• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.42 no.6
• /
• pp.749-756
• /
• 2009

Background: Vascular ring is a rare anomaly of the aortic arch. We did surgical repair procedures on 16 cases of vascular ring over the past 12 years. This article reviews our results. Material and Method: Between 1995 and 2007, 16 patients (5 with double aortic arch, 7 with right aortic arch-left ligamentum, 4 with pulmonary artery sling) underwent surgical repair. Mean age at the time of the operation were as follows: double aortic arch, $5.7{\pm}5.5$ years; right aortic arch-left ligamentum, $6.1{\pm}13.4$ years; pulmonary artery sling, $2.9{\pm}2.6$ years. Five patients (71%) with right aortic arch-left ligamentum had an associated Kommerell's diverticulum. Two patients (40%) with double aortic arch, 2 patients (28.6%) with right aortic arch-left ligament and 4 patients (100%) with pulmonary artery sling had associated airway stenosis. Cardiac anomalies were present in 8 of 16 patients. Result: There was no peri-operative or post-operative mortality. The mean hospital stay was $27.1{\pm}38.2$ days. None of our patients underwent reoperation. Conclusion: Vascular ring is rare, but, it needs surgical correction. It is important to suspect the diagnosis and to validate with echocardiography. Preoperative and postoperative computed tomography and bronchoscopy are useful to evaluate the airway and surrounding structures.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.111-123
• /
• 2013

Semantic similarity/relatedness measure between two concepts plays an important role in research on system integration and database integration. Moreover, current research on keyword recommendation or tag clustering strongly depends on this kind of semantic measure. For this reason, many researchers in various fields including computer science and computational linguistics have tried to improve methods to calculating semantic similarity/relatedness measure. This study of similarity between concepts is meant to discover how a computational process can model the action of a human to determine the relationship between two concepts. Most research on calculating semantic similarity usually uses ready-made reference knowledge such as semantic network and dictionary to measure concept similarity. The topological method is used to calculated relatedness or similarity between concepts based on various forms of a semantic network including a hierarchical taxonomy. This approach assumes that the semantic network reflects the human knowledge well. The nodes in a network represent concepts, and way to measure the conceptual similarity between two nodes are also regarded as ways to determine the conceptual similarity of two words(i.e,. two nodes in a network). Topological method can be categorized as node-based or edge-based, which are also called the information content approach and the conceptual distance approach, respectively. The node-based approach is used to calculate similarity between concepts based on how much information the two concepts share in terms of a semantic network or taxonomy while edge-based approach estimates the distance between the nodes that correspond to the concepts being compared. Both of two approaches have assumed that the semantic network is static. That means topological approach has not considered the change of semantic relation between concepts in semantic network. However, as information communication technologies make advantage in sharing knowledge among people, semantic relation between concepts in semantic network may change. To explain the change in semantic relation, we adopt the cognitive semantics. The basic assumption of cognitive semantics is that humans judge the semantic relation based on their cognition and understanding of concepts. This cognition and understanding is called 'World Knowledge.' World knowledge can be categorized as personal knowledge and cultural knowledge. Personal knowledge means the knowledge from personal experience. Everyone can have different Personal Knowledge of same concept. Cultural Knowledge is the knowledge shared by people who are living in the same culture or using the same language. People in the same culture have common understanding of specific concepts. Cultural knowledge can be the starting point of discussion about the change of semantic relation. If the culture shared by people changes for some reasons, the human's cultural knowledge may also change. Today's society and culture are changing at a past face, and the change of cultural knowledge is not negligible issues in the research on semantic relationship between concepts. In this paper, we propose the future directions of research on semantic similarity. In other words, we discuss that how the research on semantic similarity can reflect the change of semantic relation caused by the change of cultural knowledge. We suggest three direction of future research on semantic similarity. First, the research should include the versioning and update methodology for semantic network. Second, semantic network which is dynamically generated can be used for the calculation of semantic similarity between concepts. If the researcher can develop the methodology to extract the semantic network from given knowledge base in real time, this approach can solve many problems related to the change of semantic relation. Third, the statistical approach based on corpus analysis can be an alternative for the method using semantic network. We believe that these proposed research direction can be the milestone of the research on semantic relation.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.125-140
• /
• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of covert narcissism and the sense of alienation with SNS addiction proneness and the influence of them on SNS addiction proneness in order to find a way to conduct an intervention for the SNS addiction proneness of middle school students, and verify the mediating effect of self-esteem on the relationship between covert narcissism, the sense of alienation, and SNS addiction proneness. For this purpose, data were collected online from the first to third grade middle school students who had the experience of using SNS within the past one week, and finally, the data of a total of 341 participants were used for analysis. First, as a result of the analysis of the correlation between covert narcissism, the sense of alienation, self-esteem and SNS addiction proneness, covert narcissism and the sense of alienation showed a significant positive correlation with SNS addiction proneness. On the other hand, there was a significant negative correlation between self-esteem and SNS addiction proneness. Second, the investigation of the effects of covert narcissism, alienation, and self-esteem on SNS addiction proneness showed that covert narcissism, the sense of alienation, and self-esteem had a significant effect on the SNS addiction proneness. The higher the levels of covert narcissism and the sense of alienation, the higher the level of SNS addiction proneness. On the other hand, the higher the level of self-esteem, the lower the level of SNS addiction proneness. Third, the mediating effect of self-esteem was verified for the relationship of covert narcissism and the sense of alienation with SNS addiction proneness. Although covert narcissism and the sense of alienation may directly affect SNS addiction proneness, it was found that they had a significant effect on the SNS addiction proneness through self-esteem as a mediating variable. In other words, it was found that as the levels of the covert narcissism and the sense of alienation were increased, the level of the self-esteem was lowered, which led to a higher level of SNS addiction proneness. In order to form a proper network culture for adolescents, education on appropriate use of SNS that can be put into practice in everyday life should be conducted, and healthy and desirable SNS culture should be created. In addition, systematic education and management should be provided so that students can develop the ability to control and regulate themselves.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
• /
• v.144
• /
• pp.319-338
• /
• 2017

