• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.432-438
• /
• 2007

Environmentally important phthalic esters have been analyzed by GC-MS in terms of individual phthalic esters or total phthalic esters directly or after derivatization. Derivatization improves the chromatographic characteristics of the highly polar phthalic esters. This study focused on the GC-MS determination of the total phthalic esters and the individual phthalic esters simultaneously. The phthalic esters were hydrolyzed to phthalate and corresponding alcohols in 1 M NaOH solution at 90 oC for 30 min followed by extraction with ethyl acetate after acidifcation. The phthalic acid and alcohols were simultaneously silyl derivatized using bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) to their corresponding silyl ester and ethers in the mixture of 60% acetone and 40% ethyl acetate at room temperature within 30 min. Because of the high reactivity of BSTFA with the phthalic acid and alcohols effective silyl derivatization was possible simultaneously. GC-MS analysis of the silyl derivatives of phthalic acid and alcohols was performed. The total phthalic ester content was estimated from the analytical result of phthalic silyl ester, while the individual phthalic ester was quantified from the analytical results of alcoholic silyl ethers. This technique was applied to spiked tab water and real seawater samples from the Lake Shihwa in Korea. The results were checked against the results from the direct GC-MS analysis of the phthalic esters and reasonable recoveries with high sensitivity were achieved. The recoveries were higher than 75% with low relative standard deviation (below 10%).

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.33 no.1 s.129
• /
• pp.48-57
• /
• 2005

Phthalate esters are known as plasticizers and some of them suspected as endocrine disrupting chemicals. In this study, in order to identify the mechanism of phthalate esters degradation by white rot fungus, phthalic acid, which is major metabolite in the biodegradation of phthalate esters, was used. Phthalic acid 50 ppm was treated in culture medium with Polyporus brumalis. The availability of ABTS oxidation was different from control and phthalic acid treated group after 4 days of incubation. The activity was gradually increased in control group, but not in phthalic acid treated group. Especially, esterase activity of control group was maximized at 10 days of incubation, and then decreased while the activity of phthalic acid treated group was increased. Glucose was used as a carbon source, and the difference of glucose consumption by control and phthalic acid treated group was not significant. However, after 6 days of incubation the residual glucose in culture medium was rapidly decreased. The consumption rate of phthalic acid treated group was lower than control. These results might indicate that the absorption of phthalic acid in culture medium was occurred by mycelium and metabolized through some pathways as that of glucose was. To clearify the chemical modification of phthalic acid in culture medium, phthalic acid was reacted under in vitro condition which mycelium was excluded. The metabolites were analyzed by GC/MS. The results showed that phthalic acid was converted to phthalic acid anhydride by the extracellular enzymes of P. brumalis.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.191-203
• /
• 2011

There has been growing concern about the toxicity of phthalate esters. Phthalate esters are being used widely for the production of perfume, nail varnish, hairsprays and other personal/cosmetic uses. Recently, exposure to phthalates has been assessed by analyzing urine for their metabolites. The parent phthalate is rapidly metabolized to its monoester (the active metabolite) and also glucuronidated, then excreted. The objective of this study is to evaluate the toxicity of phthalic acid (PA), which is the final common metabolic form of phthalic acid esters (PAEs). The individual PA isomers are extensively employed in the synthesis of synthetic agents, for example isophthalic acid (IPA), and terephthalic acid (TPA), which have very broad applications in the preparation of phthalate ester plasticizers and components of polyester fiber, film and fabricated items. There is a broad potential for exposure by industrial workers during the manufacturing process and by the general public (via vehicle exhausts, consumer products, etc). This review suggests that PA shows in vitro and in vivo toxicity (mutagenicity, developmental toxicity, reproductive toxicity, etc.). In addition, PA seems to be a useful biomarker for multiple exposure to PAEs in humans.

• Analytical Science and Technology
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.360-364
• /
• 2002

The most common 8 phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and adipate in sediment were measured 5 times from 1999 to 2001 at 11 sites of river in Korea. Ultrasonication extraction with dichloromethane was done for extraction of the sediment. After concentration GC/MS-SIM analysis was performed. Three compounds (DEP, DBP and DEHP) among eight phthalic acid esters were detected from the sediment samples, and the other PAEs were not detected in any samples. DEHP (27.3~63.6%) was detected with higher frequency than any other compounds for sediment samples. And this compound had shown the highest average concentration (81.7~427.6 ng/g).

