• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.337-346
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• 2010

We report non-specific immune responses and disease resistance against Vibrio anguillarum, Streptococcus iniae and Edwardsiella tarda by dietary supplementation of fermented garlic powder (FGP) in olive flounder for the first time. Four isonitrogenous (45% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.1 MJ/kg) diets were formulated to have 0%, 0.5%, 1% and 2% of the FGP (G-0, G-0.5, G-1 and G-2). The experimental diets were fed to juvenile olive flounder averaging 23.4 g in triplicate groups (90 fish/group) in a flow-through system. After a five-week feeding trial, healthy fish with similar sizes from each tank were selected and injected with 1 ml of three bacteria each to evaluate disease resistance of the fish. During the 5-week feeding trial, the weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, and survival of the fish were not significantly affected by the experimental diets. However, feed intake was significantly lower (P<0.05) in the fish fed the G-2 diet compared with the control group. Hemoglobin, myeloperoxidase activity, cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were not different between the dietary groups. However, hematocrit, nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) activity, and lysozyme activity were increased (P<0.05) with an increment of dietary FGP. Plasma triglyceride of the fish fed the G-0.5 diet was significantly lower than that of fish fed the control diet. The cumulative mortality was lower in the fish fed diets containing FGP compared with the control group in the challenge test except for the bacteria Edwardsiella tarda. The results in this study indicate that dietary supplementation of FGP can enhance the non-specific immune responses and disease resistance of olive flounder against V. anguillarum and S. iniae.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.68-78
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of exercise and diet control program on blood pattern in obese children. The subjects of this study were five obese boys aged from 8 to 12 participating in the control period(C) for 3 days, exercise period(E) for one week, and exercise+energy restriction period(EER) for another one week, consecutively. The intensity of the exercise was 60~70% of HRmax and the energy was restricted at 493kcal/day. Daily mean total energy intake was 2,152${\pm}$138kcal. 1,861${\pm}$138kca1, and 1,368${\pm}$87kcal for the period C, E and EER, respectively. Body weight of after the program was significantly decreased from 48.94$\pm$5.11kg to 45.94${\pm}$4.74kg(P<0.01). And skinfold thickness. %fat. lean body mass, body mass index were significantly decreased(p<0.01). Blood sugar concentration was not significantly affected by weight loss, but alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly decreased. Concentrations of total lipid, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipid were not significantly decreased. But concentrations of HDL-cholesterol, %HDL-cholesterol, free fatty acid were significantly increased and concentration of VLDL-cholesterol, atherogenic index were significantly decreased. The results of this study showed that the obese children had a tendency to decrease coronary heart disease risk in the respect of plasma HDL-cholesterol and VLDL-cholesterol concentration by the exercise plus energy restriction program. Thus if we apply the lower intensity or duration of exercise for them this program might be more effective on the obese children.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.52-58
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• 2004

The active principle responsible for lipid lowering in Chinese cabbage kimchi, 3-(4-hydroxyl-3'5'-dimethoxyphenyl)propionic acid, of molecular weight 226, was chemically synthesized and then used for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia in male New Zealand white rabbit. Hypercholesterolemia in rabbits were induced by feeding 0.5% cholesterol added chow diet for 5 weeks. Each experimental group has four rabbits in it. for the 1st experiment,3-(4-hydroxyl-3'5'-dimethoxyphenyl)propionic acid or simvastatin was injected to the ear vein of rabbit every other day for 16 days (2 mg/3 kg/2 days) while normal chow diet was provided. Blood was drawn every 4th day. For the 2nd experiment, all the experimental condition was same as the 1st trial except 0.5% cholesterol diet was provided while 16 days. Plasma cholesterol level was decreased when cholesterol in the diet was removed. Decreased in cholesterol in kimchi and simvastatin groups were 18.65 and 29.67%, respectively compared to the control when the normal diet was given, and cholesterol increase was inhibited by 33.79 and 21.81% for kimchi and simvastatin groups, respectively, when 0.5% cholesterol diet was provided. The drop in LDL-C level by the active principle of kimchi and simvastatin was not significant when normal diet was given, however the changes was significant (p<0.05), approximately 130% decrease, when 0.5% cholesterol diet was given. The 105% and 62% decreased in triglyceride concentration were observed from 0.5% cholesterol diet fed kimchi and simvastatin groups respectively HDL cholesterol levels in experimental groups were not changed significantly from the both trials. The HMG-CoA reductase activity of kimchi and simvastatin groups were found to be higher than that of control to compensate the hypercholesterolemic condition induced by 0.5% cholesterol diet in these groups. In conclusion, diet is an important factor to control the hypercholesterolemia besides drug treatment. 3-(4-hydroxyl-3'5'-dimethoxyphenyl)propionic acid that is the active principle in Chinese cabbage kimchi seems a beneficial to the hypercholesterolemia and its effect is comparable to that of simvastatin.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.9
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• pp.1187-1194
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• 2009

