• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.352-357
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• 2019

In this study, we investigated the limit temperature range which is effective for dormancy release of 'Hongro' and 'Fuji' apples during the endodormancy period. The germination rate was 50% or more in all treatments except of 'Hongro' $-5^{\circ}C$ treatment. The germination rate of 'Fuji' was 86.3% at the temperature of $-5^{\circ}C$. The concentrations of carbohydrate and mineral components were significantly different between treatments but did not show any tendency or specific change. However, the sorbitol contents of 'Hongro' $-5^{\circ}C$ treatment were higher at 29.62 mg/g than those of 'Fuji', which was not affected for dormancy release. The results of hormone analysis showed that ABA(abscisic acid) and JA(jasmonic acid) in 'Hongro' $-5^{\circ}C$ treatment were respectively 176.48 and 15.72 ng/g. ABA, JA and SA(salicylic acid) contents in 'Fuji' apple tree were significantly lower than those of 'Hongro'. As a result of this study, the limit temperature range effective for dormancy release was different according to the varieties, and 'Hongro' did not affect with 30.3% of germination rate at $-5^{\circ}C$. However, 'Fuji' is 86.3% even at $-5^{\circ}C$ it was suggested that 'Fuji' had a chilling accumulation for dormancy release.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.64 no.3
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• pp.185-192
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• 2019

Early-maturing rice type is cultivated to produce rice before the Korean Thanksgiving Day. We investigated the flowering and ripening characteristics of major breeding lines in early maturing rice type. In Jeonju, field growth days (FGD) from transplanting to heading changed about 3.3 days by 10 days of transplanting days and about 2.5 days by the change of mean temperature during growth period. As the temperature during ripening stage, 1000 brown rice weight was changed 0.2 g, the rice quality of brown and milled rice was changed 5% and 6.5%, respectively. Baegilmi and Kittake showed early heading habit suitable for harvesting before Korean Thanksgiving. Joun and Pecos showed good ripening characteristics under high temperature during the ripening stage. We expect that these characteristics might be useful for breeding new rice cultivars for harvesting before Korean Thanksgiving.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.269-282
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• 2009

This study investigates the difference of behavioral patterns between the import container volume of all ports and that of Gwangyang port in Korea. All series span the period January 1999 to December 2008. I first test whether the series are stationary or not. I can reject the null hypothesis of a unit root in each of the level variables and of a unit root for the residuals from the cointegration at the 5 percent significance level. I hitherto make use of variance decompositions and impulse response functions, both of which have now been widely used to examine how much movement in one variable can be explained by innovations in different variables and how rapidly these fluctuations in one variable can be transmitted to another. The variance decompositions for the import container volume show that the proportions of the forecast error variance of import container volumes explained by themselves are 30 and 26 per cent after 12 months, respectively. As a result, innovations in exchange rate and business activity explain 70 and 74 per cent of the variance in the import container volume. All in all, innovation accounting indicates that import container volumes are not exogenous with respect to exchange rate and business activity. The impulse responses indicate that container volumes decrease sharply to the shocks in exchange rate and decay very slowly to its pre-shock level, while container volumes respond positively to the shocks in the business activity and disappear very slowly, showing that the shocks last very long. Furthermore Gwangyang port is more sensitive to the change of the exchange rate and the industrial production than all ports.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.22-31
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• 2018

Objectives : In this study, we investigated whether Astragali Radix Pharmacocupuncture (ARP) has an effective on the full thickness defect wound healing process of mouse. Methods : A total of 50 mice (ICR mouse, 7 week-old male) were divided into control group and ARP group. A single full thickness skin defect was made on the dorsal side of the each mouse using an 8mm diameter biopsy punch. Control group were treated with 0.2㎖ saline and ARP group were treat with 0.2ml ARP at 8 points around the wound every three days total 4 times during the experimental period. The change in wound size, contraction rate, healing rate, and epithelization rate was measured by digital images taken on days 3, 6, 9, and 13, and evaluated using a digital image analysis program. Tissues were collected for histological analysis, RT-PCR, and Western blot on days 3, 6, 9, and 15. Results : The results are as follows. ARP group accelerated the rate of wound contraction, wound healing and epithelization compared to the control group. ARP group showed the decrease of inflammatory cells in early inflammatory phase compared to the control group. ARP group upregulated PECAM-1 mRNA and protein expression compared to the control group. ARP group inhibited the scar width and area compared to the control group. Conclusions: ARP showed positive effects on wound healing through the inhibition of inflammatory reaction and increase of PECAM-1 expression related to the wound healing process.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.156-160
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• 2016

