• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.30 no.6 s.112
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• pp.499-508
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• 2006

Many changes lie ahead for Korea both domestically and internationally including opening of Busan New Port, more active Gwangyang Port as well as rapid growth of Shanghai Port and enhanced services and productivity at Shenzen Port. Compared to newer ports, container terminals in Busan Port possesses old equipment and facilities. Therefore, in order for Busan Port to maintain its service level and remain competitive, it needs to undergo remodeling to enhance productivity. Remodeling activities should be implemented on a continual basis by developing and applying new technologies such as those for gate system, berth system, yard system, and IT system In order to review the alternatives, we performed questionnaire survey and interview. From the result of analysis, we designed the application plan based on priority in remodeling, period of technology application, and direction for application.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.455-461
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• 2002

limiting nutrients for phytoplankton were determined by dissored inorganic nitrogen/phosphorous (DIN/DIP) in situ and algal bioassay experiment in the Seomjin River estuary during a study period from March 1999 to October 2001. DIN/DIP ranged from 14.7 to 681.1 during the study period. DIN/DIP was over 16 at the upper and middle estuarine region where salinity was lower than 25 psu and chlorophyll a concentration was high, probably indicating P-limitation in this region while the ratio was less than 16 at the high saline (> 25 psu) region, reflecting the supply of DIP from Gwangyang Bay and thereby indicating N-limitation at the lower estuarine region. These results suggested that the spatial distribution of DIN/DIP in the study region was controlled by the high supply of phosphate from Gwangyang Bay, the low input from Seomjin River and the active uptake by phytoplankton within the estuarine system. The bioassay experiments using Skeletonema costatum, Thalaasiosira rotula and in situ phytoplankton assemblage displayed relatively higher growth of phytoplankton in the P-added culture media, indicating P-limitation. This result was well consistent with the spatial distribution of inorganic nutrients. S. costatum showed a rapid adaptation to the low salinity compared to other phytoplankton species. This phenomenon seemed to account for the strong (> $90\%$ in total cell number) S. costatum bloom in autumn in this estuary. Moreover, although phytoplankton growth rate was higher in the P-added culture media at the end of culture experiment of in situ phytoplankton, the fast growth in the trace metal-added media at the beginning of the experiment suggested a possibility of limitation by other micro-nutrients such as trace metal and vitamin etc.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 2005

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of mineral extract from granite on the performance, ammonia production from the litter, components of blood, Newcastle Disease (ND) titer and intestinal microflora in broiler chickens. Nine hundred sixty one-day-old broiler chickens (Ross) were assigned to five treatments: C; control, Zeolite; control + zeolite 1$\%$, AM10: control + active mineral water $10\%$ adsorbed zeolite $1\%$, AM20; control + active mineral water $20\%$ adsorbed zeolite $1\%$ and AM30; control + active mineral water $30\%$ adsorbed zeolite $1\%$. Each treatment consisted of four replicates with 48 broiler chicks for feeding trial. In order to test the effect of ND vaccine on the components of blood, ND titer and intestinal microflora, a separate group of 48 broiler chicks were assigned to the same 5 treatment as the feeding trial plus one negative control (No ND vaccine). Weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion and mortality were not significantly affected by dietary treatments but AM30 tended to be higher than other treatments in weight gain and feed intake, especially during later period (4 to 5 weeks of age). Ammonia production from the litter of AM30 treatment was significantly (P<0.01) lower than the control. Components of blood and ND titer in serum of broiler chickens were not significantly affected by treatments but MCHC (mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration) of blood was significantly lower (P<0.05) in Zeolite treatment compared to others. The colony forming unit (CFU) of Clostridium perfringens in the small intestinal content of all zeolite and AM treated groups was significantly (P<0.01) lower than the control while the CFU of Escherichia coli was not significantly affected. The CFU of Lactobacilli in AM30 treatment was significantly (P<0.05) higher than the control. In conclusion, dietary supplement of active mineral water adsorbed to zeolite at $30\%$ level (AM30) tended to improve growth performance of broiler chickens and significantly reduced ammonia production from the litter. It also significantly increased CFU of intestinal Lactobacilli.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.115-122
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• 2018

The Houttuynia cordata has been utilized for various beneficial purposes in humans mainly because of its potent antioxidant principle quercitrin present in this plant. This study examines the possibility of producing a functional sea food commodity containing active principle quercitrin by feeding H. cordata for a extended period. Spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus) were fed a diet containing H. cordata at 0.1-1.0% levels for 1 month and tissue concentrations of quercitrin were analyzed in serum, hepatopancreas and muscle. It was observed that quercitrin was found in the ranking order of hepatopancreas>muscle>serum. After a bolus administration of quercitrin (20 mg/kg, oral) to spotted sea bass and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), idential rank order was observed after 48 hr. In contrast, the order was liver>serum>muscle in rat and mice, indicating that higher quercitrin distribution occurs to the muscle in fishes compared with in mammals tested. High residue concentration of qeurcitrin in the edible tissue can be an advantageous property in terms of functional food production. High level H. cordata extract inclusion of 1.0% seems to have detrimental effects in spotted sea bass leading to growth retardation and hepatic damage. It was concluded that incorporation of H. cordata extract into diet can be a way of producing healthy foods. However the level of active extract needs fine tuning to avoid toxicity to fishes.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 2000

