• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제15권1_2호
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• pp.7-12
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• 2000

Scavenging effects on paraquat induced toxicity were investigated by using methanol (MeOH) and ethylacetate (EtoAC) extracts of Lonicera japonica. The results are summerized as follows: 1. To Fe(III)-ADP-NADPH induced microsomal lipid peroixdation, MeOH and EtoAC extracts showed antioxidative activiies and inhibition ratio at 100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ 44.4% and 73.8% respectively 2. To microsomal NADPH dependent cytochrome p -450 reductase in rat liver, MeOH and EtoAC extracts inhibited the enzyme activiies and inhibition ratio were 26.3% and 44.8% respectively. 3. Administration (30 mg/kg, iv) of paraquat to rats caused the marked elevation of GOT, GPT, LDH, ALP in the serum and lipid peroxides in the microsome as compared to the control group. Serum GTP, LDH, ALP and liver microsomal LPO were reduced significantaly by administration of MeOH extract. (1,000 mg/kg), EtoAC extract (40 mg/kg) and Silymarin (150 mg/kg) as compared to the paraquat group. From the results, MeOH and EtoAc exuacts. of Lonicera japonica showed the useful scavenger and reducer on the paraquat induced hepatotoxicty.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.107-109
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• 2005

Paraqaut, a widely used herbicide, is extremely toxic, causing multiple organ failure in human. Most of paraquat intoxications happen through oral administration. But there is no clinical data for parenteral paraquat intoxication. A 35-year-old male injected paraquat solution on his forearm. He visited emergency room within 10 minutes and was treated with tourniquet, incision, washing and suction. After eight days, the patient was discharged without respiratory symptoms and complications. In treatment of parenteral paraquat intoxication, first aid was very important and the treatment should include tourniquet, incision, washing and suction in order to delay absorptions.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.998-1005
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• 1997

Kimchi showed protective effect from oxidative damage generated by hydrogen peroxide and paraquat. To investigate the major components of kimchi which reduce the cytotoxicity against reactive oxygen species, keratinocyte(A431, epidermoid carcinoma, human) and fibroblast(CCD-986SK, normal control, human) were cultured under oxidative stress condition provoked by paraquat, a superoxide anion generator, and hydrogen peroxide in the absence or presence of kimchi ingredients. Most keratinocyte and fibroblast cells were killed by hydrogen peroxide and paraquat over 1mM concentration, but kimchi ingredients showed protective effects from oxidative damage generated by hydrogen peroxide and onion, among those, garlic showed the most remarkable preventive effect. Most of kimchi ingredients showed protective effect against paraquat, especially leek notably increased cell survival. For fibroblast cells, ginger had the preventive effect against paraquat, especially leek notably increased cell survival. For fibroblast cells, ginger had the preventive effect from cell killing by high dose of hydrogen peroxide, but most ingredients were not effective against paraquat.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.775-785
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• 1999

목 적 : 폐섬유화증 연구의 동물 실험 모델로 paraquat 중독이 자주 이용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 paraquat로 유발된 폐섬유화에서 폐섬유화의 정도에 따른 Et-1의 변화를 면역조직화학적으로 관찰하고 스테로이드나 cyclophosphamide의 치료에 따른 Et-1의 변화를 관찰하여 폐섬유화과정에 Et-1의 역할을 밝히고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 수컷 Hartley 기니픽을 4군으로 나누어 실험하였다. I 군은 paraquat를 투여하지 않은 군이었고, II 군용 paraquat를 폐에 주입한 후 cyclophosphamide와 methylprednisolone을 투여한 군이었고 III 군은 paraquat를 폐에 주입한후 methylprednisolone만 투여하였고, IV 군은 paraquat만 투입하였다. I 군을 제외한 나머지 군에서는 PE50 polyethylene tube를 이용하여 paraquat를 우측 폐로 주입하였다. 섬유화의 정도는 H-E와 Masson's trichrome 염색을 통해서 섬유아세포의 침윤정도와 교원질의 침윤정도로 판단하였고, Endothelin-1 면역조직화학염색을 통해서 세포의 활성도를 평가하였다. 각 군의 평균값은 median 값으로 표시하였고, 각 군간의 비교는 Kruskal-Wallis oneway analysis로 시행하였다. 결 과 : 1. Paraquat에 의한 폐 섬유화 Cyclophosphamide나 methylprednisolone의 치료로 paraquat에 의한 섬유아세포의 증식이 억제되었으나 통계학적 의미는 없었다. 교원질의 침윤은 cyclophosphamide와 methylprednisolone을 병합한 경우 paraquat만 투여한 군보다 의미있게 감소하였다(p<0.05). 2. Endothelin-1에 대한 면역조직화학염색 Paraquat의 투여로 발생된 폐섬유화증에 대한 치료의 종류에 따른 Et-1의 발현은 methylprednisolone의 단독 투여로도 폐포의 대식세포를 제외한 기관지 상피세포, 제2형 폐포세포, 혈관 내피세포 및 섬유아세포 등에서 Et-1의 발현이 감소하는 경향을 보였으며, cyclophosphamide와 methylprednisolone을병합한 군에서는 모든 세포에서 의미있게 Et-1의 발현이 감소하였고, 특히 폐포 대식세포와 섬유아세포에서는 methylprednisolone의 단독 투여한 III 군보다 의미있게 감소하였다(Table 2, p<0.05).

