• 농업생명과학연구
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.133-140
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• 2010

초고압 처리가 홍삼의 진세노사이드 함량 및 항산화 활성에 미치는 영향에 대하여 조사하였다. 전통적인 방법으로 제조한 일반 홍삼과 초고압 처리 홍삼의 조사포닌 함량은 각각 21.93 및 27.29 mg/g이었고, 총 페놀성 화합물과 조사포닌 및 진세노사이드 함량은 초고압 처리에 의해 증가하였다. 일반 홍삼과 초고압 처리 홍삼에 가장 많이 함유되어 있는 진세노사이드는 Rb1으로 각각 14.10 mg/g과 17.71 mg/g 이었으며, 초고압 처리에 의하여 25.60% Rb1이 증가하였다. 또한 홍삼의 특징적인 유효 성분인 Rg3는 일반 홍삼에 비하여 초고압 처리한 홍삼에서 10.46% 증가하였다. DPPH 및 ABTS 라디칼 소거 활성을 측정한 결과, 열수 추출물의 농도가 증가함에 따라 DPPH 및 ABTS 라디칼 소거 활성이 증가하는 경향을 보였으며 초고압 처리 홍삼이 일반 홍삼 열수 추출물에 비해 높은 라디칼 소거 활성을 보였다. 환원력과 FRAP 활성도 분획물의 농도가 증가함에 따라 환원력과 FRAP 활성이 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 일반 홍삼과 초고압 처리 홍삼 열수 추출물의 FRAP 활성은 농도 10 mg/mL일 때 각각 0.30 및 0.36의 흡광도를 보였다. 따라서 초고압 처리 홍삼 열수 추출물은 자유 라디칼에 의해 유발된 산화적 스트레스를 효과적으로 방어할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제18권8호
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• pp.1123-1131
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• 2008

최근 개발된 마늘 가공품의 일종인 흑마늘의 생리활성 규명을 위한 연구의 일환으로 흑마늘의 제조공정을 4단계로 나누어 각 단계마다 시료를 채취하여 이화학적 성분의 변화 및 항산화 활성을 비교하였다. 흑마늘의 색은 제조공정을 거치면서 L, a 및 b값이 모두 감소하였는데 내부색의 경우 가공 초기에 크게 감소하였다. 수분은 1단계에서 65.54${\pm}$0.24 g/ 100 g였던 것이 4단계 시료에서는 $58.48{\pm}0.41$ g/100 g까지 감소하였고, pH도 점차 산성화되어 4단계 시료에서 4.22${\pm}$ 0.02, 반면에 숙성이 진행될수록 서서히 증가하는 경향이었다. 총 페놀화합물과 플라보노이드는 1단계시료에 비해 최종단계에서 각각 약 1.9배, 2.6배 증가하였다. Total pyruvate와 thiosulfinate도 비슷한 패턴으로 각각 약 1.6배, 5.8배 증가하였다. 유리당 중 가장 함량이 높은 fructose는 1단계에서는 1,403.03${\pm}$6.24 mg/100 g였던 것이 4단계에서는 2,454.45${\pm}$ 4.20 mg/100 g으로 증가하였으나, 반면에 이당류인 sucrose와 maltose는 흑마늘의 숙성과 더불어 서서히 감소하는 경향이다. 흑마늘의 제조 단계별 무기물의 총량은 4단계시료에서 1,009.20${\pm}$6.91 mg/100 g으로 가장 많았고, 흑마늘 중 무기물은 칼륨, 인, 마그네슘 및 칼슘의 순으로 높게 검출되었다. 흑마늘의 구성아미노산은 glutamic acid의 함량이 가장 많았고, 다음으로 proline과 aspartic acid였으며, 유리아미노산은 taurine, homocysteine 및 ${\delta}g$-hydroxylysine은 1단계 혹은 2단계 시료에서는 검출되지 않았으나, 2단계 혹은 3단계 이후 시료에서 미량 검출되었다. 흑마늘 가공 중 물추출물과 에탄올 추출물의 DPPH에 대한 전자공여능은 숙성이 진행될수록, 추출물의 첨가 농도를 높일수록 점차 증가하여 4단계시료의 1,000 ${\mu}g/ml$ 농도에서 에탄올 추출물은 45.63${\pm}$0.43%, 물추출물은 67.40${\pm}$0.21%로 시험된 시료 중 가장 높은 활성을 보였다. 환원력은 100 및 500 ${\mu}g/ml$ 농도에서 1, 2단계 시료를 제외한 모든 시료에서 물추출물이 에탄올 추출물 보다 높은 활성을 보였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.54-60
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• 2005