180g of fermented soy paste and 150g of red pepper paste were packaged in glass jars of 232 mL with different conditions of active packaging and then stored at $13^{\circ}C$ for about 170 and 128 days, respectively. During the storage, package atmosphere, surface color, pH, acidity and microbial flora were monitored to see the effect of packaging conditions. Test packaging conditions include package equipped with $Ca(OH)_2\;as\;CO_2$ absorber, package with pinhole and closed control one. Closed control packages of soypaste and red pepper paste showed the increased $CO_2$ partial pressure, the decreased $O_2$ partial pressure and the constant $N_2$ partial pressure to produce high pressure buildup with storage. The paste packages with $Ca(OH)_2$ maintained relatively low $CO_2$ partial pressure and thus the package pressure close to normal atmospheric pressure for initial storage period of 70 days. The packages with air pinhole channel had the partial pressures of $O_2\;and\;N_2$ decreased with storage time, while $CO_2$ partial pressure first increased to a maximum and then slowly decreased thereafter Without any pressure increase the packages with pinhole gave the lowest quality changes possibly due to the effect of package atmosphere, but it had problem of mold contamination and growth for soy paste after 120 days. There were no difference in microbial flora between the packages after about 70 day storage.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.7
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• pp.687-694
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• 2003

Purpose : Regeneration and repair after ischemic renal injury appears to be modulated by circulating or locally produced growth factors. This study examined the changes of serum insulin like growth factor(IGF-I) and renal expression of IGF-I and II, vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF), transforming growth $factor-{\beta}$($TGF-{\beta}$), and connective tissue growth factor(CTGF) during the active regeneration period after acute ischemic injury. Methods : Sera and kidney tissue samples(whole kidney, cortex, outer medullae and inner medullae) were obtained before and after one, three, five and seven days of 40 minutes bilateral renal pedicle clamping. Acute renal failure was assessed by measuring the concentration of serum creatinine. Serum IGF-I level was measured by radioimmunoassay. The mRNA expression in kidney was measured by RT-PCR. The distribution of IGF-I and CTGF was detected by immunohistochemistry. Resuts : Serum IGF-I concentration after one day following acute ischemic renal injury was significantly decreased compared to preischemic value. The mRNA levels of IGF-I, IGF-II, $TGF-{\beta}1$ and VEGF in whole kidney were temporally decreased on day one of ischemic injury. IGF-I and IGF-II expressions in outer medullae were significantly decreased on day one after ischemic injury. $TGF-{\beta}1$, CTGF and VEGF expressions were markedly decreased in medullae after one day of ischemic injury compared to other kidney sections. IGF-I was markedly decreased in cortical tubules on day one of uremic rat. CTGF was markedly increased on tubule within three days of ischemic injury. Conclusion : These findings suggest that IGFs, $TGF-{\beta}1$ and CTGF may involve in the pathogenesis or the recovery from acute ischemic renal injury.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.190-198
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• 2006

Radiation use efficiency (RUE), the amount of biomass produced per unit intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), constitutes a main part of crop growth simulation models. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the variation of RUE of rice plants under various nitrogen nutritive conditions. from 1998 to 2000, shoot dry weight (DW), intercepted PAR of rice canopies, and nitrogen nutritive status were measured in various nitrogen fertilization regimes using japonica and Tongil-type varieties. These data were used for estimating the average RUEs before heading and the relationship between RUE and the nitrogen nutritive status. The canopy extinction coefficient (K) increased with the growth of rice until maximum tillering stage and maintained constant at about 0.4 from maximum tillering to heading stage, rapidly increasing again after heading stage. The DW growth revealed significant linear correlation with the cumulative PAR interception of the canopy, enabling the estimation of the average RUE before heading with the slopes of the regression lines. Average RUE tended to increase with the increased level of nitrogen fertilization. RUE increased approaching maximum as the nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) calculated by the ratio of actual shoot N concentration to the critical N concentration for the maximum growth at any growth stage and the specific leaf nitrogen $(SLN;\;g/m^2\;leaf\;area)$ increased. This relationship between RUE (g/MJ of PAR) and N nutritive status was expressed well by the following exponential functions: $$RUE=3.13\{1-exp(-4.33NNNI+1.26)\}$$ $$RUE=3.17\{1-exp(-1.33SLN+0.04)\}$$ The above equations explained, respectively, about 80% and 75% of the average RUE variation due to varying nitrogen nutritive status of rice plants. However, these equations would have some limitations if incorporated as a component model to simulate the rice growth as they are based on relationships averaged over the entire growth period before heading.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.20-25
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• 1978