This study was performed to estimate the prevalence and the risk factors of arthritis in Andong rural area in 2003. The subjects were 1,462 people (544 males, 818 females) aged 45 years and over. The arthritis group was composed of 322 people (72 males, 250 females), diagnosed by doctor or self-diagnosed by the symptoms. Prevalence of arthritis was higher in female (27.2%) compared to male (13.2%). Mean age of arthritis group was significantly higher than that of normal group (male 66.2 vs 62.8, female 62.6 vs 60.1, p<0.001). The anthropometric measurements, such as % body fat, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference, and the biochemical measurements, such as plasma triglyceride and total cholesterol level, were significantly higher only in female (not in male) arthritis group than those in normal group. Health related lifestyle factors, such as smoking, alcohol drinking, and exercise, were not different between both groups. The risk factors for arthritis were analyzed using the multiple logistic regression method and expressed as odds ratio (OR). The results showed that female compared to male (OR=1.983), over 65 years compared to 45$\sim$64 years (male OR=2.769 and female OR=1.461), and obese female subjects (not for male) by % body fat ($\geq$32% OR=2.035) or BMI ($\geq$25 kg/$m^2$ OR=1.556) showed significantly higher risk factors for arthritis. Regarding nutrient intakes, higher intakes of fat (OR=1.443), calcium (OR=1.503), iron (OR=1.518) and vitamin A (OR=1.390) in female seemed to be risk factors. In contrast to female, higher intakes of vitamin A (OR=0.526) and riboflavin (OR=0.582) seemed to decrease the risk for arthritis in male. This study revealed that the prevalence of arthritis was significantly higher in female and aged individuals. Also, in order to decrease the prevalence and/or prevention of arthritis, female should prevent overfatness and decrease some nutrient intakes, while male should increase their intakes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.7
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• pp.1036-1042
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• 2013

The aim of the present study is to elucidate the anti-obesity effects of Doenjang with and without salt in C57BL/6J mice. For the analysis, a total of forty mice were randomly divided into four groups: normal diet group (ND), high-fat diet group (HD), high-fat diet supplemented with 20% Doenjang group (DJ), high-fat diet supplemented with 20% unsalted Doenjang group (NS). During the study period, food intake and body weight were measured daily and weekly, respectively. The animals were sacrificed after 12 weeks. Body weight gain, epididymal fat pad weight and serum triglyceride levels of DJ group were found to be significantly lower than those of the HD and NS groups. Serum total-cholesterol levels of DJ and NS groups were significantly lower as compared to the HD group. There were significant decreases in plasma insulin and leptin levels in DJ group compared with the HD and NS groups. We did not observe any significant changes in the expression of hepatic lipogenic-related gene $PPAR{\gamma}$ among the HD, DJ and NS groups. However, ACC expression was found to be significantly decreased in DJ group. Lipolysis-related gene ($PPAR{\alpha}$ and CPT-1) expression was significantly higher in the DJ group as compared to HD and NS groups. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that Doenjang supplementation lowers body weight gain and improves obesity-related parameters.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.10
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• pp.1422-1430
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• 2015

