• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.543-552
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• 2021

Marketing-Sales-Interface(MSI) capabilities are known to have a positive impact on sales performance as pharmaceutical salespersons's ability to more effectively communicate their knowledge and experience in the market with internal resources in the organization. This study was conducted to analyze the mediating effect of pharmaceutical salespersons marketing-sales-interface (MSI) ability on sales performance through job satisfaction. Salespersons from five pharmaceutical companies nationwide were studied, and the survey was carried out for about a week from April 15 to April 23, 2021, and a total of 257 questionnaires were used for the final analysis. The main analysis result of this research is that, first, the MSI capabilities that pharmaceutical salespersons perceive showed a statistically significant positive (+) impact on job satisfaction and sales performance. Also, the MSI capabilities that pharmaceutical salespersons perceive had a statistically significant positive (+) impact on sales performance by mediating job satisfaction. The analysis results suggest the importance of MSI capability and job satisfaction for improving the sales performance of pharmaceutical salespersons. This study aims to come up with measures and provide baseline data related to salesperson management by paying attention to the mediating effects of job satisfaction on the impact of MSI on sales performance.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.298-305
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• 2023

This study aimed to examine the effects of several essential oils on insomnia in dementia patients following transdermal treatment (aromatherapy). The mean change rates (%) of sleep biomarkers were compared between the single essential and jojoba (vehicle) oil massage groups in this study. The lavender (L) essential oil massage group demonstrated a significant decrease in the mean change rate (%) of 24-h urinary free cortisol, whereas the valerian (V) essential oil massage group demonstrated a significant increase in the mean change rate (%) of serum 5-hydroxytryptamine. In addition, a significant increase in the mean change rate (%) of 24-h urinary norepinephrine was observed in the chamomile (C) essential oil massage group only. Based on these results, valerian, lavender, and chamomile oils were mixed in different ratios to produce blending oils A (L:C:V=2:2:1), B (L:C:V=3:1:1) and C (L:C:V=1:3:1). The highest level of serum 5-hydroxytryptamine was observed after administering blending oil A. These results suggest that blending oil A might possess therapeutic effects against insomnia. Overall, it is hypothesized that the optimally blended essential oil will produce synergic effects when combined with hypnotic drugs.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.386-394
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• 2008

The tissue extract (TTE) of a marine snail Telescopium telescopium, collected from the coastal regions of West Bengal, India, was extensively screened for pharmacological and biochemical properties. Telescopium telescopium (TTE) produced significant lysis of washed rat erythrocytes (both direct and indirect), produced haemorrhagic lesions in the skin and also released haemoglobin (in vitro tissue damage) from different tissue samples. TTE was found to produce pro-inflammatory effects when injected into the rat hind paw and also increased peritoneal vascular permeability. Furthermore, intravenous administration of TTE produced a decrease in blood pressure (hypotensive effect) in anaesthetized rats. The extract produced potent esterase activity, as was evident from the breakdown of FDA with subsequent release of fluorescein (in vitro). TTE also demonstrated prominent cholinesterase, phospholipase, phosphatase and protease activities.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.299-307
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• 2009

Data exclusivity is one of the most important intellectual property rights of pharmaceuticals. During data exclusivity period, third parties are prohibited from relying on the data which the original company has submitted to regulatory authority for drug application. I investigated data exclusivity systems for pharmaceuticals in the US, EU, Canada and Korea. New chemical entities were usually given the longest periods of data exclusivity compared to drugs with new indication or new formulation, although the protection periods varied by country. For new drugs to be entitled to a data exclusivity, strict conditions should be met. Data exclusivity has also been provided as an incentive to promote clinical investigation and drug development for pediatric population or orphan diseases. In Korea, data exclusivity was adopted in 1995 as an additive provision to "drug re-examination" which is to investigate post-marketing safety information of new drugs. It was introduced with few discussion on the purposes or effects of data exclusivity on pharmaceutical industry and pharmaceutical market in this country. I found that Korea's data exclusivity system falls short of considerations on valuing innovation of pharmaceutical research. It is necessary to improve data exclusivity system in order to promote innovative pharmaceutical development and to balance intellectual property rights protection and access to drugs in this country.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.73-88
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• 2010