Background: Workers in pesticide manufacturing industries are constantly exposed to pesticides. Genetic biomonitoring provides an early identification of potential cancer and genetic diseases in exposed populations. The objectives of this biomonitoring study were to assess DNA damage through comet assay in blood samples collected from industry workers and compare these results with those of classical analytical techniques used for complete blood count analysis. Methods: Samples from controls (n = 20) and exposed workers (n = 38) from an industrial area in Multan, Pakistan, were subjected to various tests. Malathion residues in blood samples were measured by gas chromatography. Results: The exposed workers who were employed in the pesticide manufacturing industry for a longer period (i.e., 13-25 years) had significantly higher DNA tail length ($7.04{\mu}m$) than the controls ($0.94{\mu}m$). Workers in the exposed group also had higher white blood cell and red blood cell counts, and lower levels of mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), MCH concentration, and mean corpuscular volume in comparison with normal levels for these parameters. Malathion was not detected in the control group. However, in the exposed group, 72% of whole blood samples had malathion with a mean value of 0.14 mg/L (range 0.01-0.31 mg/L). Conclusion: We found a strong correlation ($R^2=0.91$) between DNA damage in terms of tail length and malathion concentration in blood. Intensive efforts and trainings are thus required to build awareness about safety practices and to change industrial workers' attitude to prevent harmful environmental and anthropogenic effects.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.510-518
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• 2012

In this research, to modernize traditional food and to make functional bokryung-byung, bokryung-byungwas made with Poriacocos Wolf powder added. During its storage, its moisture content ranged from 42.89 to 44.85%. The control group had the highes tmoisture content (44.85%), and it was reduced significantly as the Poriacocos Wolf powder in creased. The longer the storage period was, the lower the pH and the higher the acidity was. The total bacterial count increased from 2.70 to 3.00 Log CFU/g right after the manufacture and increased rapidly on the fourth day of the storage with more than 7.00 Log CFU/g. There was no difference between the control group and the bokryung-byung, though. The Hunter's color value after the manufacture, with the increase in the added Poriacocos Wolf powder, showed a significantly reduced brightness, but significantly increased redness and yellowness. Their chromaticity did not change, how ever, during their storageat a temperature of $20^{\circ}C$. The hardness, solidity, gumminess, and cohesiveness of the bokryung-byung increased, unlike in the control group, and its brittleness increased. In terms of the overall preference, the preference for the control group was high, but was higher when 5 % Poria cocos Wolf powder was added during the manufacture of the bokryung-byung. As a result of these correlations, it is believed that elastic and chewy dduks are preferred and bokryung-byungs could be developed as functional dduks.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.69-87
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• 1999

This study had been analysed the establishment, the closing and the actual conditions of the fisheries school according to the four times revision and promulgation of the law of education of korea which were devided by the early term (the first Chosun educational decree), the middle term (the second Chosun educational decree) and the last term (the third and fourth Chosun educational decree), and also been investigated how the fisheries education of the school had been acted to the mobocracy and the assimilation policy and together with it's back ground through this analysis. The aim of this study is to contribute to the study of the history of the fisheries school education, analysis of change of the fisheries school education according to practical application of the Chosun educational decree. The summary of the characteristic of the each term are as under. First, in the early term of the fisheries education under the first Chosun educational decree, Experts were despatched to the each province with donated money from emperor and opened seasonal the fishing training centre, a kind of social fisheries education, and trained directly fishing technic and were going to train fisheries trainees regularly under name of elementary fisheries school. Japanese imperialism attached great importance to the vocational education in order to snack economical products from colonized Korea but actually had a purpose to train low quality technician who follow blindly their colony policy of Japanese imperialism. The fisheries schools in the circle of system in early time of Japanese imperialism, Kunsan public elementary fisheries school was established in April 1915, Yosu public elementary fisheries school was established ill May 1917 and Kyungnam Tongyoung training school was established in March 1917. Secondly, After 3.1 movement, the Japanese imperialism established an appeasement policy so called cultural politics and continued assimilation policy with skilful methods. After revision of the second Chosun educational decree, the Elementary vocational school was changed as the vocational training school. The school of fisheries education in middle of Japanese imperialism trained low quality technicians to snack fisheries resources from colonized Korea. After the middle of Japanese imperialism they paid attention on training fisheries technician through fisheries school rather than training school. With high interest and crowded volunteers, Kunsan public fisheries school was promoted in 1922, Tongyoung public fisheries school was promoted in 1923, Yongampo fisheries training school established in 1922 was promoted as Yongampo public fisheries school in 1926. Thirdly, in the time of the third and fourth Chosun educational decree, the end of Japanese imperialism, they met Pacific war after Japan vs China war. During the war time they considered the vocational school as the source of supply for materials and manpower and consequently had to expanded vocational education and systematically despatched students to war field and practiced military training. In 1938, Namhae public fisheries school was established and Chungjin fisheries school was permitted. But in order to supply manpower to Pacific war, the study period of Yosu public fisheries school was shorten from 5 years to 4 year in 1943 and also that of Tongyoung public fisheries school shorten in 1944.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.101-111
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• 2011

