• 제목/요약/키워드: phytotoxic activity

검색결과 51건 처리시간 0.03초

Phytotoxic Effects of Xanthium occidentale Extracts and Residues on Seedling Growth of Several Plant Species

  • Chon Sang-Uk
    • Plant Resources
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    • 제8권2호
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    • pp.116-121
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    • 2005
  • Compositae plants are known to contain biologically active substances that are allelopathic to agricultural crops as well as weed species. Aqueous or methanol extracts and plant residues from leaves of Xanthium occidentale were assayed against alfalfa (Medicago sativa) to determine its allelopathic effects, and the results showed that the extracts applied onto filter paper significantly inhibited seed germination as well as root growth of alfalfa. Aqueous leaf extracts of $40g\;L^{-1}$ were completely inhibitory on root growth of alfalfa, while root growths of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) were less sensitive. Leaf residue incorporation at $100g\;kg^{-1}$ into soil on seedling growth of barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli Beauv. var. oryzicola Ohwi) inhibited both shoot and root fresh weights of barnyard grass by 94 and $96\%$, respectively. Methanol extracts from BuOn and EtOAc fractions of X. occidentale reduced alfalfa root growth more than did those from hexane and water fractions. The results based on bioassay of extracts and residues show that X. occidentale had potent an allelopathic activity against other plant species.

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Acifluorfen 의 경엽처리(莖葉處理)가 대두(大豆) 및 바랭이의 엽조직(葉組織)에서 Peroxidase 활성(活性)에 미치는 영향 (Effects of the Foliar Applied Acifluorfen on the Peroxidase Activity in Leaf Tissue of Soybean (Glycine max Merr.) and Crabgrass (Digitaria adscendens (L.) Scopol.))

  • 김태완;강병화
    • 한국환경농학회지
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    • 제7권1호
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    • pp.52-57
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    • 1988
  • acifluorfen이 대두(大豆)와 바랭이의 경엽(莖葉)에서 peroxidase의 활성(活性)에 어떻게 영향(影響)을 미치는가를 구명(究明)하여 얻어진 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. Peroxidase 활성(活性)은 처리농도(處理濃度)가 높을수록 높았으며 처리시기(處理時期)가 늦을수록 낮았다. 2. 1.5부엽기(復葉期)에 처리(處理)했을 때는 신생엽(新生葉)인 2부엽(復葉)의 활성(活性)이 높았으나, 2.5부엽기(復葉期)에 처리(處理)했을 경우는 신생엽(新生葉)인 3부엽(復葉)의 활성(活性)이 오히려 낮았다. 3. 1.5부엽 (復葉) 처리(處理)의 신생엽(新生葉)인 2부엽(復葉)에서의 peroxidase 활성(活性)이 2.5부엽(復葉)의 처리(處理)의 2부엽(復葉)보다 높았다. 4. 모든 처리엽(處理葉)이 necrosis와 leaf burning현상이 나타났지만, 처리(處理) 14日(일) 후(後)에는 거의 정상으로 회부(回復)되었다. 5. 바랭이는 처리(處理) $1{\sim}2$일후(日後) peroxidase 활성(活性)이 현저히 증가하였고, 5 일후(日後)는 급격히 감소하였다. 이는 바랭이가 acifluorfen 처리후(處理後) $3{\sim}7$ 일내(日內)에 모두 고사(枯死)하였기 때문이었다.

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Antifungal Activity of a Synthetic Cationic Peptide against the Plant Pathogens Colletotrichum graminicola and Three Fusarium Species

  • Johnson, Eric T.;Evans, Kervin O.;Dowd, Patrick F.
    • The Plant Pathology Journal
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    • 제31권3호
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    • pp.316-321
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    • 2015
  • A small cationic peptide (JH8944) was tested for activity against a number of pathogens of agricultural crops. JH8944 inhibited conidium growth in most of the tested plant pathogens with a dose of $50{\mu}g/ml$, although one isolate of Fusarium oxysporum was inhibited at $5{\mu}g/ml$ of JH8944. Most conidia of Fusarium graminearum were killed within 6 hours of treatment with $50{\mu}g/ml$ of JH8944. Germinating F. graminearum conidia required $238{\mu}g/ml$ of JH8944 for 90% growth inhibition. The peptide did not cause any damage to tissues surrounding maize leaf punctures when tested at a higher concentration of $250{\mu}g/ml$ even after 3 days. Liposomes consisting of phosphatidylglycerol were susceptible to leakage after treatment with 25 and $50{\mu}g/ml$ of JH8944. These experiments suggest this peptide destroys fungal membrane integrity and could be utilized for control of crop fungal pathogens.