Nowadays, the attention of integrity increases in ethics by concerning about the self and reviving the virtue ethic. It's terminology is diverse because integrity is understood and translated in various dimensions. I am trying to translate integrity into self-integration. Firstly, the reason why is to bring the Latin language of integrity. The Latin language of integrity means an undivided and broken completeness or totality with nothing wanting. Secondly, This is the reason why it is related with the morally good life. This integrity is not an integration as a stream of consciousness and a substantial self identity given from an ancient Greek. I resolve a self integration through the unity of a narrative of MacIntyre. MacIntyre's point is like this. Integrity is connected with the unity of character which a self is embedded in character. The unity of character presupposes a self identity, ultimately the integrity of narrative requires the unity of character. But like a beginning and middle and end of a narrative, he says that the concept of self is based on the its unity in the narrative uniting birth and middle and death. This is in the course of life being his/her history and narrative because a self has a sustainability of time embedded in a life from birth to end. That self exists as a subject making its narrative shows being responsible for and responsible for experience and action constructing this narrative. This shows the relation with narrative and temporality. The self of present is talking about the self of past and brings the problem of responsibility by narrating the self of future. Then, who are those person who live life of their integrity. We can talk that comfort women live life of their integrity. Comfort women realized their integrity by narrating and become subject of their history.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.32 no.4
• /
• pp.383-397
• /
• 1999

