• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.349-358
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• 1993

철분 결핍은 아직도 전 세계적으로 공통적인 영양장애중 하나이다. 특히 개발도상국에서는 식이로부터의 철분 생이용도가 매우 낮은데 이는 nonheme 철분 흡수를 매개하는 식이성분의 양이 매우 적은 것이 주원인이다. 식이에 함유된 철분의 양, 개체의 철분 영양상태, 그리고 식이성분 등은 철분흡수에 영향을 주는 주 요소들이다. 식이로부터 부적당한 철분의 섭취는 칼로리가 낮은 식이, 제한된 음식물 섭취, 단조로운 식이로부터 오기 쉽다. Ascorbic acid, 육류, 생선, 닭고기 등은 식이에서 nonheme 철분의 흡수를 증가시키는 매우 중요한 요소이며, ascorbic acid와 육류는 여러 연구에서 철분 생이용도 증가 효과를 일정하게 보여 주었다. Phytate, polyphenols, dietary fiber는 nonheme 철분 흡수의 주요 저해 요소로서 인지되어 왔다. 또한 nonheme 철분의 생이용도는 함께 섭취한 식품의 성분에 의해 크게 영향을 받을 수 있으므로 어떤 조합에 의한 식품의 섭취는 철분 흡수를 상승 또는 저해시킬 수 있다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권7호
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• pp.1003-1012
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• 2014

The use of a suitable methodology to quantify the phytate phosphorus ($P_{phy}$) content in both the feed and the excreta from broilers is required to enable accurate calculation of the catalytic efficiency of the phytase supplemented in the feed. This study was conducted to compare 2 analytical methodologies (colorimetry and also high-performance liquid chromatography with a refractive index detector) in order to calculate the phytase efficiency by utilizing the results from the methodology that was shown to be the most appropriate. One hundred and twenty broilers were distributed in a $(4+1){\times}2$ factorial arrangement, corresponding to 4 diets that were equally deficient in P supplemented with increasing levels of phytase (0, 750, 1,500, and 2,250 units of phytase activity - FTU - per kg of feed) plus 1 positive control diet without phytase, supplied to male and female birds. The result indicated that the colorimetric methodology with an extraction ratio of 1:20 (mass of sample in g:volume of the solvent extractor in mL) was shown to be the most adequate. There was no interaction between the phytase level and the sex of the broilers (p>0.05). Males consumed 12% more $P_{phy}$ than did females (p<0.01), but the sex of the broilers did not affect (p>0.05) the excretion and retention coefficient of $P_{phy}$. The increase in the phytase level of the diet reduced (linear, p<0.01) the $P_{phy}$ excretion. The greatest $P_{phy}$ retention was estimated at 87.85% when the diet contained 1,950 FTU/kg (p<0.01), indicating that it is possible to reduce the inorganic P in the formulation at an amount equivalent to 87.85% of the $P_{phy}$ content present in the feed, which, in this research, corresponds to a decrease in 2.86 g of P/kg of the feed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.933-938
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• 2007