A study was conducted with the objective of evaluating the nutritive value of some browse species from Kenya. The species evaluated included: Bauhinia alba, Bauhinia variegata, Bridelia micrantha, Calliandra calothyrsus, Carisa edulis, Cratylia argentea, Gliricidia sepium, Lantana camara, Maerua angolensis, Sesbania micrantha and S. sesban. The browses were evaluated by their chemical composition including phenolics, in vitro gas production and tannin activity (tannin bioassay). All the species had high crude protein content (149-268 g/kg DM) and low NDF content (239-549 g/kg DM). The feeds had varying contents of total extractable tannins (TET) ranging from low (3-22 mg/g DM), moderate (42-58 mg/g DM) and high (77-152 mg/g DM). Calliandra calothyrsus had the highest tannin content. Significant (p<0.05) variation in gas production was recorded among the species. Sesbania micrantha had the highest (p<0.05) potential gas production while Gliricidia sepium had the highest (p<0.05) rate of gas production. Use of polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000), to assess the adverse affect of tannins, indicated that tannins in browse species with high tannin content had inhibitory effects on rumen microbial fermentation as indicated by the gas production. Estimated organic matter digestibility and metabolizable energy also increased with PEG addition. The results of this study indicate that such Kenyan browse species have the potential to be used as feed supplements for ruminant animals.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.723-733
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• 2016

Soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merill] are a rich source of antioxidants and other phytonutrients. Soybean sprouts contain many biologically active secondary metabolites and are rich in polyphenols, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds. In the present study, two soybean cultivars, Hosim, with high oleic acid (- 80% in total seed oil), and Pungsannamul, with normal oleic acid (- 23%) in seed, were examined for changes in the content of crude protein, crude oil, total flavonoids, total phenolics, and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) during the sprouting duration of 5 days. The protein content in both the varieties was found to increase by the days of sprouting. The crude oil content of Pungsannamul sprouts was found to be maximum on day 1 (16.9%, w/w) and decreased thereafter to reach to the level of 14.8% on day 5. No significant differences in the crude oil content of Hosim sprouts from day 1 to 5 were observed. Flavonoid content was found to increase up to day 4 and then dropped on day 5, in both the cultivars. Total polyphenol content showed a tendency to increase up to day 3 and started to decrease significantly from day 4. DPPH activity was found to increase up to day 5 in both the varieties. All the components studied in the high oleic acid soybean sprouts showed a change in content during the sprouting process similar to the change that would occur in normal oleic acid soybeans. The study showed that the contents of antioxidant, flavonoid, and polyphenol significantly increase during the sprouting.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.812-819
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• 2015