For sites to be investigated, the results of such an investigation can be used in determining foals for cleanup, quantifying risks, determining acceptable and unacceptable risk, and developing cleanup plans t hat do not cause unnecessary delays in the redevelopment and reuse of the property. To do this, it is essential that an appropriately detailed study of the site be performed to identify the cause, nature, and extent of contamination and the possible threats to the environment or to any people living or working nearby through the analysis of samples of soil and soil gas, groundwater, surface water, and sediment. The migration pathways of contaminants also are examined during this phase. Key aspects of cost-effective site assessment to help standardize and accelerate the evaluation of contaminated soils at sites are to provide a simple step-by-step methodology for environmental science/engineering professionals to calculate risk-based, site-specific soil levels for contaminants in soil. Its use may significantly reduce the time it takes to complete soil investigations and cleanup actions at some sites, as well as improve the consistency of these actions across the nation. To achieve the effective site assessment, it requires the criteria for choosing the type of standard and setting the magnitude of the standard come from different sources, depending on many factors including the nature of the contamination. A general scheme for site-specific assessment consists of sequential Phase I, II, and III, which is defined by workplan and soil screening levels. Phase I are conducted to identify and confirm a site's recognized environmental conditions resulting from past actions. If a Phase 1 identifies potential hazardous substances, a Phase II is usually conducted to confirm the absence, or presence and extent, of contamination. Phase II involve the collection and analysis of samples. And Phase III is to remediate the contaminated soils determined by Phase I and Phase II. However, important factors in determining whether a assessment standard is site-specific and suitable are (1) the spatial extent of the sampling and the size of the sample area; (2) the number of samples taken: (3) the strategy of taking samples: and (4) the way the data are analyzed. Although selected methods are recommended, application of quantitative methods is directed by users having prior training or experience for the dynamic site investigation process.

• The Critical Review of Religion and Culture
• /
• no.31
• /
• pp.255-287
• /
• 2017

This paper analyzes the religious circuit of suicidal concept based on verbal expression and ritual acts, which are found in the suicide discourse of Korean Catholic Church and Protestant Church. In the relationship of suicide and religion, it is easily overlooked the religious circuit and its construction that forms the concept of suicide among the religious laymen. It is assumed that the belief system of traditional religions prohibits suicide and the laymen accordingly construct a perception or concept of suicide along with this belief system. Various studies on this subject have proved it. However, in order to understand the religious way of constructing the concept of suicide on a personal level, it is necessary to pay attention to the religious environment in which the concepts and emotions of suicide circulate. The laymen do not passively and perfectly accept the finely established suicide concept provided by the doctrine or the theology. Rather, the laymen tend to collect the pieces of concept over the suicide that are drifting in the religious environment of his/her daily routine life and to make an concept of suicide in an incomplete form. We can find the unstable and imperfect traits of such a suicide concept through the experience of suicide survivors who have a religious background. For the suicide survivors with religious beliefs, they resist the formal doctrinal and theological provisions to suicide, or try to understand the notion of suicide in their own contexts. In terms of linguistic expressions and ritual acts relating to suicide, the attentions are differently directed in the public and the private domain among the religious groups. Considering on the high rates of suicide in Korean society, the Korean Catholic Churches are increasingly tolerant over the suicide and accept it in the public sphere. It is unlikely when comparing to the negative attitudes of the suicide in the past. However, such tolerance does not go beyond the doctrinal and ethical judgment that defines suicide as a serious sin. The once-committed lay believer's speech and gestures usually contain the various emotions, such as sadness, grief, anxiety, regretfulness, eagerness, and pain in the private spheres. The language and gestures with these emotions have been activated in the religious circuits of suicide, being extended to the religious apparatus for the person who died of suicide. In case of Protestantism, the institutional organizations, such as the particular denominations and the individual-churchism of the Korean Protestant Churches, and their own interpretations of the Bible have in the private sphere strongly effected on the linguistic expressions and the rituals related to the suicide. The religious-ethical judgment of the suicide is varied how the suicide is interpreted by the theologians and the pastors. And the ritual acts for healing the complex feelings and the psychological wounds of the suicide survivors are not actively explored and adopted yet. It makes harder to approach and heal the protestant followers since they emphasize the innermost belief and the salvation assurance faith.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
• /
• no.21
• /
• pp.169-246
• /
• 2009

