• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.49-63
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• 1995

The purpose of the present study was to investigate effective parental controls by age of child. The subjects participating in this study were 10, 12, 15, and 18-year-old school boys residing in Seoul. A total of 1,468 boys was used in the final analysis. Factor analysis and multiple regression of SPSS $PC^+$ were utilized to test the hypotheses. The findings of the analysis showed that the impact of various parental controls on antisocial behavior varied with developmental stages of the children. Younger boys were more susceptible to direct controls, while indirect controls proved more effective for older youngsters.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.15-24
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• 2013

This study investigated the differences between adolescents' own perceptions of their psychopathology and perceptions by clinically depressed parents of their adolescents' psychopathology. The study also examined parental characteristics that accounted for discrepancies between parents and adolescents. The clinical sample consisted of 61 adolescents and their parents who were diagnosed with a major depressive disorder. The adolescents and parents evaluated the adolescents' psychopathology in separate interviews with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and the Youth Self-Report (YSR). Parents reported on current depressive symptoms and parenting practices using questionnaires. The results revealed that parent-adolescent discrepancies were greater in regard to affective and anxiety problems compared to oppositional defiant and conduct problems. Parental rejection was associated with differences in scores for affective problems after controlling for parents' current depressive symptoms and adolescents' age and gender. The findings highlight the importance of considering adolescents' affective and anxiety problems when treating depressed parents. Furthermore, the findings suggest that parental rejection may play a pivotal role when interpreting the discrepancy concerning adolescents' affective problems.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.129-151
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to develop and verify the effectiveness of consultant development program enhancing 'authentic parental competence' of the mothers with preschool and school-age children. The objects of this study were 14 mothers with preschool and school-age children. In order to examine the changes of the mother's parental competence, t-test and qualitative analysis on in-depth interviews were conducted. The results of this study were as follows. First, this program had a positive effect on all the sub-factors of mother's 'authentic parental competence'. Second, mothers mentioned that they changed their parenting competence(change of parenting knowledge, beginning of reflective attitude on their parental role), self-system competence(understanding and respective attitude for the mother herself, self-awareness as a spouse, sweet glances and warm understanding as a parent), social competence(sympathetic understanding of her acquaintances, attempt a role as consultant) after this program. Based on these results, the implications and limitations were also discussed.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.19-39
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• 2016

The present study examined differences in children's behavior problems and peer interaction, and parental factors including self-esteem, depression and childrearing stress between atopic dermatitis(AD) and normal(non-AD) children in each gender, and analyzed the effects of the parental factors on the two variables of AD children. 165 AD and 1176 non-AD children of age 5 were selected from the 6th year data of the Panel Study on Korean Children. The results from t-test and multiple regression are as follows. First, only AD boys showed a higher level of behavior problems than non-AD boys, but peer interaction showed no difference between AD and non-AD groups. Compared with non-AD children's parents, mothers of AD children showed a higher stress level and mothers of AD boys had a higher depression level. But there were no differences in maternal self-esteem and paternal factors between the groups. Second, AD boys' behavior problems were related to maternal factors and paternal stress, and some characteristics of AD girls' behavior problems were related with some parental variables. But peer interaction of AD children had no relation with parental factors. Third, behavior problems were influenced by maternal stress in AD boys and influenced by maternal depression and parental self-esteem in AD girls.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.1-19
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• 2018

Objective: The goal of this study were (1) to examine the type of parental time, (2) to investigate the family's characteristics that affect the parental time types. (3), to identify the differences in time satisfaction and time deficit according to the types of parental time of mothers with preschool children. Methods: The data source for this research was the 2014 Time Use Survey conducted by the Korea National Statistical Office(391 time diaries). Data were analyzed using K-means cluster analysis, multinominal regression, and ANOVA. Results: The results can be summarized as follows. First, parental time was classified into four groups; non-participation, play-centered, physical care-centered, unspecified group. Second, the characteristics of each type depended on children's age, mother's education level, mother's income, and dual earner families. Third, time deficit showed significant differences between play-centered and non-participation type. Conclusion/Implications: Based on the results, implications for policy regarding child care and labor were suggested.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.1-21
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• 2015