This study was conducted to determine the effect of fermented water extracts from Ligularia fischeri (LAF) on reduction of hepatotoxicity induced by D-galactosamine (D-GalN) in rats. In this experiment, male Sprague-Dawley rats were used as experimental animals, which were divided into eight groups: normal group, D-GalN-treated group (control), D-GalN and non-fermented water extracts from Ligularia fischeri (LA)-treated groups [100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW (body weight)], and D-GalN and LAF-treated groups (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW). ${\gamma}$-Glutamyl transferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase activities in serum of the D-GalN and LAF-treated groups decreased significantly compared to those of the control group (P<0.05). The high density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels of the D-GalN and LAF-treated groups increased significantly compared to those of the control group (P<0.05). The low density lipoprotein-cholesterol and triglyceride levels of the D-GalN and LAF-treated groups decreased significantly compared to those of the control group (P<0.05). The atherogenic index values of the D-GalN and LAF-treated groups decreased significantly compared to those of the control group (P<0.05), and their high density lipoprotein cholesterol by total cholesterol ratio increased significantly in these groups (P<0.05). Superoxide dismutase activity of liver tissues were enhanced significantly (P<0.05) in the D-GalN and LAF-treated groups compared to that of the control group (P<0.05), whereas their malondialdehyde content decreased significantly in these groups (P<0.05). The histopathological observations revealed apoptotic cells and mild portal inflammation in liver tissues of the D-GalN and LAF-treated groups. Taken together, these results demonstrate that LAF may improve plasma lipid profile and alleviate hepatic damage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.10
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• pp.1431-1438
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• 2015

This study was conducted to determine the effects of fermented water extracts from Ligularia fischeri (LAF) on reduction of hepatotoxicity induced by ethanol in rats. Ethanol-treated Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the following eight groups: ethanol-treated group (control), ethanol and ursodeoxycholic acid-treated group (positive control), ethanol and non-fermented water extracts from Ligularia fischeri (LA)-treated groups [100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW (body weight)], ethanol and LAF-treated groups (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW). ${\gamma}$-Glutamyl transferase activities of the ethanol+LA-treated (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW) groups and ethanol+LAF-treated (400 mg/kg BW) group decreased significantly compared to those in the control group (P<0.05). Aspartate aminotransferase activities of the ethanol+LAF-treated (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW) groups and ethanol+LA-treated (200 and 400 mg/kg BW) groups decreased significantly compared to those in the control group (P<0.05). Alanine aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase activities of all groups significantly decreased compared to those in the control group (P<0.05). The total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and triglyceride levels of all groups tended to decrease compared to those in the control group, but the differences were not significant. Superoxide dismutase activity of liver tissues was enhanced in the ethanol+LAF-treated (400 mg/kg BW) group (P<0.05). The contents of malondialdehyde in liver tissues decreased in the ethanol+LAF-treated groups (P<0.05). All treated groups showed well preserved lobular architectures with no evidence of steatosis or liver damage compared to the control group. As the results of this study, LAF may improve the plasma lipid profile and alleviate hepatic damage by ethanol.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.947-956
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• 2004

The primary role of lipoprotein lipase(LPL) is the hydrolysis of triglycerides(TG) from the core of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins such as chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins in plasma. Fatty acids liberated by LPL on capillary endothelial surfaces are available for tissues as energy sources especially in muscles or for storage in the form of TG in adipose tissues. Therefore, as the candidate gene related to the carcass traits of the beef cattle, we have directly sequenced the exon 5${\sim}$exon 6 region in the bovine LPL gene for discovery of single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) with 24 unrelated Hanwoo(Korean cattle). Novel eight sequence variants were detected: three loci on exon 5, three on intron 5 and two on exon 6. All SNPs identified were strongly linked each other, and one hundred twenty eight Hanwoo samples were genotyped one SNP on intron 5 using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism method by digestion with Hae III restriction enzyme. The allele frequency of the polymorphism was 0.76 and 0.24. The effects of this polymorphism on the breeding values of the carcass weight, loin muscle area, back fat thickness and marbling score were analyzed using least square methods of SAS GLM. The marbling score of BB genotype was significantly higher than those of AA and AB genotypes(P<0.05). This result indicates that this polymorphism may be associated with the variation of marbling score. Further study is warranted to investigate the phenotypic association in Hanwoo.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.105-120
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• 2014