The national records management system of the Korean Government has been developed in a close relationship with changes in the administrative system. The national records management system established immediately after the establishment of the Korean Government, began to be reformed as a system with a new feature during the quick transition of the administrative system during the early 1960s. Particularly this new system holds an important meaning in that it began to cope with the mass production system of records and was established on the government level for the first time since the establishment of the government. Also this was a basic framework that defined the records management pattern of the Korean Government for the later 40 years. Therefore, this study aims to identify the origin and the meaning of the national records management system established during the early 1960s. At the time of establishing the government, the administrative system of the Korean Government was not completely free from the framework of the administrative system of the Chosen General Government. This was mainly because the Korean Government had no capability to renovate the administrative system. This was not an exception also for the national records management system. In other words, the forms and preparation methods of official document, an official document management process, and the classification and appraisal system used the records management system of the Chosen General Government without any alteration. Main factors that brought about the reform of the national records management system as well as the change in the Korean administrative system during the early 1960s, were being created in Korean society, starting from the mid 1950s. This resulted from the growth of Korean Army, public officers, and students of administrative science as being the intrinsic elites of Korean society through their respective experience of the US administration. In particular, the reform of the creation, classification, filing, transfer, and preservation system shown during the introduction of a scientific management system of the US Army in the Korean Army was a meaningful change given the historic developing process of Korean records management system history. This change had a decisive effect on the reform of the national records management system during the early 1960s. As the Korean Army, public officers, and students of administrative science, who had posted growth beginning in the mid-1950s, emerged as administrative elites during the early 1960s, the administrative system of the Korean Government brought about a change, which was different from the past in terms of its quality, and the modernization work of documentary administration pursued during the period, became extended to the reform of the national records management system. Then, the direction of reform was 'the efficient and effective control' over records based on scientific management, which was advanced through the medium of the work that accommodate the US office management system and a decimal filing system to Korean administrative circumstances. Consequently, Various official document forms, standards, and the gist of process were improved and standardized, and the appraisal system based on the function-based classification were unified on the government level by introducing a decimal filing system.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.20 no.8
• /
• pp.47-55
• /
• 2019

This study was conducted to investigate the factors associated with electronic cigarette use by Korean adults. To accomplish this, data collected from 228,477 individuals during a community health survey conducted by the Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2015 were analyzed by descriptive analysis, the Chi-squared test, and logistic regression analysis. The lifetime prevalence of electronic cigarette smoking was 11.1% for men and 0.8% for women. The current prevalence for electronic cigarettes smoking was 24.2% for men and 26.1% for women among lifetime users of electronic cigarettes. The lifetime experience rate of electronic cigarette smoking was significantly associated with age, educational attainment, occupation, income status and current smoking status, respectively. The current universal smoking e-cigarette is significantly related to the current smoking status, which shows a significantly higher number of current smokers than groups that have smoked in the past. The preference for electronic cigarette smoking was high. E-cigarettes were perceived by those who aimed to quit smoking as having a smoking cessation effect compared to regular cigarettes while also providing the pleasure of smoking and addressing the addiction. Therefore, e-cigarettes were highly favored because they were reflected as a solution to the dilemma of smoking. In 2014, electronic cigarette imports tripled from the previous year, and interest in electronic cigarettes is increasing worldwide. Accordingly, measures related to the prevention and discontinuation of e-cigarettes should be considered. Strengthening anti-smoking education and active promotion of anti-smoking risks is needed to improve smokers' wrong perception of smoking-related health. The WHO also reports that there is a lack of grounds to ensure or acknowledge that e-cigarettes are effective. Accordingly, it is important to identify environmental factors influencing the use of electronic cigarettes and explore the relationship between electronic cigarette recognition and use.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
• /
• no.50
• /
• pp.273-309
• /
• 2016

