• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
• /
• v.11 no.4
• /
• pp.189-210
• /
• 2015

This study's aim was to find a patterns of network dynamics focused on multicultural education contents within the teacher's guide books which are based on national kindergarten curriculum. It was analysed that the 43 guidebooks(2009 Educational activities and materials guidebooks for kindergarten, 11 and the Nuri curriculum teacher guidebooks for the age of 3-5, 32) were analysed using the UCINET 6 program with multicultural education contents frameworks. The findings were as follows: First, multicultural contents' density is connected to life theme of the Nuri curriculum was higher than the 2009 kindergarten curriculum. And life theme with high connectivity was 'I and my family' in the 2009 kindergarten curriculum and 'animals, plants and nature'(3 years old), 'kindergarten and friends' & 'I and my family'(4-5 years old) in the Nuri curriculum. Second, the highest connection content was 'having interests in culture' & 'knowing similarities and differences' in the 2009 kindergarten curriculum, and 'having interests in culture' & 'promoting a sense of community' in the Nuri curriculum. Finally, multicultural education for young children according to the national educational curriculum transition was changed from 'identity' to 'interaction and cooperation'. It means that the Nuri curriculum is more focused on international knowledges and competencies as a world citizen. It suggests the directions for multicultural education for young children in the future.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
• /
• 2022.06a
• /
• pp.1243-1244
• /
• 2022

In recent years, the growing interest in off-site construction has led to factories scaling up their manufacturing and production processes in the construction sector. Consequently, continuous large-scale site monitoring in low-variability environments, such as prefabricated components production plants (precast concrete production), has gained increasing importance. Although many studies on computer vision-based site monitoring have been conducted, challenges for deploying this technology for large-scale field applications still remain. One of the issues is collecting and transmitting vast amounts of video data. Continuous site monitoring systems are based on real-time video data collection and analysis, which requires excessive computational resources and network traffic. In addition, it is difficult to integrate various object information with different sizes and scales into a single scene. Various sizes and types of objects (e.g., workers, heavy equipment, and materials) exist in a plant production environment, and these objects should be detected simultaneously for effective site monitoring. However, with the existing object detection algorithms, it is difficult to simultaneously detect objects with significant differences in size because collecting and training massive amounts of object image data with various scales is necessary. This study thus developed a large-scale site monitoring system using edge computing and a small-object detection system to solve these problems. Edge computing is a distributed information technology architecture wherein the image or video data is processed near the originating source, not on a centralized server or cloud. By inferring information from the AI computing module equipped with CCTVs and communicating only the processed information with the server, it is possible to reduce excessive network traffic. Small-object detection is an innovative method to detect different-sized objects by cropping the raw image and setting the appropriate number of rows and columns for image splitting based on the target object size. This enables the detection of small objects from cropped and magnified images. The detected small objects can then be expressed in the original image. In the inference process, this study used the YOLO-v5 algorithm, known for its fast processing speed and widely used for real-time object detection. This method could effectively detect large and even small objects that were difficult to detect with the existing object detection algorithms. When the large-scale site monitoring system was tested, it performed well in detecting small objects, such as workers in a large-scale view of construction sites, which were inaccurately detected by the existing algorithms. Our next goal is to incorporate various safety monitoring and risk analysis algorithms into this system, such as collision risk estimation, based on the time-to-collision concept, enabling the optimization of safety routes by accumulating workers' paths and inferring the risky areas based on workers' trajectory patterns. Through such developments, this continuous large-scale site monitoring system can guide a construction plant's safety management system more effectively.

• Research in Plant Disease
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.158-167
• /
• 2016