Phytotoxic Effect of Xanthium occidentale Leaf Extract on Seed Germination and Early Seedling Growth of Alfalfa and Barnyard Grass

  • Chon, Sang-Uk
    • 한국작물학회지
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    • 제49권1호
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    • pp.30-35
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    • 2004
  • Compositae plants are known to contain biologically active substances that are allelopathic to agricultural crops as well as weed species. Aqueous extracts from leaves of Xanthium occidentale were assayed against alfalfa (Medicago sativa) to determine their allelopathic effects, and the result showed that the extracts applied onto filter paper significantly inhibited seed germination as well as root growth of alfalfa. Untreated seeds germinated in 60h, but extract concentrations greater than 30g $\textrm{L}^{-1}$ delayed seed germination. The extracts significantly inhibited seed germination of alfalfa, and $\beta$-amylase activity of alfalfa and barley seeds during 24-36 hours after treatment. Aqueous extracts of 40 g $\textrm{L}^{-1}$ from X. occidentale were completely inhibited the hypocotyl and root growth of alfalfa. Aqueous leaf extracts showed the highest inhibitory effect and followed by root and stem extracts. Early seedling growth of both alfalfa and barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) was significantly reduced by methanol extracts. By means of high-performance liquid chromatography, chlorogenic acid and trans-cinnamic acid were quantified as the highest amounts from water and EtOAc fractions, respectively. BuOH and EtOAc fractions of X. occidentale reduced alfalfa root growth more than did hexane and water fractions. The findings of the bioassays for aqueous or methanol extracts reflected that the inhibitory effect of extract was closely related to the level of responsible allelochemicals found in plant extracts.

Experimental Studies on the Effects of Ozone on Growth and Photosynthetic Activity of Japanese Forest Tree Species

  • Yamaguchi, Masahiro;Watanabe, Makoto;Matsumura, Hideyuki;Kohno, Yoshihisa;Izuta, Takeshi
    • Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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    • 제5권2호
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    • pp.65-78
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    • 2011
  • Ozone ($O_3$) is a main component of photochemical oxidants, and a phytotoxic anthropogenic air pollutant. In North America and Europe, the current concentration of $O_3$ has been shown to have significant adverse effects on vegetation. In this review, we summarize the experimental studies on the effects of $O_3$ on the growth and photosynthetic activity of Japanese forest tree species to understand the present knowledge and provide sound basis for future research toward the assessment of $O_3$ impacts on Japanese forest ecosystem. Since the 1990s, several Japanese researchers have conducted the experimental studies on the effects of ambient levels of $O_3$ on growth and physiological functions such as net photosynthesis of Japanese forest tree species. Although the sensitivity to $O_3$ of whole-plant growth is quite different among the species, it was suggested that the current ambient levels of $O_3$ in Japan are high enough to adversely affect growth and photosynthetic activity of Japanese forest tree species classified into high $O_3$ sensitivity group such as Japanese beech. The N load to soil has been shown to reduce the sensitivity to $O_3$ of Japanese larch and increase that of Japanese beech. To establish the critical level of $O_3$ for protecting Japanese forest tree species, therefore, it is necessary to take into account the N deposition from the atmosphere. There is little information on the combined effects of $O_3$ and other environmental factors such as elevated $CO_2$ and drought on growth and physiological functions of Japanese forest tree species. Therefore, it is necessary to promote the experimental study and accumulate the information on the combined effects of $O_3$ and any other abiotic environmental factors on Japanese forest tree species.