Unlike other government agencies, the city of Seoul experienced a three-year gap between the establishment of a function classification system and the introduction of a business management system. As a result, the city has been unable to manage the current status of the function classification system, and this impeded the establishment of standards for records management. In September 2012, the Seoul Metropolitan Government integrated the department in charge of the standard sheet for record management with the department of function classification system into a new department: "Information Disclosure Policy Division." This new department is mainly responsible for record management and information disclosure, and taking this as an opportunity, the city government has pushed ahead with the maintenance project on BRM and Standards for Record Management (hereby "BRM maintenance project") over the past two years, from 2013 to 2014. The study was thus conducted to introduce the case for the improvement of standards for record management through the BRM maintenance project by mainly exploring the case of Seoul. During the BRM maintenance project, Seoul established a unique methodology to minimize the gap between the operation of a business management system and the burden of the person in charge of the BRM maintenance project. Furthermore, after the introduction of the business management system, the city government developed its own processes and applied the maintenance result to the system in close cooperation with the related departments, despite the lack of precedence on the maintenance of the classification system. In addition, training for the BRM managers of the department has taken place twice -before and after the maintenance-for the successful performance of the BRM maintenance project and the stable operation of the project in the future. During the period of maintenance, newsletters were distributed to all employees in an effort to induce their active participation and increase the importance of records management. To keep the performance of the maintenance project and to systematically manage BRM in the future, the city government has mapped out several plans for improvement: to apply the "BRM classification system of each purpose" to the service of the "Seoul Open Data Plaza"; to reinforce the function for task management in the business management system; and to develop the function of a records management system for the unit tasks. As such, the researchers hope that this study would serve as a helpful reference so that the organizations-which had planned to introduce BRM or to perform the maintenance project on classification system-experience fewer trials and errors.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.47 no.1
• /
• pp.57-75
• /
• 2019

Soundscapes have the potential to help people experience the historical background and cultural traditions by the scenery of a local area and to be used as a cultural and tourism resource. This concept was first explained in detail by M. Schafer and has been developed as a new way of experiencing landscapes using various senses. This research studied the soundscape of Kyodong Island, the so-called "Island of Peace" and designed new cultural acoustic content for education and tourism. Kyodong Island is located right below the Northern Limit Line and the whole island is in the Civilian Controlled Area. The political and economic status of the island has been changed dynamically by the Korean War and the division of the country. These days, the island needs to realize the vision of the "Island of Peace" in a more creative way using local resources, including its "cold war landscape" and the natural scenery of the region. This research applied the concept of a soundscape to document the island, and to reproduce it in an artistic way. A workshop was conducted to learn concepts and techniques of soundscapes with a sound artist. Listening, recording, conducting interviews, and literature research was used to study the soundscape of the island. After that, this research reconstructed the soundscape of the island through a soundscape composition. The main theme of the composition story was the "Hope and Wish for the Harmony and Peace" to show the vision of the "Island of Peace". The initial sub-theme for the introduction part was "First Encounter with Kyodong Island" arranging the representative soundscape, which could be the first impression of the region. The second sub-theme was "War and Tension" using several soundscapes as a metaphor for the tragedy of the Korean War. The third sub-theme was "Everyday Life of Kyodong Island" which described the energy of the present day, after the wounds of the war have healed. The final sub-theme was "Harmony and Peace" using traditional music and keynote sounds of the region as a reminder of the peaceful past, before the war. The recording files were documented as two types of sound maps. One was a two-dimensional map to show the soundscapes from one point of view, and the other used the online application called "Sound Around You". The final artwork was displayed at an exhibition and uploaded on YouTube to be shared publicly. Through this project, we discovered the potential of soundscapes as a medium to preserve the history and local identity, as well as presenting a new vision. The artwork will be exhibited at historically and culturally meaningful places on the Island to utilize the underused places as local tourist attractions and educational resources.