• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.350-357
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the downward mobility of pesticides using soil columns and to compare the experimental results with values predicted from Convective mobility test model. Nine pesticides such as metolcarb, molinate, fanobucarb, isazofos, diazinon, fenitrothion, dimepiperate, parathion and chlorpyrifos-methyl were used for leaching test in soil column for four soils; Jungdong (upland soil), Gangseo (paddy soil), Yesan (forest soil), and Sineom(upland, volcanic ash-derived soil) series. The peak concentrations leached from 10 cm-columns of three soils except Sineom series ranged 6.5 to 12.6 mg/L for metolcarb, 2.6 to 5.0 mg/L for molinate, 4.5 to 7.8 mg/L for fenobucarb, 0.39 to 1.36 mg/L for dimepiperate, 1.1 to 4.6 mg/L for isazofos, 0.01 to 0.14 mg/L for diazinon, lower than 0.01 to 0.70 mg/L for fenitrothion and lower than 0.01 to 0.44 mg/L for parathion. But chlorpyrifos-methyl was not leached from any soil columns. Elution volumes to reach the peak of metolcarb, molinate, fenobucarb, isazofos, diazinon, and dimepiperate in the leachate ranged 1.1 to 2.1 pore volume (PV), 1.6 to 3.3 PV, 1.6 to 3.3 PV, 2.1 to 4.4 PV, 6 to 15 PV, and 8 to 21 PV, respectively. On the same water flux conditions, convection times estimated by Convective mobility test model were coincided with results from soil column test in most of the soil-pesticide combinations applied. Based on convection times estimated by the model at standard conditions (water flux 1 cm/day), metolcarb was classified as most mobile, molinate, fenobucarb and isazofos as mobile or most mobile, dimepiperate as moderately mobile or mobile, diazinon as mobile, fenitrothion and parathion as slightly mobile or mobile and chlorpyrifos-methyl as immobile or slightly mobile.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.229-238
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• 1977

Sumithion and EPN residues on grapes, EPN and Diazinon on chinese cabbage, Parathion on peaches, Dimethoate on tomatoes, and EPN and Malathion on cucumber were analyzed in terms of 0, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 30 days after last application for the pesticides safty use. From the disappearance rate for various organo-phosphate insecticides on vegetables and fruit crops, following results are obtained. 1. On Chinese cabbage, Diazinon residues were 0.25~0.38p.p.m three weeks after one application, and EPN were 1.39~2.69p.p.m seven days after one application and 0.96~2.34p.p.m two weeks after twice application. 2. EPN residues on grapes were 1.09~1.80p.p.m seven days after one application and Sumithion were 0.17~0.53p.p.m fourteen days after one application. 3. On peaches, Parathion residues were 0.40~0.61p.p.m two weeks after last application. 4. Dimethoate residues on tomatoes were 0.141p.p.m seven days after four times application. 5. On cucumber, EPN residues were 2.11~2.14p.p.m three days after twice application, and Malathion were 0.46p.p.m 3 day after four times application but 0.062~0.025p.p.m three days after last application. 6. Rate of degradation of organo-phosphate chemicals is inversely related to half-life of its. 7. Minimum intervals between last treatment and harvest to prevent unsafty residues are as follows. 7 days for EPN with one application and 14 days with twice application on chinese cabbage, 3 days on cucumber and 7 days on grape, 14 days for parathion, 7 days for dimethoate on tomatoes, 0 to 3 days for Malathion on cucumber, 21 days for Sumithion on grape, 21 days on chinese cabbage for Diazinon.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.3 no.1 s.4
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• pp.41-67
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• 1988

