• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.21-28
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• 2012

The main objective of this study is to reveal the basic information for structuring the subsequent information monitoring and early warning system and configuring the sustainable programme management of Donggung and wolji, Gyeongju which was much utilized as historic garden with the physical carrying capacity and the psychological carrying capacity according to on-spot observation and survey. The physical carrying capacity can be calculated with landscape node spatial capacity, road spatial capacity and other spatial capacity and the psychological carrying capacity can be calculated with vision, hearing, touch, action feeling and satisfaction. The number of actual tourists was lower than the carrying capacity in daytime, but it was about twice as great as that in the night. And because the tourists were mainly tour groups, the time of environment damaged was short and fixed. The management improvement program was brought forward centre around the results.

• Journal of the Regional Association of Architectural Institute of Korea
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.41-46
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• 2018

The context of innovation in which we evolve today, subtracts us in a spacial reality and virtuality (digital) that aimed less and less to interact with natural processes which could converge to new possible relationships in the world. We constantly live in presence of fluctuations and imperceptible natural energies (wind, solar radiation, etc.) defined by flows, their own physicality, which remains without being virtual, elusive. This study first outlines how these energies already exploited within the framework of production, could be thought as interactive of our habitat's space dimension, as a prolongation of a physical and material environment built by men and for men, giving rise to new social, cultural dynamics, and making natural complexity of our space vivid, comprehensible with new visual and physical clues. In recent days, where lifestyles are changing, architecture no longer needs to limit its scope of creation to only built structures. Based on a deeper understanding of human and through new potential advanced technologies (kinetic system, etc), it is time to fundamentally diagnose what environments or devices contribute to our lives. Architecture becomes ${\ll}interface{\gg}$, step up its fundamental role, and newly defines the sturdy image and tectonics of existing environment, establishing a stance to search for a new typology. In the end, building will show two simultaneous and distinctive connections related to its physical existence: reality in its function and irreductibility, in its ability to forge new dynamic connections with its environment, hybridizing the spatial dimension to a new form of physicality, adaptive and incessantly flexible in the dimension time, becoming a vessel for ever changing contemporary lifestyles.

• Journal of The Korean Digital Architecture Interior Association
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.10-16
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• 2004

Territory is determined by physical elements that provide the occupants an obvious boundary in a space. The creation of boundary is a interpersonal process by which a person or group regulates interactions with others. The perception of territory needs boundary regulations that mean the composition of horizontal and vertical elements in architectural space. The perception of territory can be defined as perceptual reaction considering not only visual perception on the physical elements in the architectural space and also various kinds of social activity in architectural environment. To achiever territory in architectural space, visible and invisible boundary regulation should be need. It means that territorial boundary regulation needs visual and audial boundary regulation as well as spatial boundary regulation.

• Journal of The Korean Digital Architecture Interior Association
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 2006

This study is investigates space syntax theory, developed by Bill Hiller, used for physical analysis and visual access of space and role of spatial configuration based on social logic. it mean computer program analyze physical structure of space and represent by mathematical logic. it used for predict space use and Descriptive of spatial configuration. This method and theory is incompletion for design, but it enough useful tool for architecture and urban design and will be improved. And development of a simple computer program - SSA(Sspace Syntax Analysis) for space syntax analysis and study. SSA is based on convex map analysis and using VISIO software for easily using and development.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.1-11
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of virtual reality based treadmill training on muscle architecture of gastrocnemius in chronic stroke patients. Methods: Thirty chronic stroke patients were randomly assigned to either the virtual reality based treadmill training (VRTT) group (n=15) or treadmill training (TT) group (n=15). Both groups participated in a standard rehabilitation program; in addition, the VRTT group participated in virtual reality based treadmill training for 30 minutes per day, three times per week, for 6 weeks, and TT group participated in treadmill walking training for 30 minutes per day, three times per week, for 6 weeks. Ultrasound image was used for measurement of pennation angle and muscle thickness of the medial gastrocnemius muscle at rest and during maximum voluntary contraction. Results: In the paretic side medial gastrocnemius muscle, greater improvement on the pennation angle and muscle thickness while resting and maximal voluntary contraction were observed in the VRTT group compared with the TT group. Conclusion: Findings of this study demonstrated that the virtual reality based treadmill training has an effect on muscle architecture of medial gastrocnemius in chronic stroke patients.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.41-48
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• 2020

