $0.008-31.525\;Pa{\cdot}s^n$, respectively. The effect of temperature on the apparent viscosity of the solutions followed an Arrhenius type relationship. Activation energy of flow varied from 9.36 to 52.48 kJ/mol depending on the solid concentration and shear rate. The combined effect of temperature and concentration on the apparent viscosity at the shear rate of $100\;s^{-1}$ could be represented by a single equation as ${\ln}\;{\eta}_a\;=\;6.11\;-\;3103.94(1/T)\;-\;0.03C$.

• Bulletin of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1977

The major objects of this report are to supplement data of natural frequencies of thin elastic rectangular plates to the available data, and to give an experimental verification for natural frequencies obtained by Rayleigh-Ritz method, the generation set of which are eigenfunctions of Euler beams. For the first object the following five models, for which data only for the fundamental mode or data only for square plates are available, are adopted; (1) two opposed edges are clamped and the other two opposed edges simply supported (C-C, S-S), (2) one edge is simply supported and the other three edges clamped (C-C, C-S), (3) one edge is free and the other three edges clamped (C-C, C-F), (4) two adjacent edges are clamped and the other two adjacent edges free (C-F, C-F). For the (C-C, S-S) model the frequency equation obtained with the mode shapes assumed as of a single trigonometric series is solved. And for the other four models Rayleigh-Ritz method taking eigenfunctions of Euler beams as the generating set is applied. The numerical examples are obtained up to the fourth, the fifth or the sixth order depending on the range of the aspect ratio (0.1-10.0). The number of terms in the generating set for Rayleigh-Ritz method is fifteen for all models. For the experiment three models made of 3.2mm thickness mild steel plate for general structure use were prepared in following size; $300mm{\times}600mm,\;600mm{\times}600mm\;and\;900mm{\times}600mm$. Their boundary conditions are made to fit (C-C, C-F) condition. From the experiment mechanical impedance curves based on the frequency response method were obtained together with phase relation diagrams. The experimental data are resulted in good conformity to calculated values.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.42-46
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• 2016

Hydrogen assisted cracking (HAC) is one of the most complicated problem in welding. Huge amount of studies have been done for decades. Based on them, various standards have been established to avoid HAC. But it is still a chronic problem in industrial field. It is well known that the main causes of the hydrogen crack are residual stress, crack susceptible micro structures and a certain critical level of hydrogen concentration. Even though the exact generating mechanism is unclear till today, it has been reported that the hydrogen level in the weld metal should be managed less than a certain amount to prevent it. Matsuda studied that the residual hydrogen level in the weld metal can be varied even if the initial hydrogen content is same. It is also insisted in this report that the residual hydrogen concentration is in stronger correlation with hydrogen crack than the initial hydrogen content. But, in practical point of view, the residual hydrogen is still hard to consider because measuring hydrogen level is time and cost consuming process. In this regard, numerical analysis is the only solution for considering the residual hydrogen content. Meanwhile, Takahashi showed the possibility of predicting the residual hydrogen by a rigorous FE analysis. But, few commercial software suitable for solving the weld metal hydrogen has been reported yet. In this study, two dimensional thermal - hydrogen coupled analysis was developed by using the commercial FE software MARC. Since the governing equation of the hydrogen diffusion is similar to the heat transfer, it is shown that the heat transfer FE analysis in association with hydrogen diffusion property can be used for hydrogen diffusion analysis. A series of simulation was performed to verify the accuracy of the model. For BOP (Bead-On-Plate) and the multi-pass butt welding simulations, remaining hydrogen contents in the weld metal is well matched with measurements which are referred from Kim and Masamitsu.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.1667-1676
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• 2014

Because of the different flexural rigidity between longitudinal and transverse direction, orthotropic plate theory may be suitable for describing the behavior of composite deck. The ratio of flexural rigidity between longitudinal and transverse direction affects the live load moment. Because of the ratio of flexural rigidity of concrete unfilled steel grid deck has a direct relationship with main bearing bar spacing, it is concluded that the study for the distribution factor which is effected by main bearing bar spacing and aspect ratio is needed. In this study, evaluate the live load moment of concrete unfilled steel grid deck using the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specification and presents the distribution coefficient equation for concrete unfilled steel grid deck.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.35 no.11
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• pp.1169-1176
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• 2011

Liquid film flows are classified into waveless laminar, wavy laminar, and turbulent flows depending on the Reynolds number or the flow stability. Since the wavy motions of the film flows are so intricate and nonlinear, studies on them have largely been experimental. Most numerical approaches have been limited to the waveless flow regime. The various free surface-tracking schemes adopted for this problem were used to more accurately estimate the average film thickness, rather than to capture the unsteady wavy motion. In this study, the wavy motions in laminar wavy liquid film flows with Reynolds numbers of 200-1000 were simulated with various numerical schemes based on the volume of fluid (VOF) method for interface tracking. The results from each numerical scheme were compared with the experimental results in terms of the average film thickness, the wave velocity, and the wave amplitude.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.286-291
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• 2008

Insulation of refrigerator with gasket material near door becomes the technical point at the aspect of heat loss and energy efficiency. Heat loss of refrigerator through the gasket is nearly 30%. In this paper, quantitative evaluation method of heat loss through gasket in established suggest the method for the improvement of heat loss. To analyze the heat transfer, we have used the common software Fluent that is used to CFD. Because of using the convection coefficient of heat transfer, we have solved only the equation of energy for heat transfer. As a result, we have known that heat loss flows through the heat flux vector and that the heat gathered out of the outside iron plate is transferred inner part through the gasket and ABS, etc. Through the result of the numerical simulation that use sub-gasket, we have known that we are able to reduce the heat loss about $20{\sim}40%$. when we applied that sub-gasket on a real refrigerator, the power consumption had reduced about 4.76%. In addition, when we applied a more improved sub-gasket on a real refrigerator and measured the power of the refrigerator the power consumption does reduce about 3% and we will try to apply the improved sub-gasket on a new models of refrigerator.