This study was aimed at examining the paths through which family socioeconomic status as indicated by family income and parental education influenced preschool-aged children's socioemotional and cognitive development through the mediating role of parental warmth and the home learning environment. The study made use of data from 1,080 families who participated in the 5th wave of the Panel Study on Korean Children, when their children were approximately 4 years of age. Structural equation modeling analysis revealed that the models, including both parental warmth and the home learning environment did not fit the data well. The effects of warmth on social competence and cognitive development were not statistically significant. The modified models, using the home learning environment as a mediator between family SES and child's developmental outcomes showed that higher level of family income and parental education predicted a more cognitively stimulating home environment, which in turn, predicted a child's greater levels of social competence and positive cognitive development. The social competence of preschool-aged children again significantly predicted their cognitive development. The mediating effects of the home learning environment were statistically supported.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.57-66
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• 2011

This study investigated the self-related and parental factors that influence depression in 204 adolescents from a low social economic status background. The self-related factors were self-trust and emotional regulation, and the parental factors were parental concern and domestic violence. The results showed that girls were more likely to be depressive, but had better emotional regulations and a closer relationship with their parents than boys. There was no significant difference between age groups with respect to parental concern, self-trust and emotion regulation. It was also found by regression analyses that girls' depression was predicted by both emotional regulation and parental concern while boys' depression was predicted only by self-trust. The finding suggested that intervention for boys' depression has to focus more on intrapersonal factors, but should emphasize interpersonal factors for girls.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.348-356
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• 2023

Objectives: We investigated trends in the incidence rate of macrosomia and its association with parental nationalities using Vital Statistics data in Japan. Methods: We used singleton birth data every 5 years from 1995 to 2020. The incidence rate of macrosomia was calculated according to specific attributes (maternal age, infant's sex, parental nationalities, parity, and household occupation) over time (years). In addition, a log-binomial model was used to investigate the relationship between the incidence of macrosomia and the attributes. This study compared Korea, China, the Philippines, Brazil, and other countries with Japan in terms of parental nationalities. "Other countries" indicates countries except for Japan, Korea, China, the Philippines, and Brazil. Results: The study included 6 180 787 births. The rate of macrosomia in Japan decreased from 1.43% in 1995 to 0.88% in 2020, and the decrease was observed across all parental nationalities. The rates for Japanese parents were the lowest values among parental nationalities during the timespan investigated. Multivariate regression analysis showed that mothers from Korea, China, the Philippines, Brazil, and other countries had a significantly higher risk of macrosomia than those from Japan (risk ratio, 1.91, 2.82, 1.59, 1.74, and 1.64, respectively). Furthermore, fathers from China, the Philippines, Brazil, and other countries had a significantly higher risk of macrosomia than those from Japan (risk ratio, 1.66, 1.38, 1.88, and 3.02, respectively). Conclusions: The rate of macrosomia decreased from 1995 to 2020 in Japan for parents of all nationalities, and the risk of macrosomia incidence was associated with parental nationality.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.17-35
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• 2002

The relationship between parent's attitude toward children's emotional expressiveness and children's emotional intelligence(EI) was investigated with the Parent Attitude toward Children's Expressiveness Scale(Saarni, 1990), and children's EI was assessed by a teacher rating scale developed by Kim(1999). The subjects were 121 triads of 3- to 6-year-old children and their mothers and fathers. Data were analyzed by frequencies, percentiles, means, standard deviations, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$, two-way ANOVAs, Pearson's correlations, and multiple regression. Results indicated differences in level of EI as a function of gender and age; differences in both mother's and father's attitudes toward children's expressiveness as a function of children's gender and age; and positive correlation between mother's and father's attitudes toward emotional expressiveness and children's EI. Children's age and parental attitude toward children's emotional expressiveness explained 46.7% of children's EI.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.131-149
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• 2012

This study examined the effect of parental socioeconomic position on the association between birth outcomes and infant mortality in early and late 2000's. Linked Birth and Infant Death data sets from 2001 to 2003 (T1) and from 2006 to 2008 (T2), provided by the Korea National Statistical Office, were used for analysis. Birth outcomes were categorized into four groups: normal term, small-for-gestational age (SGA), large-for-gestational age (LGA) and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). Infant death was defined as the death of a live-born child under one year of age; indicators of parental socioeconomic position were limited to parental education and occupation. The results showed that T2 infant mortality hazard ratios of SGA and IUGR have increased compared to T1. Particularly, preterm and low birth weight babies with shorter gestational age and lighter birth weight than T1 have elevated in T2, possibly indicating that population quality might be continuously aggravated. Moreover, the effect of maternal age on infant mortality has disappeared, rather that of parents' socioeconomic position has increased during the periods, which entailed growing disparities in infant mortality by their social class. Further studies should be therefore done to estimate the effect of parental socioeconomic position on the relationship between birth outcomes and infant mortality in the near future.