Traditionally, the root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucc(L.E) has been used as efficacious therapy for inflammation, burns, frostbite and skin ailments (e.g eczema and psoriasis). It contains isohexenylnaphthoquinone derivatives (shikonin and its esters) and furylhydroquinones (shikonofurans) in lipophilic fractions and caffeic acid oligomers (rosmarinic acid, lithospermic acid B) in polar fractions. Recently, new preparative isolation and analysis procedures of shikonin along with its oligomers from the extract of L. erythrorhizon by the combination of high-speed counter-current chromatography with high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection have also been introduced. Although there have been many reports on the wound healing, antiinflammatory, and anticancer effects, the research on the effects of anti-atopic dermatitis of the root of L. erythrorhizon were relatively scarce. However, in recent years, new information gathered from research efforts, on the anti-atopic dermatitis properties of the extract or constituents of L. erythrorhizon has been accumulated. In this paper, the findings and advance on the in vitro and in vivo activities of L. erythrorhizon and its constituents especially focused on antiinflammatory and anti-atopic dermatitis effects are summarized. The phytochemical constituents of L. erythrorhizon or its tissue cultures are also presented. Although there are few to verify or refute its activity in human, one result of clinical study of the extract of L. erythrorhizon on the atopic dermatitis patients was introduced to assess the possibility of its clinical use. The reported mechanisms of action and in vivo pharmacological studies in different animal models for the various types of extracts or constituents of L. erythrorhizon are supportive of its therapeutic potential or dietary supplement, however, more evidence from clinically relevant models, as well as systemic studies on the active constituents or the various types of standardized extracts at the cellular and molecular level, are required.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.34 no.4 s.135
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• pp.335-338
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• 2003

It is thought that highly reactive oxygen species generated after strokes plays a key role in damaging the brain. We examined free radical scavenging activity and neuroprotective effects of several medicinal herbs in a rat model of transient ischemia. Free radical scavenging property of medicinal herbs was examined in vitro using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl stable free radical. Transient ischemia was induced by intraluminal occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery for 120 min, followed by reperfusion for 22 hr in rats. Aqueous extracts of 8 medicinal herbs (200 mg/kg) were orally administered twice to transient ischemic rat prior to reperfusion and 2 hr after reperfusion. Total infarction volume in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the ischemia-reperfusion was significantly decreased in 7 groups treated with Sophora flavescens, Lycopus lucidus, Sanguisorba officinalis, Caesalpinia sappan, Albizia julibrissin, Rubia akane, Psoralea corylifolia, or Prunella vulgaris. However, neuroprotective effects of these medicinal herbs were not correlated with their antioxidative activities. These results suggest that these medicinal herbs exert neuroprotection via antioxidative as well as unknown mechanism.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.29 no.12
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• pp.1158-1163
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• 2006

More than 95% of lead, a environmental heavy metal, entering into blood accumulates in erythrocytes suggesting erythrocytes as an important target of lead toxicity. Recent studies reported that erythrocytes could contribute to blood coagulation via phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure in erythrocytes. However, in vivo effects of chronic lead exposure especially by drink-ing water on procoagulant activity of erythrocytes have not been studied yet. In the present study, we investigated the effects of chronic exposure of lead by drinking water on erythrocytes in rats. Groups of 40 male rats were provided with drinking water containing various concentrations of lead for 4 weeks and complete blood cell count, procoagulant activities of erythrocytes and platelets were evaluated with basic inspections on body weight and food/water consumption. The administration of lead containing drinking water increased the blood lead level (BLL) in a dose-dependent manner up to $22.39{\pm}2.26\;{\mu}g/dL$. Water consumption was significantly decreased while food consumption or body weight gain was not affected. In contrast to the previous findings with acute lead exposure, chronic lead exposure failed to increase PS exposure in erythrocytes with statistical significance although some trends of enhancement were observed. It implies that a certain adaptation might have happened in body during repeated exposure to lead, resulting in attenuation of PS exposure. With this study, we believe that a valuable information was provided for the study on the toxicological significance and the risk assessment of lead contaminated drinking water.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.177-184
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• 2018

