• 아동학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.243-255
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• 2001

The aim of the study was to investigate whether music drama activity has an affect on literacy, musical ability and physical expression in preschoolers. The subjects of this experiment were 48 five-year-old children who were selected from two kindergarten in geonbook(experimental group : 24, comparison group : 24). The children in experimental group were asked to act four young children's music drama through sixteen weeks. The children in comparison group were involved in activity referred to in storybook. The data gained from the research were analyzed using a SPSS(p=.05) computer program. The main results in this study are as follows : First, there were partly significant differences in young children's music drama activity in terms of rating of literacy. Especially, story understanding as indicated by literacy test scores in the experimental group was significantly different. There were also significant differences in young children's music drama activity in terms of rating of musical ability and physical expression.

• 한국체육학회지인문사회과학편
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• 제54권4호
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• pp.257-269
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• 2015

본 연구는 차기 체육과 교육과정 및 교과서 내용 개발을 위한 기초자료를 제공하기 위해 2009 개정 교육과정에 따른 중학교 체육 교과서 표현활동 영역의 체제를 분석하는데 그 목적이 있으며, 연구목적의 달성을 위해 중학교 체육교과서 5종을 분석하였다. 연구방법은 내용체제와 형식체제로 나누어 준거기준에 따른 수정된 비교분석방법을 이용하였고, 분석 근거 선정에 있어서는 선행연구 고찰을 실시하였으며, 다음과 같은 결론을 도출하였다. 첫째, 형식체제에 있어서 지면비율은 14.1-17.3%로 나타났다. 단원전개 및 구성에 있어서는 모든 교과서가 개념의 이해를 바탕으로 활동의 실천이 이어졌으며, 동기유발과 심화학습을 위해 그림과 추가적 구성 형태를 이용하였다. 둘째, 내용체제에 있어서 학습목표는 각 교과서마다 4-6개로 제시되었으며, 표현활동의 개념의 이해, 표현방법의 이해, 창작활동을 통한 개인 역량 강화, 작품 감상 등을 제시하고 있다. 학습내용은 심미표현에서는 미적 요소에 대한 개념에 초점을 맞추었으며, 현대표현에서는 창작적 요소를 강조하였고, 전통표현에서는 문화적 이해를 통한 활동의 특징을 표현하는데 중점을 두었다. 마지막으로 학습평가는 중단원별로 살펴보면 이론적인 측면에 대한 이해를 강조하였고, 소단원별로는 창작활동을 통한 태도변화에 초점을 맞추었다.

• 아동학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.149-161
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• 2005

The present study examined the effect on children's creativity of using painting masterpieces with activities of physical expression. Subjects were 32 five-year-old kindergarten children assigned to control or experimental groups. The experimental group participated in physical expression activities using painting masterpieces twice a week for six weeks. Figure paintings of such famous artists as Kim Hong Do, Kim Deek Shin, Degas and others were presented by Projection TV in connection with physical movement in the classroom. Creativity was tested by Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking(2002). Results showed that the experimental group exhibited positive change in creativity scores and the sub-areas of creativity(fluency, originality, abstractness of titles, elaboration, and resistance to premature closure).

• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.1005-1013
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• 2001

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of low power GaAlAs laser on spinal Fos expression related to the anti-nociceptive effect of laser stimulation. Low power GaAlAs laser was applied to either acupoint or non-acupoint for 2 hour under light inhalation anesthesia. Spinal Fos expression in the dorsal horn was compared to that obtained in inhalation anesthesia control group. Furthermore, we analyzed the effect of the local treatment of lidocaine on the spinal Fos expression evoked by low power GaAlAs laser stimulation. The results were summarized as follows: 1. In the normal animals, only a few Fos like immunoreactive(Fos-IR) neurons were evident in the lumbar spinal cord dorsal horn. Similarly, following prolonged inhalation anesthesia, Fos-IR neurons were absent in the dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord. In animals treated with laser stimulation, Fos immunoreactive neurons were increased mainly in the medial half of ipsilateral laminae I-III at lumbar segments L3-5. These findings directly indicated that prolonged anesthesia used in this study did not affect the Fos expression in the spinal cord dorsal horn of intact animals and low power laser stimulation dramatically produced Fos expression in the spinal cord laminae that are related to the anti-nociceptive effect of laser stimulation. 2. In acupoint stimulated animals, 10mW of laser stimulation, not 3mW and 6mW intensity, significantly increased the number of Fos immunoreactive neurons in the spinal dorsal horn(p<0.05). However, laser stimulation on acupoint more dramatically increased the number of Fos immunoreactive neurons in the spinal cord rather than laser stimulatin on non acupoint. These result suggested that laser stimulatin on acupoint was more effective treatment to activate the spinal neuron than non acupoint stimulation. 3. The local treatment of lidocaine totally suppressed the activity of spinal neurons that were induced by lower power 1aser stimulation. These data indicated that the anti-nociceptive effect of laser stimulation was absolutely dependent upon the peripheral nerve activity in the stimulated location. In conclusion, these data indicate that 10mW of low power laser stimulation into acupoint is capable of inducing the spinal Fos expression in the dorsal horn related to the anti-nociceptive effect of laser stimulation, Furthermore, the induction of spinal Fos expression was totally related to the peripheral nerve activity in the laser stimulated area.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.190-198
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• 2003