Gladiolus is one of the most popular cut flowers in the world floral market and is highly attractive to consumers. The production of poor-quality gladiolus spikes is one of the most important hurdles to obtaining high prices for this crop. The main objectives of this study were to improve the quantitative characteristics of gladiolus spikes, to increase propagule production and to enhance chemical constituent levels in leaves to help improve plant growth. We performed foliar application of bioregulators, including polyamines (putrescine and spermine) and vitamins (ascorbic acid and thiamine), at different concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.4, 0.7 and 1 mM) to gladiolus plants at the three leaf, five leaf and slipping stages. Application of 1 mM putrescine was the most effective treatment, with prominent effects on economically important spike traits including spike length (55.53 cm), spike diameter (7.53 mm), florets per spike (13.99), first floret diameter (9.66 cm) and first floret weight (4.90 g), followed by spermine treatment. The 1 mM putrescine treatment also had positive effects on corm-associated traits including corm diameter and corm weight, with values of 4.57 cm and 26.16 g compared to 3.47 cm and 17.16 g in control plants, respectively. The contents of chemical constituents in leaves, including total chlorophylls ($8.06mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$), total carotenoids ($1.66mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$), total soluble sugars ($4.75 mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$) and phenolics ($0.89mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$) increased in response to foliar application of 1 mM putrescine compared to the control. Ascorbic acid and thiamine also had positive effects on various plant morphological traits and chemical constituents in leaves compared to control plants, but the growth-promoting effects of polyamines were more pronounced. Hence, applying polyamines to gladiolus leaves will help improve spike production and increasing propagule (cormel) yields.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.196-201
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• 2015

Lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) affects the quality of flowers, fruits, and other horticultural products. Studies have provided evidence that LPE can accelerate ripening of fruits and prolong shelf-life at the same time. In this study, the influence of LPE on anthocyanin accumulation and phytochemical characteristics of sweet cherry was investigated. LPE ($10mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$) was applied to a commercial sweet cherry c.v. '0900 Ziraat' orchard two and four weeks before harvest for two treatment years (2011 and 2012). Preharvest applications of LPE resulted in significant improvement in both pomological and phytochemical attributes at harvest. LPE treatment led to a 17% increase in fruit weight and a 6% increase in soluble solid content when averaged over two experimental years. Fruit phytochemical content and antioxidant capacity were increased significantly. The average total phenolic content of LPE-treated fruits for the two years was $703{\mu}g$ gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g fresh weight (g FW) compared to $569{\mu}g$ GAE/g FW in the untreated control. Fruits treated with LPE had a 27% and 16% more anthocyanin than the control fruits in 2011 and 2012. Antioxidant capacity of fruits, as measured by TEAC (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity) assay, was 12.5 and $11.4{\mu}mol$ TE/g FW in LPE-treated and untreated control fruits, respectively, when averaged over two experimental years. Our results suggest that preharvest application of LPE may have the potential to increase anthocyanin accumulation, improve fruit quality and enhance phytochemical characteristics of sweet cherries.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.37-42
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Red grape seeds as functional food are a good source of important bioactive components such as phenolics and antioxidants, which decrease oxidative stress that contributes to the pathogenesis of hepatotoxicity. The current study was conducted in order to evaluate the protective effect of red grape dried seeds (RGDS) on antioxidant properties, lipid metabolism, and liver and kidney functions of rats with paracetamol (750 mg/kg) induced hepatotoxicity. MATERIALS/METHODS: RGDS was added to the basal diet at 5, 10, and 20%. Thirty five adult male rats were assigned to five groups (n = 7) for a six-week feeding period; group (1) normal control, group (2) induced control, groups (3, 4, and 5) fed a diet with RGPS at different levels, 5, 10, and 20%, respectively. At the end of the feeding period, animals' blood and tissues were collected for estimation of serum lipid profile, serum liver, and kidney biomarkers. The protection was measured by detecting lipid peroxidation (LPO), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) (in liver tissues), and liver histological examination. RESULTS: The results showed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in levels of serum cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein (LDL-C), and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL-C), with a significant increase in level of high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) for RGDS groups compared to induced control. Rats administered a diet containing RGDS levels produced significant (P < 0.05) hepatoprotection by decreasing the activities of liver enzymes, kidney parameters, and lipid peroxidation, while levels of GSH, SOD, and CAT were increased significantly to near the normal levels. CONCLUSION: The RGDS 20% group was more effective than others against hepatotoxicity of paracetamol, which may be attributed to RGDS total phenols and antioxidant contents, which were 1.438 mg and 1.231 mg, respectively.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.188-194
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• 2009