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Toocicology Conference
• /
• 2001.05a
• /
• pp.117-117
• /
• 2001

We investigated Free radical generation of endocrine disrupter, bisphenol A and alkyl esters of phthalic acid (DEP, DBP) using lipid peroxidation, enzyme assay (SOD, Catalase, Gpx-px), Cell viability and phototoxicity. Bisphenol A are monomers of various plastics including polycarbonates and epoxy resins which are used in numerous consumer products. The release of BPA from some of these materials has recently been reported. (omitted)

• Analytical Science and Technology
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.57-64
• /
• 2016

Many phthalic acid esters (PAEs), including DMP, DEP, DBP, BBP, and DEHP, as well as DEHA are widely used as plasticizers in plastics. An analytical method was developed and used to analyze these compounds at 41 industrial facilities. The coefficient of determination (R²) for each constructed curve was higher than 0.98. The method detection limit (MDL) values were 0.4–0.7 μg/L for PAEs and 0.6 μg/L for DEHA. In addition, the recovery rate was shown to be 77.0–92.3%, while the relative standard deviation was shown to be in the range of 5.8-10.5%. DMP (n = 3), DEP (n = 2), DBP (n = 2), BBP (n = 2), and DEHA (n = 3) were detected in the range of 2.2-11.1% in the influent. DEHP was a predominant compound and was detected at > MDL in both the influent (n = 16, 35.6%) and the effluent (n = 4, 10.0%) at a high removal efficiency (92–100%). The highest levels of residue in industrial wastewater influent were 137.4 μg/L of DEHP at plastic products manufacturing facility, 12.5 μg/L of DEHA at a chemical manufacturing facility, and 14.0 μg/L of DEP at an electronics facility. The highest concentration of effluent was 12.5 μg/L of DEHP at a chemical manufacturing facility, which indicated that the effluent was below the allowable concentration (800 μg/L). Therefore, the levels of PAEs and DEHA that are discharged into nearby streams could not influence the health of the ecosystem.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
• /
• 2002.11b
• /
• pp.186-186
• /
• 2002

Di-n-butyl phthalate(DBP) is one of the most commonly used phthalic acid esters(PAEs) as a plasticizer, a solvent or a component in cosmetic formulations. MBP(monobutyl phthalate) is a major metabolite of DBP. Although DBP has been identified as a reproductive toxicant in several animal species and also known as a endocrine disruptor, the direct or indirect immunomodulatory effect of DBP has been little reported.(omitted)

• Toxicological Research
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.401-409
• /
• 2002

Phthalate esters have possible effects on the endocrine system. Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) is one of the most commonly wed phthalic acid esters (PAEs). It is extensively wed as a plasticizer in elastomers, as a solvent for printing inks and resins, and as a textile lubricating agent. It is also present in the formulations of various cosmetic products. DBP has been identified as a reproductive toxicant in several animal species and also know as a endocrine disruptor. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of DBP on developmental immune Junction wing rat pups as experimental animals. Timed-bred pregnant SD rats were orally dosed with 0, 250, 500, or 750 mg DBP/kg body weight once a day from gestational day (GD) 5 to 18 and postpartum day (PD) 3 to 18. On PD22, the dams and their pups were euthanized and examined for alteration in parameters associated to immune function. The results showed no significant changes in body weight, thymus weight, thymus and spleen cellularities, the polyclonal activation respones of splenocyte with ConA and LPS, and also the distribution of arterial blood cells and thymocyto subsets in both rat dam and pups. However DBP exposure on rat dam resulted in increases of liver weights of dam and their pups except 750 mg DBP/kg, and body and spleen weights in pups except 750 mg DBP/kg. On the other hands, distribution rates of CD8+ T cells at 500 mg DBP/kg and B cells at 750 mg DBP/kg among splenocyte subsets were significantly increased in rat pups, unlike dams. Reasons of these distribution alterations of CD8+ T cells and B cells in rat pups are under study.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
• /
• 2002.05a
• /
• pp.98-98
• /
• 2002

Di-n-butyl phthalate(DBP) is one of the most commonly used phthalic acid esters(PAEs). It is extensively used as a plasticizer in elastomers and explosives, as a solvent for printing inks and resins and as a textile lubricating agent. It is also present in the formulations of various cosmetic products.(omitted)

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.37-44
• /
• 1978

The effect of lithium chloride on the borane reduction of organic compounds was studied for three ketones, seven acid derivatives, three epoxides and cyclohexene in tetrahydrofuran at $0^{\circ}$. When compared with borane itself, borane-lithium chloride system enhanced the rates of reductions markedly of 2-heptanone, acetophenone, benzoyl chloride, phthalic anhydride, and three epoxides, whereas the reductions of benzophenone, four esters and cyclohexene showed little or no effect. $BH_3$-LiCl (1 : 0.1) reduced styrene oxide in 2 hr at $0^{\circ}$ to give 94.2 % yield of alcohols, 1-to 2-phenylethanol ratio being 60.8 to 39.2. And in the reduction of cyclohexene oxide, $BH_3$-LiCl (1 : 0.1) gave a quantitative yield of cyclohexanol in 2 hr at $0{\circ}$, however $BH_3$-LiCl (1 : 1) gave 58 % cyclohexanol and 42 % 2-chlorocyclohexanol. In the reduction of cyclohexene oxide, lithium nitrate showed no rate enhancement even when the salt was added in large excess. A formation of lithium chloroborohydride in the$BH_3$-LiCl system is suggested.