A pathogen that causes a new disease on green pumpkin in the nursery and the field was characterized and identified. Symptoms of the disease on green pumpkin were water soaking lesions and spots with strong yellow halo on leaf, brown lesion on flower, and yellow spot on fruit. The bacterial isolates from the leaf spot were pathogenic on the 8 curcubitaceae crop plants, green pumpkin, figleaf gourd, wax gourd, young pumpkin, zucchini, cucumber, melon, and oriental melon, whereas they did not cause the disease on sweet pumpkin and watermelon. They were Gram-negative, rod shape with polar flagella, fluorescent on King's B agar and LOPAT group 1a by LOPAT test. Their Biolog substrate utilization patterns were similar to Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae's in Biolog database. Phylogenetic trees with 16S rRNA gene sequences and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) with nucleotide sequences of 4 housekeeping genes, gapA, gltA, gyrB, rpoD and those of P. syringae complex strains in the Plant Associated and Environmental Microbes Database (PAMDB) showed that the green pumpkin isolates formed in the same clade with P. syringae pv. syringae strains. The clade in MLST tree was in the genomospecies 1 group. The phenotypic and genotypic characteristics suggested that the isolates from green pumpkin lesion were P. syringae pv. syringae.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.224-231
• /
• 1995

Paraquat, the representative bipyridilium herbicide, has high phytotoxic activity through generating toxic oxygen species such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxy radical. The response patterns of plants to paraquat were various. It was assumed that the different response was derived from different antioxidative mechanisms including antioxidative enzymes and antioxidant. Paraquat treatment increased reducing sugar content and malondialdehyde formation at 35 days after treatment in a dose-dependent manner but chlorophyll content decreased. Glutathione content increased by paraquat treatment and tolerant species showed more glutathione content than susceptible species. Superoxide dismutase activity increased with the increase in paraquat concentration and that was higher in tolerant species than susceptible species. Photosynthetic activity(PSII activity) was affected by paraquat, so the susceptible species showed more reduced oxygen evolving capacity than tolerant species. Catalse, NADPH-cytochrome C reductase, and malate dehydrogenase, the enzymes tested in this study, showed that the activities decreased by paraquat treatment. Further studies are necessary to determine whether antioxidative system cause the tolerance to paraquat.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
• /
• v.5 no.3
• /
• pp.163-173
• /
• 2018

The biopolymer (BP) used in this study is mainly composed of xanthan gum and ${\beta}$-glucan derived from microorganism and has been introduced as a novel material for soil stabilization. However, the broad applicability of BP has been suggested in the field of geotechnical engineering while little information is available about the effects of BP on the vegetation. The goal of this study is to find the BP effects on the growth of Camelina sativa L. (Camelina) under drought condition. For more thorough evaluation of BP effects on the plant growth, we examined not only morphological but also physiological traits and gene expression patterns. After 25 days of drought treatment from germination in the soil amended with 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1% BP, we observed that the BP concentration was strongly correlated the growth of Camelina. When plants were grown under drought stress, Camelina in 0.5% BP mixture showed better physiological parameters of the leaf stomatal conductance, electrolyte leakage and relative water content compared to those in control soil without BP. Plant recovery rate after re-watering was higher and the development of lateral root was lower in BP amended soil. RNA expression of Camelina leaf treated with/without drought for 7 and 10 days showed that aquaporin genes transporting solutes at bio-membrane, CsPIP1;4, 2;1, 2;6 and TIP1;2, 2;1, were induced more in the plants with BP amendment and drought treatment. These results suggest that the soil amended with BP has a positive effect on the transport of nutrients and waters into Camelina by improving water retention in soil under drought condition.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.58-75
• /
• 1983