An experiment was conducted to study the laying performance, shell quality, bone mineralization, hatchability of eggs and performance of progeny (weight at day one and 14 d of age, P content in day old chick, leg score and survivability of chicks) of synthetic broiler breeders fed different levels of non-phytate phosphorus (NPP). Six levels of NPP (1.2, 1.8, 2.4, 3.0, 3.6 and 4.2 g/kg diet) at a constant calcium (Ca) level (30 g/kg) in a maize-soya-deoiled rice bran based diet were tested. Levels of dicalcium phosphate, shell grit and deoiled rice bran were adjusted to achieve the desired levels of NPP and Ca. Each level of NPP was fed with a weighed quantity of feed (160 g/b/d) to 40 female broiler breeders from 25 to 40 weeks of age housed in individual cages. Each bird was considered as a replicate. Egg production, feed/egg mass, body weight, egg weight, shell weight, shell thickness, egg specific gravity, serum Ca content and tibia breaking strength were not influenced (p>0.05) by the variation in dietary NPP levels tested. Increasing the dietary levels of NPP did not influence the hatchability of eggs, phosphorus (P) contents both in egg yolk and day old chick, chick body weight at day one and 14 d of age, leg score and survivability of chicks up to 14 d of age. Maximum response ($p{\leq}0.01$) in shell breaking strength, tibia ash and serum inorganic P contents were observed at NPP levels of 2.09, 2.25 and 3.50 g per kg diet, respectively. The retention of Ca increased, while the P retention decreased ($p{\leq}0.01$) with increasing dietary levels of NPP. Though maximum responses in shell breaking strength, bone ash and serum inorganic P were observed at NPP higher than 1.2 g/kg diet, the broiler breeder performance in terms of egg production, shell quality, hatchability of eggs and progeny performance and their survivability was not influenced by dietary NPP concentrations. It is concluded that synthetic broiler breeders maintained in cages do not require more than 1.2 g NPP/kg diet with a daily intake of 192 mg NPP/b/d during 24 to 40 weeks of age.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.169-179
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• 2000

An experiment was conducted to measure the effect of crude phytase supplementation on the growing performance, blood concentrations of some minerals and tibia characteristics of broiler chickens. Day-old 240 male broiler chickens (Avian) were randomly allotted to four treatments. There were six replicates per treatment, and ten chicks per replicate. Treatments consisted of two levels of crude phytase (0 and 600U/kg) made from Aspergillus ficuum and two levels of non-phytate P (0.45 and 0.35% NPP for the starter period, and 0.35 and 0.25% NPP for the grower period), making the experiment 2$\times$2 factorial. The starter period was from hatch to 21 d of age, and grower period was from 22 to 35 d of age. Feed intake and weight gain of chicks fed diet containing phytase were higher(P〈0.05) than those of chicks fed diets without phytase, however, no differences was found in feed/gain. mortality, and nutrient availabilities regarding the phytase supplementation. Chickens fed diets with low NPP and phytase excreted lower P than did birds fed diets containing normal NPP without phytase. The level of NPP and phytase did not affect N excretion. The Ca availability was increased by feeding low NPP diet. Dietary phytase increased the availabilities of P and Mg, but decreased those of Fe and Zn. There was interactions between dietary NPP level and phytase addition on mineral availability. Tibia was lighter and shorter in low NPP groups, and heavier in phytase treated groups. The tibial contents of Ca, P and Mg decreased in low NPP treated groups, but increased in phytase treated groups. The ash content of tibia of chickens fed diet with phytase was higher than that of birds fed diets without phytase. These data suggest that the crude phytase supplementation to broiler diets containing low NPP level improves growth performance and mineral availability and, reduces fecal P excretion.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.281-286
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• 1983

본 연구에서는 tempeh제조 과정중의 phytic acid함량 변화를 측정하였고 그에 따른 단백질, 무기질과의 상호작용을 조사하였다. 또한 한국인의 기호에 맞는 대두 발효식품의 소개를 목적으로 tenpeh의 수응도도 아울러 조사하였다. 이상의 실험결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1 ) Tempeh제조시 회수율은 75.28 %였다. 2) 날콩, 삶은 콩, teulpeh의 총 인 함량은 $718.60{\sim}744.2mg%$로 각 시료간에는 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 그러나 phytic acid p 함량은 날콩에 539.38 mg%, 삶은 콩에 462.28 mg%, tempeh에 348.64 mg%로 열처리나 발효에 의해 phytic acid p 함량이 유의적으로 낮아짐을 보였고 열처리보다는 발효에 의해 phytic acid p가 유의적으로 감소됨을 나타냈다. 3 ) 총 단백질 함량은 날콩과 tenlpeh간에 유의적인 차이가 없었고 Ultrafiltration한 후 보유된 단백질 함량에는 약간의 차이가 있었으나 통계적 유의성은 없었다. 단백질 g당 phytic acid mg양을 산출한 결과 Ultrafiltration한 후 retentate내의 phytic acid/protein ratio는 날콩에서 14.66 , tempeh에서 7.80으로 유의적인 차이를 보였다. 4 ) Ca의 함량은 날콩과 tempeh에서는 유의적인 차이가 없으나 Ultrafiltration한 후 retentate의 Ca보유율은 tenlpeh에서 유의적으로 낮았다. Zn의 함량도 날콩과 tempeh에서 유의적인 차이가 없었고 Ultrafiltradon한 후 retentate 내 Zn보유율은 tempeh에서 유의적으로 낮았다. 5) 관능검사 결과는 마늘을 첨가한 것이 냄새, general desirability 및 전체적 점수에서 유의적으로 높게 평가되었다. 그러나 두 시료 모두 색깔, 외관, 풍미, 질감, 냄새 및 general desirability에서 3.31이상의 좋은 평가를 받았으므로 tempeh가 새로운 식품으로 소개될때 별 저항없이 받아들여질 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권12호
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• pp.1897-1906
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• 2019

