• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.212-223
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• 2012

Pigments used paintings, ornaments, weapons and various objects have been recognised as important elements to ascertain the history, manufacturing technique and cultural migration. Since the understanding of composition of pigments by analysis began in 1963, its technique and methodology has much advanced in recent years; recent study used the portable X-ray Fluorescence as non-destructive analysis has been practiced in particular. However the study on pigments necessitates overall and systematic research because it is difficult to understand periodical and regional use of pigments. by fractional studies. Therefore this research investigates the coloring materials and painting techniques of the scroll painting depicting preaching scene of Sakyamuni Buddha in Daeungjeon Hall, a main hall of Bulguk temple, through scientific analysis and comparison of various pigments which had been applied to the buddhist paintings of Joseon Dynasty. Consequently, it is confirmed that the scroll painting used pigments of white lead[$2PbCO_3{\cdot}Pb(OH)_2$] for ground layer and used mixture of different pigments such as cinnabar (HgS) minium($Pb_3O_4$) malachite($2CuO{\cdot}CO_2{\cdot}H_2O$) hematite($Fe_2O_3$) gold(Ag) for presenting various colors on the painting layer. It has been also believed that mineral pigments were applied to the scroll painting, yet it is difficult to confirm whether it is natural or synthetic pigments because the crystal structures of pigments were not analyzed. The results of this study, however, provide useful reference data for the understanding of the components of pigments and manufacturing techniques of buddhist scroll paintings, in particular, of Joseon Dynasty.

• Journal of the Korean Graphic Arts Communication Society
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.81-99
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• 1996

The characteristics of printing inks are affected, to a greater or lesser extent, by the size and distribution of the pigment particles in the dispersion. Color strength, transparency and gloss increase with a decrease in particle size of pigments and with an increase in surface area of pigments. On the contrary, opacity and lightfastness tend to increases with an increase in particle size of pigments and with a decrease in surface are and particle size if pigments on the physical properties of printing ink which made up vehicles for sheet fed and organic pigment Lake Red C(C.I Pigment Red 53:1) that different surface area and particle size.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.26 no.3A
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• pp.547-553
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• 2006

To know the effect of pigments on the material properties of color concrete, mortar and concrete tests were carried out by the using 5 kinds of pigment. The major component of red, yellow and black pigments was iron oxide and coloring component of blue and green pigments was copper phthalocyanine. Properties of mortar and concrete were some of difference according to adding ratio and kind of pigments. In case of using red, yellow and black pigments, setting time of concrete speeded a little and compressive strength was tendency to increase and slump or air content of concrete was same or decreased. On the other hand, in case of using green and blue pigments, compressive strength of concrete decreased largely because of the excessive air entrainment of surfactant and sump or air content of concrete increased highly. When the antifoaming agent was added to the color concrete mixed with green and blue pigments, compressive strength of concrete was improved and similar to that of concrete without pigment.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.45 no.10
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• pp.13-20
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• 2007

A new method for competent extraction of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius Linnaeus) colorants by using ultrasonic device was developed. When comparing to general extraction method, the ultrasonic method showed high extraction efficiency of safflower pigments. Ultrasonic method gave a higher extraction yield of red and yellow safflower pigments than using general method. It is supposed that the extraction efficiency is to be attributed to high vibration energies from ultrasound and finally induced physical changes of the pigments. Furthermore, this study explored the effects of ultrasonic treatment into the extracted safflower pigments on dyeing of cotton fabrics. Ultrasonic treatment into the extracted pigments exhibited significantly improved dyeing properties for the cotton fabrics.