Objectives: Auraptene, a natural citrus coumarin, found in plants of Rutaceae and Apiaceae families. In this study, we investigated the effects of auraptene on tumor migration, invasion and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 enzymes activity. Methods: The effects of auraptene on the viability of A2780 and Hela cell lines was evaluated by MTT assay. Wound healing migration assay and Boyden chamber assay were determined the effect of auraptene on migration and cell invasion, respectively. MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities were analyzed by gelatin zymography assay. Results: Auraptene reduced A2780 cell viability. The results showed that auraptene inhibited in vitro migration and invasion of both cells. Furthermore, cell invasion ability suppressed at $100{\mu}M$ auraptene in Hela cells and at 25, $50{\mu}M$ in A2780 cell line. Gelatin zymography showed that for Hela cell line, auraptene suppressed MMP-2 enzymatic activity in all concentrations and for MMP-9 at a concentration between 12.5 to $100{\mu}M$ in A2780 cell line. Conclusion: Auraptene inhibited migration and invasion of human cervical and ovarian cancer cells in vitro by possibly inhibitory effects on MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.558-566
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• 1998

Two isoforms of cyclooxygenase (COX) have been identified - COX-1, which is constitlitively expressed in most tissues, and the inducible form, COX-2, of which expression is induced by inflammatory signals and mitogens. It has been considered that the beneficial effects of NSAIDs are due to the inhibition of COX-2 activity and the side effects are from the inhibition of COX-1 activity. Therefore, it is essential to develop selective COX-2 inhibitor for developing new GI-tolerable NSAIDS. To discover new leads for developing selective COX-2 inhibitors, three-hundred extracts of natural products were primarily screened with the system of prostaglandin accumulation in LPS-stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages. To identify whether these inhibitory activities of crude extracts on the accumulation of Prostaglandins were derived from direct action against COX-2, the effects of selected extracts on exogenous arachidonic acid-derived production of prostaglandins by LPS-stimulated macrophages were determined. Among them, 5 methanol extracts of natural products, such as Zingiberis Rhizoma, Alpinae Officinarum Rhizoma, Caryophilli Flos, Scutellariae Radix, Dalbergia ordorifera. inhibited more than 70% of the prostaglandin production in LPS-stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages at a con-centration of 1${\mu}$g/ml.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.399-409
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• 2021

1,2-Diacetylbenzene (DAB) is a metabolite of 1,2-diethylbenzene, which is commonly used in the manufacture of plastics and gasoline. We examined the neurotoxic effects of DAB in young and old rats, particularly its effects on hippocampus. Previously, we reported DAB impairs hippocampal neurogenesis but that the underlying mechanism remained unclear. In this study, we evaluate the toxicities exhibited by DAB in the hippocampi of 6-month-old (young) and 20-month-old (old) male SD rats by treating animals intraperitoneally with DAB at 3 mg/kg/day for 1 week. Hippocampal areas were dissected from brains and RNA was extracted and subjected to RNA-seq analysis. RNA results showed animals exhibited age-dependent sensitivity to the neurotoxic effects of DAB. We observed that inflammatory pathways were up-regulated in old rats but that metabolism- and detoxification-related pathways were up-regulated in young rats. This result in old rats, especially upregulation of the TREM1 signaling pathway (an inflammatory response involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD)) was confirmed by RT-PCR. Our study results provide a better understanding of age-dependent responses to DAB and new insight into the association between DAB and AD.