In this study, we evaluated the phytochemical compositions of the fruits of the pear cactus, mulberry, and Korean black raspberry to determine how they related to antioxidant capacity. Specifically, the total soluble polyphenol, flavonoid and anthocyanin contents were determined, and the phenolic compounds were evaluated by HPLC. In addition, the antioxidant capacity was evaluated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), SOD-like activity and nitrate scavenging activity. Korean black raspberry was found to have the highest level of phytochemicals, followed by mulberry and pear cactus (p<0.05). Furthermore, EPR revealed that Korean black raspberry extract (100 ${\mu}g$/mL) removed 78.6% of the superoxide radicals in a xanthin-xanthin oxidase. Additionally, when the removal of hydroxyl radicals was evaluated, the extract of pear cactus showed 50% scavenging activity at 1000 ${\mu}g$/mL. Korean black raspberry extract showed the highest SOD-like activity, which was 44% (p<0.05). Finally, the nitrate scavenging activity of both extracts of mulberry and Korean black raspberry were found to be 93%, while that of the pear cactus was 63% at pH 1.2 (p<0.05).

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.578-590
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• 2017

An agricultural waste, pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel is known to be rich in total phenolics, which are flavonoids having strong antioxidant effects. In this study, pomegranate peel sponge cakes were prepared with varying ratios of freeze dried pomegranate peel powder (0, 1, 3, 5, 7% (w/w)) to examine their effect on quality characteristics, retrogradation and antioxidant activities. The specific gravity and moisture contents of 3, 5, and 7% pomegranate peel powder showed higher values than the control and 1% group. Addition of pomegranate peel powder increased the batter yield, while there was a significant decrease in baking loss. Increasing pomegranate peel powder content significantly decreased the lightness (L) (from 75.03 to 57.04) and pH values, whereas redness (a), yellowness (b) and ${\Delta}E$ were increased. Increasing concentration of the peel powder also increased the hardness and chewiness, while the springiness and cohesiveness decreased. Considering the Avrami equation, Avrami exponene (n) decreased from 1.8055 (control) to 0.9199 (7% pomegranate peel powder). Time constant (1/k) was lowest in control (at 17.64) and highest in the 7% group (39.84). Total polyphenol, flavonoid content, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities significantly increased with increments in the content of pomegranate peel powder. A sensory evaluation by the 7-point scaling method showed that the sponge cake containing 7% pomegranate peel powder had the highest scores in color, flavor, sweetness, chewiness and overall acceptability. Hence, it is considered that sponge cake supplemented with 7% pomegranate peel powder is the most appropriate for quality characteristics, retrogradation and antioxidant activities.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.331-336
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• 2004

Changes in the level of metabolites in leaves and pods were examined with respect to the seed chemical composition in black soybean. There was no further increase in pod length after 42 days after flowering (DAF). Pod weight, however, persistently increase until 73 DAF, thereafter the weight was slightly lowered. The seed storage protein, however, increased drastically as the increasing rate of pod weight was lessened at 61 DAF. The accumulation of seed storage proteins was occurred conspicuously as the increasing rate of pod weight was slowed down. The chlorophyll content both in leaves and pods was drastically decreased after 50 DAF. The beginning of drastic reduction in chlorophyll content was occurred concomitantly with the reduction of soluble protein content in leaves. The sugar content in leaves showed similar tendency with chlorophyll and soluble protein content. The starch level in leaves, however, showed different changing pattern during seed development. The starch content in leaves was increased persistently until 66 DAF, thereafter the content was decreased drastically to about $55\%$ of maximal value at 66 DAF. Total phenolics content in leaves and the anthocyanins content in seeds were stable without noticeable increase until 66 DAF. The contents were increased dramatically after 66 DAF showing the synchronized pattern with the decrease in starch level in leaves. The levels of the selected metabolites in leaf and seed suggested that the accumulation of chemical components of black soybean seed is launched actively at 66 DAF. The profile of storage proteins was nearly completed at 61 DAF because there was no large difference in densitometric intensity among protein subunits after 61 DAF. In soybean, chemical maturation of seed begins around 61 to 66 DAF at which most metabolites in vegetative parts are decreased and remobilized into maturing seeds.