• Journal of the Korean Graphic Arts Communication Society
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.101-113
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• 1996

In general, printing inks are mainly composed of pigments and vehicles. Its characteristics are affected, to a greater or lesser extent, by the size and distribution of the pigment particles in the dispersion. Color strength, transparency and gloss generally increases with an decrease in particle size of pigments. On the contrary, opacity, lightfastness tend to increases with an increase in particle size of pigments In this work, we have investigated an effect of surface area of pigments on the physical properties of printing of printing ink which made up vehicles for sheet fed and organic pigment Lake Red C(C.I.Pigment Red 53:1) that different surface area and particle size. It was found that gloss, tack and yield value increases with an increase in surface are of pigments, but grindness is reduced.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.123-127
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• 1996

The isolation and chemical characterization of yellow food pigments from Monascus purpureus were studied according to the compositions of media. Monacus yellow pigments were isolated and purified by solvent fractionation, silicagel column chromatography, TLC and HPLC. The retention time of Monascus yellow pigments isolated by HPLC was respectively 5 min(I) and 9 min(II) as the yeast malt extract agar(YMA) media and was respectively 4.6 min(III), 5 min(I) 5.7 min(IV), 8.3 min(V), 9 min(II) and 10.7 min(Ⅵ) at the malt extract agar(MEA) media. The structure of monascin(I), ankaflavin(II), 6,11-dihydrorubropunctatin(III), 6,11-dihydromonascorubrin(V) and unknown compounds(IV,Ⅵ) was elucidated by EI-Mass, H and C NMR, UV-visible spectrometer. Therefore, it was suggested that 6,11-dihydrorubropunctatin(III) and 6,11-dihydromonascorubrin(V) are new intermediates of Monascus yellow pigments.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.204-208
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• 1998

Geniposide, an iridoid glucoside, has been isolated from the butanol fraction of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (Rubiaceae). The component was found to be transformed into the blue pigments by some aerobic bacteria, suggesting that geniposide is the precursor for the formation of pigments after converting into genipin, an aglycon of geniposide, by ${\beta}-glucosidase$. Some bacteria having a ${\beta}-glucosidase$ activity did not form the pigments, which may mean that the formation of pigments can only be occurred by the reaction of any enzyme or compound in the pigment-producing bacteria.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.379-382
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• 2000

Conditions of isolation for the red color pigments from the Korean Lithospermum erythrorhizon were investigated and identification of the red pigment was analysed. Non-polar solvents were more effective than water. Especially, 95% ethanol was observed as optimum solvent for the pigments extraction. About 20 minutes at 40$^{\circ}C$ with 95% ethanol was enough for the extraction of the red pigments. The major pigment was analysed as acetylshikonin by TLC, IR, NMR and GC/MS.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.215-219
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• 2012

Although the antioxidant capacity of carotenoids and their role in regulating membrane fluidity have been well studied, their ability to confer resistance to hypoosmotic shock is poorly understood. In this work, we analyzed the effect of a mixture of carotenoid pigments obtained from an Antarctic microorganism belonging to the genus Pedobacter on liposomal resistance to hypoosmotic conditions. Intercalation of pigments into liposomal structures resulted in an improvement of membrane resistance by decreasing the percentage of calcein released in comparison to that by liposomes without pigments. Due to these properties, such pigments could be useful for biotechnological applications.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.190-193
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• 2001

Genipin, aglycone of geniposide isolated from fruits of Gardenia jasminoides, was transformed into blue pigments through reaction with glycine and methylamine. The blue pigments formed from glycine-reacted genipin were passed through Bio-Gel P-2 resin yielding fractions GG1 and GG2, and those from methylamine-reacted genipin were separated into fractions GM1-GM4. The first eluted higher molecular-weight fractions, GG1 and GM1, had higher tinctorial strength than the later eluted lower molecular-weight fractions, GG2 and GM2-GM4, respectively. $^1H-NMR$ spectra of GG1 and GM1 showed very broad peaks indicating that structures of the pigments were highly polymeric. $^1H-NMR$ spectra of GG2, GM3, and GM4 showed several sharp peaks at aliphatic and aromatic regions with accompanying broad peaks, although the spectrum of GM2 was rather simple. Determination of the structural and physical nature of the isolated pigments is in progress.