Research on the hormones of insect has followed by the special opportunities and problems arising from pollution. Since then, the main frame of it has been energetically exploited by ligation, decapitation and so on. In the meanwhile, knowledge of the biochemistry of hormone action as well as other aspects of biochemistry in insects has been gradually disclosed. Since 1966, practical use of active analogs of the hormones has been also worked out as an insecticide and brought the features of it to the light. On the other hand, it is expected to afford the increase of silk productivity resulted from control of the fifth larval period by delaying normal development. With these regards, some of analogs have been tried to apply practically to the silkworm. One of them is "Manta" produced by Zoecon Chemical Company and it is presently used for the increase of silk productivity in Japan. Another one is "R-20458", not registered one, issued by Stuffer Chemical Company. It is still pending for the silkworm growth regulator For the possibility of practical use, two chemicals are tested on the increase of silk productivity by topical application and the obtained results are summarized as follows. 1. It is evident that the fifth larval period was extended by topical application of the tested chemicals "Manta"and "R-20458"at the fifth instar after 51 hours of the last ecdysis, ranging from 12 hours to one day, as compared to. the control 2. In survival rates, there is no significance at 5% level between control and treatments. It proved that there was no toxity to silkworm by topical aprication. 3. There is an increase of cocoon yield in both chemical treatments. It was resulted from increase of weight of single cocoon. "Manta"2.5ppm produced 22.2kg of cocoon. It is equal to 9% increase in index, as compared to that of control. In case of R-20458, the increasing rates were varied at the different concentration; 21.4kg of cocoon production with 5% increase at 5ppm, 20.9kg of it with 2% increase at 2.5ppm and 20.6kg of it with 1% increase at 1. 25ppm in index, respectively, as compared with that of control. 4. Percentage of cocoon shell was increased by topical application. In case of "Manta" 2.5ppm, it is 25.6% which is equal to 6% increase in index, as compared with that of control. For "R-20458", the increasing rates of percentage of cocoon shell were varied with the different level of chemical concentration. They are 25.0% of 4% increase at 2.5ppm, 24.9% of 3% increase at 1.25ppm and 24.7% of 3% increase at 5ppm. 15% increase was attained at "Manta" 2.5ppm in the weight of cocoon layer based on cocoon yield and percentage of cocoon shell in index, as compared with that of control. The rates for "R-20458"are 5% increase at 2.5ppm and 4% increase at 1. 25ppm in index.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.422-428
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• 2009

Purpose : Adolescence is a period of growth and development in body structure and physiologic, psychologic, and social functioning. Smoking and drinking in this period are very harmful and may lead to other forms of substance abuse. We surveyed the actual aspects of smoking and drinking among Korean adolescents and analyzed associated factors. Methods : A survey was performed among adolescents using a questionnaire about smoking and drinking. Data were collected from students who visited pediatric clinics for routine school examinations from July to November 2007. Results : A total of 2,546 adolescents (smoking 1,512; drinking 1,034) participated in the study. The overall smoking and drinking rates were 29.2% and 48.2%, respectively, and the mean age at the first instance of smoking and drinking was 13.8 and 14.1 years, respectively. Among drinking adolescents, 30.1% were offered a drink by their parents, although most adolescents were encouraged to smoke or drink by their friends. Dissatisfaction with family and school life, economic status, and school performance was associated with a higher smoking and drinking rate (P<0.001). Broken families were associated with a high rate of smoking, but peer satisfaction was not related to smoking or drinking. The frequency and amount of smoking and drinking in adolescents were as high as those in adults. Social sanctions seemed insufficient to keep adolescents from smoking and drinking. Conclusion : Adolescent smoking and drinking are highly influenced by family and school environments, so more active social sanctions are required, including parental involvement and legislation preventing adolescents from smoking and drinking.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.315-321
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• 2019

Background: There have been no studies to date on rhizome development and optimal harvest timing for Rehmannia glutinosa. We therefore, undertook this investigation. Methods and Results: R. glutinosa 'Jihwang 1' was sown in early May and harvested in early November. Growth investigations were carried out at intervals of 10 days between 90 and 180 days after sowing (DAS). Leaf length, leaf width, and number of leaves increased until 150 DAS but decreased after 160 DAS. Rhizome length increased until 120 DAS subsequently, rhizome diameter increased rapidly between 130 and 150 DAS. Thus, the key period for rhizome enlargement in R. glutinosa is thought to be 130 to 150 DAS. Fresh root yield increased sharply from 916 kg/10a to 1,914 kg/10a between 4 and 5 months after sowing (MAS). Dry matter ratio increased gradually from 19.2% at 4 MAS to 24.4% at 6 MAS. Finally, the level of catalpol, a key active ingredient, increased sharply from 0.41% to 4.21% between 5 and 6 MAS. Given the dry matter ratio, catalpol content and yield measured, we suggest that optimal R. glutinosa harvest time is 6 MAS. Conclusions: Based on our results, the key period for rhizome enlargement is 130 to 150 DAS and optimal harvest timing is 6 MAS. We anticipate that these and other results of this study can be used to inform cultivation of R. glutinosa.