The effects of air temperature on the grain filling stage of indica-japonica crosses were studied in artificial temperature-controlled cabinets, using Indica-Japonica crosses (Suweon 264, Suweon 258 and Milyang 29), Indica IR 36 and Lengkwang) and a Japonica rice (Jinheung). The optimum temperature to achieve maximum grain weight during the grain-filling stage was $26/18^{\circ}C$ for all varieties. Within the temperature range of 13 to $28^{\circ}C$, the grain filling period was shorter as the temperature was increased. At the highest temperature $(32/24^{\circ}C)$ the upper-position grains ("special spikelets") of IR 36 required 13days after flowering to reach the maximum weight, in Jinheung 23 days, in indica-japonica varieties (Suweon 264, Suweon 258, and MiIyang 29) 18 days, and in Lengkwang, 23 days. In the case of Lengkwang, at $32/24, \;29/21^{\circ}C$ and $26/18^{\circ}C$temperature range the upper-position grain also required same 23 days after flowering to reach the maximum weight. At the lowest temperature range of $17/9^{\circ}C$, Jinheung required 68 days and Lengkwang 53 days after flowering to reach maximum grain weight. The whole panicle took 10 to 15 days later than the special spikelets to reach the maximum weight. At lower-than-optimum temperature range $(l7/9^{\circ}C\;and\;20/12^{\circ}C)$, all IR 36 plant died within 15 days after flowering. In the case of indica-japonica varieties all plants died within 15 days only at $17/9^{\circ}C$. There were more chalky grains when the temperature was higher and lower than optimum. The highest and lowest temperature range produced dead rice (black and dark red rice). Lower than optimum temperature ranges $(17/9^{\circ}C\;and\;20/12^{\circ}C)$ affected grain quality (length, width and depth) at these temperature ranges, grains were shorter, narrower, and thinner than grains at the optimum temperature of $26/18^{\circ}C$. With regared and the effects of temperature on frequency of grain weight at grain filling stage of indica variety IR 36, the highest $(32/24^{\circ}C)$ and lowest $(23/15^{\circ}C)$ temperature ranges matched the frequency of grain weight curves. In Japonica variety Jinheung, at the three temperature ranges, that is, lowest $(17/9^{\circ}C)$ highest $(32/24^{\circ}C)$ and optimum $(26/18^{\circ}C)$, the frequency of grain weight curve showed very different patterns, In the case of indica-japonica variety Suweon 258, the frequency of grain weight curve was midway between that of IR 36 and Jinheung. Jinheung.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
• /
• v.25 no.4
• /
• pp.326-335
• /
• 2007

This study was conducted to assess the environmental risks of anthracnose resistant transgenic chili peppers with the PepEST gene on non-target organisms in the agroecosystem environments during the chili pepper growing seasons in 2006. We quantitatively collected arthropods assemblages living on leaves and flowers of chili peppers on June 20, July 25, and August 25 by using an insect vacuum collector to compare the patterns of arthropod community structures between non-transgenic chili peppers (nTR, WT512) and anthracnose resistant transgenic chili peppers (TR, line 68). We found the seasonal difference with the highest species richness and Shannon's diversity in July's sampling among the growing seasons (P<0.05) and each sampling season showed the different arthropod community composition. We also found there was no statistical difference between the two types of crops, nTR and TR, at each sampling time (P>0.05). The significance level of arthropod community showed that there were lots of seasonal difference of functional groups as well as taxa but only the herbivore group in the functional groups was significantly different for the types of plants (P<0.05). So, we further examined the herbivore groups to find any potential damage and identified the possibility of herbivorous damage from some herbivores, grasshoppers, aphids and thrips. Although we couldn't find any adverse effects from the environmental risk assessment between the arthropod community structures on two types of plants from our results, we should keep working for the environmental risk assessment because of the herbivorous potential risk possibility.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.324-336
• /
• 2004

This study was achieved to present ecological administration plan by analyzing vegetation structure and condition rating class(environmental damage degree) of Sangnim Woods Natural Monument in Hamyang-gun, Korea. In vegetation structure part, actual vegetation was classified by 22 patterns and Quercus serrata Carpinus tschonoskii community(31.8％), Quercus serrata community(14.6％) ranged extensively. Main plant community was 8 types, and is fractionated by 13 plant communities according to stratigraphy development degree it is Quercus serrata community, Quercus serrata Carpinus tschonoskii community, Quercus aliena community, Quercus acutissima community, Carpinus tschonoskii community, Carpinus tschonoskii Quercus serrata community, Zelkova serrata-Quercus serrata community, and Planted area with korean landscape woody plants. Age of old growth trees that diameter of breast height over 38cm was 61∼77years. In condition rating class, area of class 3 was 51,960$m^2$(32.8％), area of class 4 was 6,583$m^2$(3.5％), and area of class 5 was 4,086$m^2$(2.6％) and gross area of class 3∼6 need artificial restoration was 61,619$m^2$(38.9％). Considering actual vegetation, plant community structure, and condition rating class biotope was classified by total 14 types. While distribution area of Queens spp. old growth forest of shrub damaged(51,246$m^2$, 32.4％) and deciduous broad leaved old growth forest of simple-layer structure(19,906$m^2$, 12.6％) is large and that of deciduous broad-leaved old growth forest of multi-layer structure(2,085$m^2$, 1.3％) and Queens spp. old growth forest of multi-layer structure may have to manage with user control by administration plan for stabilization of Sangnim Woods ecosystem for long-term. Also, both vegetation of shrub damaged and simple-layer structure as negative restoration area should be restored for ecological succession and both grassland and planted area with korean woody plants as positive restoration area should be revegetated by using ecological planting model of native vegetation structure in Sangnim Woods.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
• /
• v.45 no.6
• /
• pp.73-80
• /
• 2011