Twelve residual pesticides which is applied mainly on the fruits and vegetables cultivation were tested for mutagenic activity using Salmonella typhimurium. The results were as follows. 1) The pesticides tested - Thalonil, Monopho, Tedion, Danoton, Ometon, Prosing, EPN, Phentoate, Parathion, 8appiran and Captan-, except Dicofol, showed mutagenic activity. Especially, the pesticides which activated with 8-9 mixture gave strong mutagenic activity. 2) With Salmonella typhimurium TA100, the pesticides Monopho, Parathion and Sappiran showed mutagenic activity at $0.5{\mu}g/plate;\;Ometon,\;0.01\; t.tl/plate;Thalonil,\;0.20{\mu}g/plate;\;Prosing,\; 0.20{\mu}l/plate;$ Tedion, Danoton and Phentoate, $1.0\;{\mu}l/plate;\;and\;Captan,\;1.0\;{\mu}g/plate.$ 3) With Salmonella typhimurium TA98, the pesticide Sappiran showed mutagenic activity at $0.02\;{\mu}g/plate;\;Thalonil,\;0.05\;{\mu}g/plate;\;EPN,\;0.05\;{\mu}/plate;\; Phentoate,\;0.10\; {\mu}l/plate;\;Danoton,\;0.50\;{\mu}l/plate;$ Prosing, $ 0.50\;{\mu}g/plate;\;and\;Tedion\;and\;Monopho,\;1.0\;{\mu}l/plate.$ 4) With Salmonella typhimurium TA1535, The pesticides Captan and Danoton showed mutagenic activity at $0.10\;{\mu}g/plate\;and\;0.20\;{\mu}g/plate,\;respectively.$ 5) With Salmonella typhimurium TA1538, The pestides Phentoate showed mutagenic activity at $0.05\;{\mu}l/plate;\;Monopho,\;0.10\;{\mu}l/plate;\;Thalonil,\;0.20 {\mu}g/plate;\;and\;Tedion\;and\;EPN,\;1.0\;{\mu}l/plate.$ 6) The pesticides which commonly showed high mutagenic activity were Thalonil, Phentoate, Parathion and Sappiran. The pesticides Ometon and EPN showed mutagenic activity at only TA100 and TA98, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.341-349
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• 2005

Soil adsorption study was carried out to define the mobility of pesticides and to evaluate leaching potential in soils. Nine pesticides including metolcarb, molinate, fenobucarb, isazofos, diazinon, fenitrothion, dimepiperate, parathion and chlorpyrifos-methyl were subjected to adsorption experiment for four types of soils, such as upland, paddy, forest and volcanic ash soil. Based on Koc values, metolcarb and molinate were classified as mobile, fenobucarb as mobile or moderately mobile isazofos as moderately mobile, diazinon, fenitrothin, dimepiperate, and parathion as slightly or moderately mobile and chlorpyrifos-methyl as slightly mobile. Two evaluation methods, Groundwater Ubiquity Score (GUS) index and standard indices of soil-chemical adsorption and biodegradation (half-life), were used for the estimation of pesticide leaching potential. Leachabilities of metolcarb, molinate and fenobucarb were evaluated as high, and isazofos, dimepiperate and diazinon as a little potential, while fenitrothion, parthion and chlorpyrifos-methyl showed very low leaching potential. The leaching potential of pesticides was determined on the basis of intrinsic properties of the pesticides and the soil properties. Among the soil properties, organic matter gave a great influence on the leachability in soil. Therefore, leachabilities of the pesticides used were expected less in Sineom soil with relatively higher organic matter than Gangseo, Jungdong and Yesan soil with lower organic matter.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.83-89
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• 2013

A bacterium, isolated from a vegetable field in a plastic film house and named strain CY6 was capable of biodegrading chlorpyrifos (CP). Based on the phenotypic features and the phylogenetic similarity of 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain CY6 was identified as a Naxibacter sp.. CP was utilized as the sole source of carbon and phosphorus by Naxibacter sp. CY6. We examined the role of this Naxibacter sp. in the degradation of other OP insecticides under liquid cultures. Parathion, methyl parathion, diazinon, cadusafos, and ethoprop could also be degraded by Naxibacter sp. CY6 when they are provided as the sole sources of carbon and phosphorus. Additionally, Naxibacter sp. CY6 ($10^8$ CFU/g) added to soil with CP (100 mg/kg) resulted in a higher degradation rate of approximately 90% than the rate obtained from uninoculated soils. These results highlight the potential of this bacterium to be used in the cleanup of contaminated pesticide soil.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.36-44
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• 1984

Waters, sediments and crucian carps samples collected bimonthly from Nakdong river during- the period of August 1982 to June 1983 were analyzed for organophosphorus pesticide residues by GLC equipped with a flame photometric detector. Among the environmental samples, IBP, diazinon, phenthoate, parathion, malathion and fenitrothion residues were found only in waters and crucian carps and sediments samples were devoid of the residues. In addition, seasonal variations of the residues in waters and crucian carps were observed. Waters and crucian carps samples collected in August, when pesticides are generally in great demand, contained all the organophosphorus pesticide residues while no organophosphorus were detected in waters and crucian carps samples collected in February, April or December. The most abundant residues in the two environmental samples were diazinon and IBP and residue levels of parathion, malathion and fenitrothion were found extremely low.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.265-272
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• 2002