제초제(除草劑) 신기능(新機能) 작물품종(作物品種) 이용(利用) 잡초방제(雜草防除) 기술(技術) (Weed Management Using a Potential Allelopathic Crop)

  • 김길웅;박광호
    • 한국잡초학회지
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    • 제17권1호
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    • pp.80-93
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    • 1997
  • Allelopathic compounds as naturally occurring herbicide have originally reported from local vegetation since B.C. 300. These compounds are known as secondary plant metabolites which released from plants into the environment often attract or repel, nourish or poison other organisms. In recent, many natural plant allelochemicals be used to attempt to biologically or ecologically control weed among worldwide weed scientists. Some allelochemicals have also used as fungicides, insecticides, and nematodicides, and were less than man-made agrochemicals to damage the global ecosystem. It makes efficient use of resources internal to the farm, relies on a minimum of purchased inputs. Some scientists selected for allelopathic activity when breeding weed-controlling cultivars of rice, sorghum, cucumber, surflower etc. Thus, this paper is focused on allelopathic compounds isolated from cultivated crop with the high potential of prospective herbicides. The most environmentally acceptable and sustainable approach to utilization of allelopathy for weed control is to develop plant cultivars with proven allelopathic characteristics. In rice accessions, there are 60 cultivars/lines which have known as allelopathic activity and some of these cultivars control weed more less 90% within certain radius of activity. These accessions are originated from 15 countries including Korea, Japan, USA, India, Philippines, Indonesia, Laos, Taiwan, Afghanistan, Mali, Pakistan, Colombia, Egypt, China, and Dom. Rep. From these cultivars, the most common allelopathic compounds identified in rice are p-Hydroxybenzoic, Vanillic, p-Coumaric, and Ferulic acids. In addition, allelopathic lines of the following crop have shown inhibition of weed growth : beet (Beta vulgaris), lupin(Lupinus spp.), com(Zea mays), Wheat(Triticum aestivum), oats(Avena spp.) peas(Pisum sativum), barley(Hordeum vulgare), rye(Secale cereale), and cucumber(Cucumis sativus). Thus, future allelopathy research must be designed its potentially phytotoxic propertices and the ecotoxic features of the allelochemicals from release to degradation ; its ecological sustainability, its allelopathic effect in early growth. stages, and selectivity properties in combination with chemical stages, and selectivity properties in combination with chemical concentrations. Also, research approach in allelopathy might be screened for highly allelopathic germplasm collection of crops, the idea being to ultimately transfer this agronomic character into improved cultivars by either conventional breeding or other genetic transfer techniques.

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개똥쑥의 천연화학물질에 의한 항균효과와 성분확인 (The Antifungal Activity of Chemical Substances from Artemisia annua)

  • 김현철;길봉섭;이영행
    • The Korean Journal of Ecology
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    • 제24권3호
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    • pp.137-140
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    • 2001
  • 개똥쑥(Artemisia annua)에 함유되어 있는 천연화학물질이 곰팡이에 미치는 항균효과를 조사하고 천연화학물질의 성분을 분석하였다. 개똥쑥의 수용성물질과 휘발성물질로 인한 곰팡이의 생장실험은 곰팡이의 종류에 따라 생장률이 다르게 나타났고 수용성물질과 휘발성물질의 농도가 증가 됨에 따라 곰팡이의 생장률이 억제되었다. 특히 Fusarium oxysporum의 경우 휘발성물질보다 수용성물질에서의 생장 억제가 높았고 반면, Aspergillus nidulans는 수용성물질보다 휘발성물질에서 생장이 더 억제되었다. 따라서 이러한 모든 억제작용을 일으키는 화학물질을 찾기 위해 GC/MS를 사용하여 개똥쑥의 정유를 분석한 결과 2,4-hexadienal, β-pinene, cineole, thujone, camphor, citronellal, (-)-menthone, terpineol, (1R)-(-)myrtenol, mytenol, (S)-(-)-perillaaldehyde, perillalcohol, 4-tert-buthylaniline, eugenol, isosafrole, isoeugenol, α-humulene 등이 동정되었다. 이와 같은 결과로 볼때, 개똥쑥에 함유된 수용성 물질과 휘발성 물질이 실험에 쓰인 곰팡이에 대한 항균효과에 관계된다는 사실을 밝혀내었다.