Objective: An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary non-phytate phosphorus (nPP) deficiency on intestinal pH value, digestive enzyme activity, morphology, nutrient utilization, and gene expression of NaPi-IIb in meat ducks from 1 to 21 d of age. Methods: A total of 525 one-d-old Cherry Valley ducklings were fed diets (with 7 pens of 15 ducklings, or 105 total ducklings, on each diet) with five levels of nPP (0.22%, 0.34%, 0.40%, 0.46%, or 0.58%) for 21 d in a completely randomized design. Five experimental diets contained a constant calcium (Ca) content of approximately 0.9%. Body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), and feed to gain ratio (F:G) were measured at 14 and 21 d of age. Ducks were sampled for duodenum and jejunum digestion and absorption function on 14 and 21 d. Nutrient utilization was assessed using 25- to 27-d-old ducks. Results: The results showed ducks fed 0.22% nPP had lower (p<0.05) growth performance and nutrient utilization and higher (p<0.05) serum Ca content and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. When dietary nPP levels were increased, BW (d 14 and 21), BWG and FI (all intervals), and the serum phosphorus (P) content linearly and quadratically increased (p<0.05); and the jejunal pH value (d 14), duodenal muscle layer thickness (d 14), excreta dry matter, crude protein, energy, Ca and total P utilization linearly increased (p<0.05); however, the serum ALP activity, jejunal $Na^+-K^+$-ATPase activity, and duodenal NaPi-IIb mRNA level (d 21) linearly decreased (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results indicated that ducks aged from 1 to 21 d fed diets with 0.22% nPP had poor growth performance related to poor intestinal digestion and absorption ability; but when fed diets with 0.40%, 0.46%, and 0.58% nPP, ducks presented a better growth performance, intestinal digestion and absorption function.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권11호
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• pp.1523-1529
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• 2016

Soybean meal (SBM), a commonly used protein source for animal feed, contains anti-nutritional factors such as trypsin inhibitor, phytate, oligosaccharides among others, which limit its utilization. Microbial fermentation using bacteria or fungi has the capability to improve nutritional value of SBM by altering the native composition. Both submerged and solid state fermentation processes can be used for this purpose. Bacterial and fungal fermentations result in degradation of various anti-nutritional factors, an increase in amount of small-sized peptides and improved content of both essential and non-essential amino acids. However, the resulting fermented products vary in levels of nutritional components as the two species used for fermentation differ in their metabolic activities. Compared to SBM, feeding non-ruminants with fermented SBM has several beneficial effects including increased average daily gain, improved growth performance, better protein digestibility, decreased immunological reactivity and undesirable morphological changes like absence of granulated pinocytotic vacuoles.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.237-244
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• 2007