Expression of c-fos, an immediate early gene, has accepted to be a marker of functional activity in neurons. This study was aimed to investigate the effects of cold therapy on the expression of spinal cord c-fos in rats of carrageenan-induced muscle pain. Muscle pain was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by intra-muscular injection of gastrocnemius with $2\%$ carrageenan. The paw withdrawal latency (PWL) and tail flick test (TFT) responses to heat stimuli were used to detect secondary hyperalgesia produced by the muscle pain and measured to assess the effects of cold. The expression of c-fos was determined in the lumbar regions of the spinal cord by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry assays. The secondary hyperalgesia to heat simuli (PWL and TFT) were significantly reduced in cold therapy compared with that in the controls. In RT-PCR assays the expression of c-fos mRNA was down-regulated in the lumbar spinal cord in cold group. In addition, Fos immunoreactivity in the dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord was decreased in cold group. These results suggested that application of cold attributed to increase PWL and TFT responses and to decrease expression of the c-fos produced by muscle pain.

• 아동학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.71-84
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• 2005

Eighty-eight 5-year-old subjects were tested by the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking, and randomly assigned to experimental(n=44) or control(n=44) groups. Developed in collaboration with kindergarten teachers, physical activity projects were based on themes from "life and health" and "life as expression" of the kindergarten curriculum. The resulting program consisting of 24 activities was applied to the experimental group for 24 sessions. Data were analyzed by mean, standard deviation, and repeated measures ANOVA. Effectiveness of the physical activity program for enhancing creativity was shown by a significant increase in mean creativity scores of the experimental group and in the sub-scores of fluency, originality, abstraction of title, elaboration, and resistance to an impetuous ending.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.61-68
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• 2008

Purpose: Protein kinase C (PKC) is a member of a family of serine/threonine kinases that are activated by diacylglycerol (DG) and PKC stimulants. PKC play a key role in signal transduction, including muscle contraction, cell migration, apoptosis, cell proliferation and differentiation. However, the mechanism relating mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and PKC, especially in the volume-dependent hypertensive state, remains unclear. Methods: In the present study, I investigated the relationship between PKC and MAPKs for isometric contraction, PKC translocation, and enzymatic activity from normotensive sham-operated rats (NSR) and aldosterone-analogue deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) hypertensive rats (ADHR). Results: Systolic blood pressure was significantly increased in ADHR than in NSR. Physiological salt solution (PSS)-induced resting tension and the intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ concentration ([$Ca^{2+}{_i}$]) were different in the ADHR and NSR. The expression of PKC$\alpha$, PKC$\beta$II, PKC$\delta$, PKC$\varepsilon$ and PKC$\xi$ were different between the cytoplasmic and membranous fractions. However, expression of the PKC isoforms did not differ for the ADHR and NSR. The use of 12-deoxyphorbol 13-isobutyrate (DPB, a PKC stimulant) induced isometric contraction in $Ca^{2+}$-free medium, which was diminished in muscle strips from ADHR as compared to NSR. Increased vasoconstriction and phosphorylation induced by the use of 1 ${\mu}$M DPB were inhibited by treatment with 10 ${\mu}$M PD098059 and 10 ${\mu}$M SB203580, inhibitors of extracellular-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and p38 MAPK from ADHR, respectively. Conclusion: These results suggest that the development of aldosterone analogue-induced hypertension is associated with an altered blood pressure, resting tension, [$Ca^{2+}{_i}$], and that the $Ca^{2+}$-independent contraction evoked by PKC stimulants is due to the activation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK in volume-dependent hypertension. Therefore, it is suggested that PKC activity affects volume-dependent hypertension and the need to develop cardiovascular disease-specialized physical therapy.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.87-91
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• 2013