The purpose of this research is to manage the physical sectors systematically, needed for the selection and direction of declining areas, such as urban regeneration and revitalization projects, by grading the density of decline indicators of buildings in small and medium cities. In five small and medium-sized cities in Jeollanam-do, the data were divided into three stages according to the density, according to the use, structure, and age of the building. Rating by element of Census Output Area, detailed designation, and management of declining areas in small and medium-sized cities are required, rather than setting the scope of declining areas based on administrative districts. It is also necessary to manage cities through complex and intra-element phasing rather than single elements in defining physical decline. The analysis based on the complex factors and boundary of the Census Output Area is meaningful in order to maintain and manage such cities in a more detailed and precise manner according to such characteristics of each region.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.215-225
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• 2022

Thermal comfort and energy conservation are critical issues in the building sector. Energy consumption in the building sector should be reduced whilst enhancing the thermal comfort of occupants. Concrete is the most widely used construction material in buildings. Its thermal conductivity (k-value) has a direct effect on thermal comfort perception. This study aims to find the optimum value of replacing the normal aggregate with lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA) under high strengths and low thermal conductivity, density and water absorption. The k-value of the LECA concrete and its physical and mechanical properties have varying correlations. Results indicate that the oven-dry density, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and k-value of concrete decrease when normal coarse aggregates are replaced with LECA. However, water absorption (initial and final) increases. Thermal conductivity and the physical and mechanical properties have a strong correlation. The statistical optimisation of the experimental data shows that the 39% replacement of normal coarse aggregate by LECA is the optimum value for maximising the compressive and splitting tensile strengths whilst maintaining the k-value, density and water absorption at a minimum.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2020.12a
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• pp.353-358
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• 2020

Recent efforts to develop a common standard for nuclear power plants (NPPs) with the aim of creating (1) a digital environment for a better understanding of NPPs life-cycle management aspect and (2) engineering data interoperability by using existing standards among different unspecified project participants (e.g., owners/operators, engineers, contractors, equipment suppliers) during plants' life cycle process (EPC, O&M, and decommissioning). In order to meet this goal, there is a need for formulating a standardized high-level physical breakdown structure (PBS) for NPPs project management office (PMO). However, high-level PBS must be comprehensive enough and able to represent the different types of plants and the new trends of technologies in the industry. This has triggered the need for addressing the issues of the recent operational NPPs and future technologies' ramification for evaluating the changes in the NPPs physical components in terms of structure, system, and component (SSC) configuration. In this context, this ongoing study examines the recent conventional NPPs and technological trends in the development of future NPPs facilities. New reactor models regarding the overlap of variant issues of nuclear technology were explored. Finally, issues on PBS for project management are explored by the examination of the configuration of NPPs primary system. The primary systems' configuration of different reactor models is assessed in order to clarify the need for analyzing the new trends in nuclear technology and to formulate a common high-level PBS. Findings and implications are discussed for further studies.

• 한국디지털정책학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2006.12a
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• pp.409-418
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• 2006

The purpose of this paper is to present a low cost u-City portal development idea and to propose an exclusive system architecture using 3-D interface layers. 3-D interface layers consist of reused ideas of data from existed public data produced from GIS in order to reduce Produce Processes. 3-D interface layers implement a u-City portal systems that tags from physical spaces 1 ink to mobiles from ubiquitous networks between electronic spaces and physical spaces. Primary produce of this study exhibits an exclusive architecture of a u-City portal for speedy and low cost web 3-D interface layers and GIS data, and for implementation interface of 3-D types on USN of physical spaces. Secondary produce of this study represents that a 3-D u-City portal system has visualized speedy implementation characteristics for implementation of the application systems to execute an ubiquitous concept by returning electronic space to physical space, and to present the low cost 3-D u-City portal than an existed 3-D u-city development strategy. Therefore continuous expansion and study of the 3-D interface physical space under a 상황인지(Context Awareness)ubiquitous will appear the innovated u-City portal systems.

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.154-161
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• 2014

Demands for Korean Traditional Residence Complexes as a more humane resident space have recently been increasing for the purposes of users' health and convenience, built with the purpose of reflecting various trends. This study is aimed at examining the physical characteristics of design in residence complexes by analyzing the physical characteristics of the sound environment as auditory elements of Hanok Complexes and the relationship between spatial and visual test values. The results were shown as follows: In subjective evaluation at Hanok, Natural sounds were recognized higher but artificial sounds were lower. According to the interrelationship analysis between subjective evaluation and physical measurement values, entrance (regular-StdDev), yard (regular-NbEm, friendly-G), waterside (regular-articulation index(rooms), StdDev, $L_{min}$, Rem), etc had been shown highly related.