This study was carried out with the detection for multiresidue of the organophosphorus pesticides such as malathion, parathion. diazinon, and carbamate pesticide such as carbaryl, by enzyme-inhibition method. The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and cholinesterase (ChE) activities in chicken brain determined by the Ellman's method were 166.6 and 5.8 $\mu$mol/min/g protein, and in chicken plasma were 23.1 and 8.3 $\mu$mol/min/g protein, respectively. The optimum pH of AChE and ChE was 8.2 and 7.8, respectively. The Km of AChE and ChE was 0.034 and 0.045 mM, respectively. I$\_$50/ for AChE and ChE by some organophosphorus was 55.82 and 99.42 mg/L of malathion, 31.16 and 29.13 mg/L of parathion, and 17.89 and 19.62 mg/L of diazinon, respectively. I$\_$50/ for AChE and ChE by carbaryl of carbamate was 0.10 and 0.05 mg/L, respectively. The 0.07 mg/L of drinking water advisory level for carbaryl could be detected with I$\_$50/ of AChE and ChE. Enzyme-Inhibition (EI) method with AChE and ChE was used the multiresidue method to detect the 1 mg/L of the carbamate pesticides.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.136.1-136.1
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• 2000

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.20 no.4 s.51
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• pp.297-302
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to provide the standard method for the analysis of organophosphorous pesticides such as chlorpyrifos, diazinon, malathion and parathion in blood. We performed method validation for these pesticides in blood according to EURACHEM (A focus For Analytical Chemistry in Europe) guide. For the analysis of the pesticides, we used solid-phase extraction ,column (Waters Oasis $HLB^{(R)}$. After the extraction, the supernatants were evaporated to dryness under the nitrogen stream. They were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) after reconstituting with ethanol. Terbufos was used as an internal standard. To validate this method, we performed verification procedures with the following parameters: selectivity, linearity of calibration, accuracy, precision, limit of detection and quantification. Validation data according to Eurachem guide were adequate for our purpose for the analysis of chlorpyrifos, diazinon, malathion and parathion in blood.

• 월간산업보건
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• s.247
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• pp.16-19
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• 2008

파라티온(Parathion)은 폭넓고 다방면으로 사용되는 유기 인계 해충 진드기의 살충제이다. 파라티온의 첫 번째 생물학적 반응은 콜린에스테라아제 효소의 활성도 저감이다. 파라티온의 다양한 수준의 동물 노출 실험 결과, 경구 투여량 0.5-6 mg/kg 수준에서 악영향이 관찰되었다. 인간의 경우 파라티온 0.1 mg/kg 이하 수준에서는 RBC 콜린에스테라아제 효소의 활성도 감소가 나타나지 않았다. $0.2-0.8\;mg/m^3$의 작업장 노출 수준에서는 RBC 콜린에스테라아제 효소의 감소가 관찰되었다. 본 연구 결과에 근거하여 흡입 노출농도 $0.35\;mg/m^3$에 해당되는 0.05 mg/kg 이하 용량에서는 파라티온과 관련한 건강상의 생물학적 장애 증상이 유발되지 않았다. 따라서 흡입성 에어로졸과 증기상 형태로 $0.05\;mg/m^3$의 TLV-TWA가 파라티온의 작업장 노출기준으로 권고되었다. 이 노출기준은 부교감 신경의 이상과 다른 생물학적 장애 증상을 예방하는 목적에서 설정되었다. 이 수치는 인간을 대상으로 한 연구에서 얻어진 NOAEL로부터 근거를 둔 것이고, 작업자들의 RBC 콜린에스테라아제 효소의 활성도 저하를 방지하는 용량에 해당되는 것으로 예상된다. 이러한 접근은 RBC 콜린에스테라아제 효소의 억제가 단독 사용자에게서는 나타나지 않는다는 것을 확인하는데 이용되는 Biological Exposure Index의 활용과 일치된다. 인간에게 있어 파라티온 피부노출이 죽음까지도 이를 수 있다는 임상적 증세와 연관되어 있기 때문에 피부경고주석이 권고되었다. 쥐들을 대상으로 한 사료 공급 연구들에서 파라티온의 노출을 통한 명확한 종양의 발생 증가가 관찰되지 않아 비발암성 물질(A4)로 설정하였다. 파라티온의 TLV-STEL과 SEN notation을 설정하기에는 아직 충분한 데이터가 확보되어 있지 않고 있으며 파라티온의 작업 노출 모니터링에 대한 자세한 정보를 얻으려면 아세털콜린에스터라제 억제 농약의 BEI 문서들을 참고하는 것이 필요하다.