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Exploring the Potential of Bacteria-Assisted Phytoremediation of Arsenic-Contaminated Soils

  • Shagol, Charlotte C.;Chauhan, Puneet S.;Kim, Ki-Yoon;Lee, Sun-Mi;Chung, Jong-Bae;Park, Kee-Woong;Sa, Tong-Min
    • 한국토양비료학회지
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    • 제44권1호
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    • pp.58-66
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    • 2011
  • Arsenic pollution is a serious global concern which affects all life forms. Being a toxic metalloid, the continued search for appropriate technologies for its remediation is needed. Phytoremediation, the use of green plants, is not only a low cost but also an environmentally friendly approach for metal uptake and stabilization. However, its application is limited by slow plant growth which is further aggravated by the phytotoxic effect of the pollutant. Attempts to address these constraints were done by exploiting plant-microbe interactions which offers more advantages for phytoremediation. Several bacterial mechanisms that can increase the efficiency of phytoremediation of As are nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, ACC deaminase activity and growth regulator production. Many have been reported for other metals, but few for arsenic. This mini-review attempts to present what has been done so far in exploring plants and their rhizosphere microbiota and some genetic manipulations to increase the efficiency of arsenic soil phytoremediation.

식물병원균 Bipolaris sorokiniana로부터 제초활성 물질의 분리 및 구조결정 (Isolation and Structure Determination of Phytotoxins from a Phytopathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana)

  • 임치환
    • 농업과학연구
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    • 제29권2호
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    • pp.91-97
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    • 2002
  • 식물병원균 Bipolaris sorokiniana 배양 추출물로부터 이탈리안 라이그라스 및 논피의 유근신장을 억제하는 활성물질을 분리 정제하여 각종 기기분석을 통하여 화학구조를 결정하였다. 이들 화합물들은 분자식이 $C_8H_8O_3$인 benzenoid 화합물인 3-methoxybenzoic acid와 3-hydroxy benzoic acid methyl ester로 숙주식물의 유근신장을 1000ppm에서 90% 이상 저해하였다. 이들 화합물은 식물체의 잎과 줄기에서 분리되어 항균활성 및 항류마티스 활성이 있음이 보고된바 있으나 B. sorokiniana로부터 분리되어 제초활성에 관하여 보고하기는 본 논문이 처음이다.

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수수 식물체 추출물의 제초활성 및 작물 선택성 (Herbicidal activity and crop injury of aqueous extracts of sorghum leaves)

  • 원옥재;로미즈 우딘;변종영
    • 농업과학연구
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    • 제38권2호
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    • pp.191-198
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    • 2011
  • Herbicidal effects and crop selectivity of aqueous leaf extracts of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) were evaluated against several weed species for developing sustainable weed management in organic farming. Aqueous sorghum leaf extracts were highly phytotoxic to different weed species. No broadleaf weeds were germinated in the concentration of 5 fold or higher concentrated sorghum leaf extracts and 90% of seed germination was inhibited within that range in grass species. Sorghum leaf extracts strongly inhibited the growth of different weeds by pre-emergence and foliar applications in greenhouse condition. Foliar application of sorghum leaf extracts had a higher inhibitory effect than the pre-emergence application. Broadleaf weed species were more susceptible than grasses to the application of sorghum leaf extract in foliar applications than grasses. Galium spurium, Erigeron candensis, and Rumex japonicus were completely killed at the highest concentrated sorghum leaf extract both in pre-emergence and foliar application. Most broadleaf weed species were inhibited more than 80% at pre-emergence application at 50 fold concentrated sorghum leaf extract. G. spurium, E. candensis, R. japonicus, Eclipta alba, Plantago asiatica and Portulaca oleraeea were most susceptible to sorghum leaf extract in foliar application. Growth of most broad leaf weed species was suppressed by greater than 90% at 50 fold concentrated sorghum leaf extract. Most crop species were tolerant to sorghum leaf extract but shoot growth was slightly reduced by the application of 40~50 fold concentrated extracts, Sorghum leaf extract may used to control weeds in organic fanning without affecting the growth of crop.