An experiment was conducted to study the growth performance, bone mineralization and mineral excretion in broiler starter chicks fed high levels of cholecalciferol (CC) at sub-optimal levels of calcium (Ca) and non-phytate phosphorus (NPP). Five hundred and sixty day-old Vencobb female broiler chicks were housed in raised wire floor stainless steel battery brooder pens ($24"{\times}30"{\times}18"$) at the rate of five chicks per pen. A maize-soyabean meal basal diet was supplemented with dicalcium phosphate, oyster shell powder and synthetic CC to arrive at two levels each of Ca (0.50 and 0.60%), and NPP (0.25 and 0.30%) and four levels of CC (200, 1,200, 2,400 and 3,600 ICU/kg) in a $2{\times}3{\times}4$ factorial design. Each diet was fed ad libitum to chicks in 7 pens from 2 to 21days of age. Body weight gain, feed intake and bone weight increased (p<0.05) with increase in level of CC at both the Ca and NPP levels tested. The CC levels required to obtain significant improvement in body weight gain and feed intake reduced (2,400 ICU/kg vs. 1,200 ICU/kg) with increase in levels of P in diet (0.25% vs. 0.3%, respectively). The feed conversion ratio was significantly improved (p<0.05) with increase in level of CC from 200 to 1,200 ICU/kg diet at 0.5% Ca, while at 0.6% Ca, the level of CC in diet did not influence the feed efficiency. Tibia mineralization (density, breaking strength and ash content) and Ca and P contents in serum increased significantly (p<0.05) with increase in levels of CC in diet. The CC effect on these parameters was more pronounced at lower levels of Ca and NPP (0.5 and 0.25%, respectively). The data on body weight gain and feed intake indicated that NPP level in diet can be reduced from 0.30 to 0.25% by increasing CC from 200 to 2,400 ICU/kg. Similarly, the bone mineralization (tibia weight, density and ash content) increased non-linearly (p<0.01) with increase in CC levels in diet. Concentrations of P and Mn in excreta decreased (p<0.01), by increasing CC level from 200 to 2,400 ICU/kg diet. It can be concluded that dietary levels of Ca and NPP could be reduced to 0.50 and 0.25%, respectively by enhancing the levels of cholecalciferol from 200 to 2,400 ICU/kg with out affecting body weight gain, feed efficiency and bone mineralization. Additionally, phosphorus and manganese excretion decreased with increase in levels of CC in broiler diet.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.273-278
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• 2023

본 연구에서는 검은콩 선식 및 기능성 표시 검은콩 선식의 저장온도(25℃, 35℃, 50℃) 및 저장기간(0개월, 6개월, 12개월)에 따른 식이섬유 및 칼슘함량 변화를 관찰하였다. 이후 Arrhenius 반응식을 통해 품질한계기한을 산출하여 소비기한을 예측하였다. 식이섬유 분석 결과 BS 및 BSN 모두 저장 12개월에서 저장초기에 비해 증가하는 경향을 나타내었으며, 이는 저장 중 선식에 함유된 phytate의 분해로 인하여 양이온이 방출되고, 양이온은 pectic acid와 Middle Lamella에서 새로운 가교결합을 형성하여 결과적으로 저장 중 식이섬유 함량이 증가될 수 있다. 반면에 BS와 BSN의 칼슘함량은 저장기간에 따라 감소하였다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 품질한계기한을 예측한 결과 BS 15.65 개월, BSN 28.34 개월 이었으며, 난소화성 말토덱스트린 및 젖산칼슘을 첨가한 검은콩 선식을 제조하였을 때 기능성 표시 제도를 도입할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 품질한계기한을 연장시킬 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권12호
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• pp.1800-1812
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• 2005

Aquaculture pollution is a major concern among the entrepreneurs, farmers and researchers. Excess discharge of phosphorus and nitrogen into the water bodies is the principal pollutant responsible for this. Plant-based feed ingredients due to its high phytic acid content enhances both nitrogen and phosphorus discharge thereby increasing the pollution level. Dietary phytase treatment is probably the best answer to address this problem. This review explains the nature and properties of phytate, its interactions with other nutrients and the application of phytase in aquafeed to reduce the pollution. This review also covers the different biotechnological aspects for lowering the phytic acid level in the common aquafeed ingredients, as an alternate approach to controlling the pollution level. Some of future research needs have also been highlighted to attract the attention of more researchers to this area.