To investigate the characteristics of plant growth and flower quality of gerbera 'Sunny Lemon' by amount of nutrient solution, young seedling plants, 'Sunny Lemon' were transplanted to rock-wool and medium of peat moss and perlite mixed with 1 to 2 and they were acclimatized in greenhouse during about 1 month. Nutrient solution supplied to the plants is sonneveld solution of 1/2 concentration and treatments launched June 24, 2010 when average plant height was $20{\pm}1cm$. Nutrient contents as a standard for starting point of irrigation by time domain reflectometry (TDR) were determined with 60-65%, 70-75%, and 80-85%. Results of growth during vegetative growth, plant height, leaf width and leaf number increased by 10% in rockwool, but they were not significantly different. As for plant growth depending on nutrient content, 80-85% treatment showed the highest values. Leaf number increased by 60%, and leaf width and plant height had a about 40% increase than initial growth. Effectiveness for flower quality, yield and days to flowering were superior when nutrient content of media was higher than in the others. Especially, average days to flowering in 80-85% content was advanced by 7-10 days compared to the day in 60-65% treatment. The total amount of nutrient supply per plant was higher in mixed medium than in rockwool, but change patterns of EC and pH were enhanced in rockwool. Based on our results, we recommended that growth, cut flower, and yield of gerbera 'Sunny Lemon' were more effective when nutrient content of mixed medium was maintained at 80-85%.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.1-14
• /
• 1986

This study was carried out to acguire some basic information on nutritional and lhysiological effects of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae(VAM) on mulberry trees inoculated with Glomus mosseae, Gerd. & Trap. grown in clay for 65 days and treated with 5 different levels of phosphorus, ie 30, 60, 120, 240, 480 ppm as (NH4)2 HPO4. At the End of the expermental period the levels of fixed phosphate in the soil was measared. And the native VAM fungi were collected to select the most effective VAM species on mulberry tree. The nutritional and biochemical effects of VA mycorrhizae on the mulberry leaves were also studied. Those results are as follow. 1. The mulberry trees grown in clay and inoculated with VAM were heavier in shoot dry weight as much as 197% than uninoculated plants. But in vermioulite, uninoculated mulberry trees were heavier as much as 135% than inoculated. 2. The rates of endo mycorrhizal formation in clay was highest at 60 ppm level of phosphorus, and vesicles in roots were formed in 240ppm and 480ppm level of phosphorus, but not in 30ppm, 60ppm and 120ppm. 3. The greatest growth responses of VAM inoculation was found at 60ppm level of hosphorus, and the optimum phosphorus level for VAM responese appeared to be 60ppm. 4. VAM was also to absorb soil-fixed phosphate. VAM abosrbed Fe-bound phosphate most efficiently and Ca-bound phosphate with ease but not Al-bound phosphate and Al-Fe occluded phosphate. 5. Three species of Gigaspora and one species of Glamus growing naturally in mulberry plantations were collected and tested for the growth responses. Gigaspora tricalipta and Gigaspora calospora revealed the greatest growth responses on mulberry tree among tested VAM fungi. 6. Mulberry leaves inoculated with VA mycorrhizal fungi contained 9.8% more phosphate and 15.2% more nitrogen, 22.2% more water-soluble carbohydrates and 15.2% more proteins than uninoculated plants. 7. The electrophoretic pattern of mulberry leaf protein inoculated with VAM fungi has 19 bands. 8. The patterns of peroxidase zymogram and Amulase zymogram were different between the mulberry leaves inoculated and uninoculated with VA mycorrhizal fungi. The peroxidase zymogram of inoculated leaves has 1 less majour band than unioculated leaves The amylase zymogram of inoculated leaves has 2 bands near the +pole, but that of uninoculated leaves has 1 band near the $pole.