Objectives : This study was investigated the improvement effects of Gangjihwan (DF) and combination of Gangjihwan and Gamisochehwan (GSH) on obesity in a high fat diet-fed obese mouse model. Methods : Eight-week-old C57BL/6N mice were divided into four groups: a normal lean group given a standard diet, an obese control group given a high fat diet, and DF and DF+GSH groups given a high fat diet with DF (40 mg/kg), and DF+GSH (80 mg/kg), respectively. After 8 weeks of treatment, body weight gain, feeding efficiency ratio, blood lipid markers, fat weight and histology were examined. Results : 1. Body weight gain and fat mass were significantly decreased in DF and DF+GSH groups compared with control. The extent of decreases was eminent in DF+GSH group. 2. Feeding efficiency ratio and circulating concentration of leptin were decreased in DF and DF+GSH groups compared with control. These decreases were significant in DF+GSH group. 3. Consistent with their effects on body weight gain and fat mass, circulating concentrations of triglyceride, glucose and insulin were decreased in DF and DF+GSH groups compared with control. 4. The size of adipocytes was decreased by DF and DF+GSH compared with control, whereas the adipocyte number per unit area was increased by them, suggesting that DF and DF+GSH decreased the number of large adipocytes. 5. Consistent with their effects on body weight gain, liver fibrosis was also improved in DF and DF+GSH groups compared with control. Conclusions : In conclusion, these results suggest that DF and DF+GSH groups decrease feeding efficiency ratio, plasma leptin concentration, blood anti-obesity biomarkers and fat mass, improves body weight gain contributing to the inhibition of liver fibrosis. In addition, these effects were more effective in DF+GSH combination group than in DF-only group.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.41 no.8
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• pp.701-710
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• 2008

The wild simulated ginseng (WSG) has been effectively used in folk medicine as a remedy against hepatic disease, hypertension and arthritic disease. However, there is still lack of scientific proof about its antioxidant capability. The present study has been conducted to evaluate the protective role of the WSG ethanol extract in the CCl4-induced oxidative stress and resultant hepatic disfunction in ICR mice. The electron donating abilities and IC50 of WSG etnanol extract were 76.86 ${\pm}$ 1.06% and 33.3 ${\mu}g$/mL (that of ascobic acid was 16.5 ${\mu}g$/mL), respectively. Total antioxidant status of WSG extract was 2.13 ${\pm}$ 0.06 mmoL/mg, while the values of ascorbic acid and BHT were 3.63 ${\pm}$ 0.06 and 3.12 ${\pm}$ 0.02, respectively. ICR mice (aged 3weeks) were fed for 4 weeks on AIN-93M diet and had free access to food and water. The animals were divided into three groups: normal group (intraperitoneally (i.p) injected with PBS at 100 ${\mu}L$/mouse), group C; CCl4-induced and without any treatment. (i.p injected only PBS, 100 ${\mu}L$ /mice), group G; CCl4-induced and treated with WSG (i.p injected with 5 mg WSG extract per mouse, suspended in 100 ${\mu}L$ phosphate buffer). After the i.p. injection of WSG or PBS (5 times for 7weeks), all mice were administered CCl4 in olive oil at the last day of the experiment, except for normal group. The normal group was administered only olive oil. Determination of plasma triglyceride, total cholersterol, fasting glucose and GPT activity was performed using automatic blood analyzer. To evaluate the protective effect against the oxidative stress, DNA fragmentation and TBARS were determined in blood leucocytes and RBC and hepatocyte, respectively. Body and organs weights and food intake did not show significant differences among the groups. Blood total cholesterol of group G was similar to that of normal group, which was the lowest in group C. The fasting blood glucose level was the highest in normal group (205.20 ${\pm}$ 135.24), which were decreased in group C (134.2 ${\pm}$ 79.31) and group G (126.48 ${\pm}$ 77.05). TBARS values in a red blood cell and hepatic tisuue homogenate were lower in group G comparing to the group C. DNA% in tail, tail length (TL) and tail moment (TM) of blood leucoocytes showed the highest values in group C (20.11 ${\pm}$ 2.47, 17.36 ${\pm}$ 2.58, 94.11 ${\pm}$ 12.29) and they were significantly diminished in group G (9.63 ${\pm}$ 1.19, 7.04 ${\pm}$ 1.50, 38.64 ${\pm}$ 7.60). In conclusion, wild simulated ginseng might be a protective agent against the oxidative stress.