Objective: The present study was aimed at determining the effect of physical training on glutamate transporter activity in a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced ischemia injury rat model. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: In this study, we randomly divided them into three groups. Group I included non-occlusion sham controls (n=10), Group II included non-physical training after MCAO (n=10), and Group III included rats that were subjected to physical training after MCAO (n=10). Rats in the physical training group underwent treadmill training, which began at 24 h after MCAO and continued for 14 consecutive days. The training intensity was gradually increased from 5 m/min on the first day to 12 m/min on day 3, and it was maintained until day 14. Focal cerebral ischemia was examined in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats by using the MCAO model. We determined the functional outcomes for each rat on days 1, 7, and 14. Glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) activity in the cortex of rats from all three groups was examined at the end of the experiment. Results: Out result show that MCAO rats exhibited severe neurological deficits on the 1 day, and there was no statistically significant in each groups. We observed that the functional outcomes were improved at days 7 and 14 after middle cerebral artery occlusion, and GLT-1 activity was increased in the physical training group (p<0.05). Conclusions: These results indicated that physical training after focal cerebral ischemia exerts neuroprotective effects against ischemic brain injury by improving motor performance and increasing the levels of GLT-1 activity.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.175-184
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• 2021

Objective: Fatigue can decrease both quality of life and work efficiency. Ginseng is one of the most popular herbal treatments for improving personal health, with applications in treating fatigue. However, the exact mechanisms of anti-fatigue effects are still unclear. Thus, we investigated the effect of red ginseng powder (RGP) on exercise capacity and peripheral fatigue using both behavioral and molecular experiments in mice. Design: Four-groups behavioral and molecular experiment. Methods: Male 6-weeks-old ICR mice were treated with distilled water, 100, and 200 mg/kg RGP for 5 days via oral administration. The exercise capacity of each animal group was measured by locomotor activity, rota-rod, hanging wire, and cold swimming tests. Additionally, after performing the treadmill to induce fatigue, lactate expression and molecular experiments were investigated using mice gastrocnemius. Results: Mice treated with RGP exhibited increased exercise capacity in the behavioral tests. Additionally, RGP induced a dose-dependent decrease in lactate levels after high-intensity exercise, and Monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 4 expression increased in groups treated with RGP. However, there was no significant change in MCT1. Conclusions: These results suggest that RGP exerts several anti-fatigue properties by lower lactate and improved exercise capacity. Increased MCT4 expression may also affect lactate transport. Thus, this study suggests that the anti-fatigue properties of RGP might be associated with MCT4 activity.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2007

Background: It is generally accepted that skeletal muscle contraction is triggered by nerve impulse and intracellular $Ca^{2+}\;([Ca^{2+}]_i)$ released from intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ stores such as sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Specifically, this process, called excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling, takes place at intracellular junctions between the plasma membrane, the transverse (T) tubule L-type $Ca^{2+}$ channel (dihydropyridine-sensitive L-rype $Ca^{2+}$ channel, DHPR, also called tetrads), and the SR $Ca^{2+}$ release channel (ryanodine-sensitive $Ca^{2+}$ release channel, RyR, also called feet) of internal $Ca^{2+}$ stores in skeletal muscle cells. Furthermore, it has been reported that the $Ca^{2+-}$ dependent and -independent contraction determine the expression of skeletal muscle genes, thus providing a mechanism for tightly coupling the extent of muscle contraction to regulation of muscle plasticity-related excitation-transcription (E-T) coupling. Purpose: Expression and activity of plasticity-associated enzymes in gastrocnemius muscle strips have not been well studied, however. Methods: Therefore, in this study the expression and phosphorylation of E-C and E-T coupling-related mediators such as protein kinases, ROS(reactive oxygen species)- and apoptosis-related substances, and others in gastrocnemius muscles from rats was examined. Results: I found that expression and activity of MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases, ERK1/2, p38MAPK, and SAPK/JNK), apoptotic proteins (cleaved caspase-3, cytochrome c, Ref-1, Bad), small GTP-binding proteins (RhoA and Cdc42), actin-binding protein (cofilin), PKC (protein kinase C) and $Ca^{2+}$ channel (transient receptor potential channel 6, TRPC6) was observed in rat gastrocnemius muscle strips. Conclusion: These results suggest that MAPKs, ROS- and apoptosis-related enzymes, cytoskeleton-regulated proteins, and $Ca^{2+}$ channel may in part functionally import in E-C and E-T coupling from rat skeletal muscles.