The Returning Land for Farming to Forestry Project in China is similar to the 'The 10-year National Greening Project' of Korea, and is one of the great strategic policies that started in order to develop the people, resources and the environment by the central government of China. Using the ecosystem recovery as the slogan, The Returning Land for Farming to Forestry Project of China has a long history of 70 years, but the accomplishments has been insignificant when compared to the long history. The Returning Land for Farming to Forestry Project was not a trend due to the societal and economical issues of China, but with the increasing interest on the environmental protection in the late 1990s the extent of the ecosystem is gradually increasing. The most difficult, yet most important matter of the Returning Land for Farming to Forestry Project, is that it must consider the ecosystem with the economy. The farmers want financial gains in a short term, and the government aims is gaining cost-benefit over a long period which is why a rational the Returning Land for Farming to Forestry Project of the central government in China is most important. In order for the Returning Land for Farming to Forestry Project of China to develop further in the future, the standardization and distinction of the economic compensation policy is most urgent. Other than this, a new policy and the government interest on the livelihood of the farmers after the completion of the Returning Land for Farming to Forestry Project are needed, and there must be a clear and fair policy enactment environment so that the opinions of the farmers can influence the policy in the policy enactments.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.701-707
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• 2021

In this study, we examined the sea surface temperature (SST), air temperature (AT), and their time lag in response to an extreme cold wave in 2018 and a weak cold wave in 2019, cross-correlating these to the northern wind direction frequency. The data used in this study include SST observations of seven ocean buoys Real-time Information System for Aquaculture Environment provided by the National Institute of Fisheries Science and automatic weather station AT near them recorded every hour; null data was interpolated. A finite impulse response filter was used to identify the appropriate data period. In the extreme cold wave in 2018, the seven locations indicated low SST caused by moving cold air through the northern wind direction. A warm cold wave in 2019, the locations showed that the AT data was similar to the normal AT data, but the SST data did not change notably. During the extreme cold wave of 2018, data showed a high correlation coefficient of about 0.7 and a time lag of about 14 hours between AT and SST; during the weak cold wave of 2019, the correlation coefficient was 0.44-0.67 and time lag about 20 hours between AT and SST. This research will contribute to rapid response to such climate phenomena while minimizing aquaculture damage.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.546-554
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• 2021

Background: Diabetes mellitus and hypertension often occur together, amplifying cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and emphasizing the need for a multitargeted treatment approach. American ginseng (AG) and Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) species could improve glycemic control via complementary mechanisms. Additionally, a KRG-inherent component, ginsenoside Rg3, may moderate blood pressure (BP). Our objective was to investigate the therapeutic potential of coadministration of Rg3-enriched Korean Red Ginseng (Rg3-KRG) and AG, added to standard of care therapy, in the management of hypertension and cardiometabolic risk factors in type-2 diabetes. Methods: Within a randomized controlled, parallel design of 80 participants with type-2 diabetes (HbA1c: 6.5-8%) and hypertension (systolic BP: 140-160 mmHg or treated), supplementation with either 2.25 g/day of combined Rg3-KRG + AG or wheat-bran control was assessed over a 12-wk intervention period. The primary endpoint was ambulatory 24-h systolic BP. Additional endpoints included further hemodynamic assessment, glycemic control, plasma lipids and safety monitoring. Results: Combined ginseng intervention generated a mean ± SE decrease in primary endpoint of 24-h systolic BP (-3.98 ± 2.0 mmHg, p = 0.04). Additionally, there was a greater reduction in HbA1c (-0.35 ± 0.1% [-3.8 ± 1.1 mmol/mol], p = 0.02), and change in blood lipids: total cholesterol (-0.50 ± 0.2 mmol/l, p = 0.01), non-HDL-C (-0.54 ± 0.2 mmol/l, p = 0.01), triglycerides (-0.40 ± 0.2 mmol/l, p = 0.02) and LDL-C (-0.35 ± 0.2 mmol/l, p = 0.06) at 12 wks, relative to control. No adverse safety outcomes were observed. Conclusion: Coadministration of Rg3-KRG + AG is an effective addon for improving BP along with attaining favorable cardiometabolic outcomes in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Ginseng derivatives may offer clinical utility when included in the polypharmacy and lifestyle treatment of diabetes. Clinical trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov identifier, NCT01578837;