• 한국자기공명학회논문지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.40-46
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• 2013

For a case study of suspected paraquat intoxication, we developed a simple and rapid method of $^1H$ qNMR to determine the mili-molar amount of paraquat in postmortem blood samples. There were no interfering signals from endogenous compounds in the chemical shift of paraquat and diquat (internal standard). The amount of sample used ranged from 0.25 mM to 10.0 mM. Diquat, which has similar physicochemical properties with paraquat, was chosen as an internal standard. The NMR experimental conditions, relaxation delay time and CPMG spin-echo pulse sequence were optimized. The developed method was validated in terms of specificity, accuracy, precision, matrix effect, recovery, limit of detection (LOD), and low limit of quantification (LLOQ). The proposed qNMR method provided a simple and rapid assay for the identification and quantification of the quaternary ammonium herbicide, "paraquat" in postmortem blood samples. This method was tested by using the blood from the heart of a man who was intoxicated with paraquat. In this particular case, the level of paraquat was 1.07 mM in the blood. For the determination of quaternary ammonium herbicides, qNMR could also be used to provide a better understanding of the currently available techniques.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.74-79
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• 1994

Cu, Zn-SOD 억제제인 diethyldithiocarbamate(DDC)가 paraquat(PQ)에 의한 세포독성에 미치는 영향을 배양한 백서 섬유아세포에 DDC(30 mM)를 전처치하여 PQ를 100${\mu}M$이 되게 첨가해 배양하여 생존한 세포를 Carmichael 등의 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide(MTT)법에 의해 측정한 결과 DDC 전처치 대조군과 DDC 전처치 PQ 첨가군 사이에 유의한 세포생존율의 차이는 없었다. Catalase 억제제인 3-amino-1,2,4-triazol(AT)를 전처치하여 PQ를 100${\mu}$M을 첨가하고 배양한 섬유아세포의 생존율을 MTT법에 의해 측정한 결과 AT 전처치 PQ 첨가군에서 유의한 세포생존율의 감소를 나타냈다. 섬유아세포를 PQ(200${\mu}$M)로 처치한 후 Cu, Zn-SOD를 첨가하여 생존한 세포수를 각각 MTT법에 의해 측정한 결과 Cu, Zn-SOD 첨가로 인한 세포생존율의 유의한 변화는 없었다. PQ 처치군에 catalase 첨가로 PQ처리 대조군에 비하여 생존한 세포수가 유의하게 증가되었다. 이상의 실험결과 일차배양한 백서 섬유아세포를 AT로 전처리하면 PQ독성이 증가되고, catalase 첨가로 독성이 감소되며, DDC전처치나 Cu, Zn-SOD첨가로 PQ에 의한 세포생존에 미치는 영향이 적은 점으로 미루어, PQ 독성은 surperoxide보다 과산화수소농도와 더 밀접한 연관성이 있는 것으로 추정된다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.67-74
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• 1997

This experiment was conducted in 1992 and 1993 at the forage experimental field, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Suweon to determine timing of rye(Secde cemde L.) harvest and residue chemical treatment prior to tillage in minimizing the adverse effects of the rye residue on growth and yield of succeeding corn(Zea muys L.). Eight treatments were established in 1993 which included four treatments such as no paraquat (1, l'diiethyl- 4, 4'-bipyridinium dichloride), paraquat treatment at 10, 23, and both 23 and 10 days prior to tillage when rye was harvested on April 14, and another four treatments such as no paraquat, paraquat treatment at 1, 5 and 10 days prior to tillage when rye was harvested on April 26. No paraquat treatment significantly resulted in reductions in corn plant height on June 3 and 10 when rye was harvested on April 14, but differences in the plant height and leaf number of corn among treatments were generally nonsignificant. Corn LA1 and silk emergence were not affected by paraquat treatment times regardless of rye harvested dates, but silk emergence was delayed by 1 to 2 days with no paraquat when rye harvested on April 14. Corn dry matter and TDN yields were significantly increased by paraquat treatment at 10 and 5 days prior to tillage treatment when rye was harvested on April 14 and 26, respectively, but other agronomic characteristics such as dry matter percentage, ear percent to total dry matter, and stover and ear yields of corn at harvest showed little or no response to paraquat treatment times.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제10권3_4호
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• pp.29-40
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• 1995

To investigate and evaluate the scavenging and antioxidative effects of various ftavonoids on paraquat induced pulmonary toxicity, in vivo and vitro tests of eight flavonoids(catechin, epicatechin, flayone, chrysin, apigenin, quercetin, morin and biochanin A) were carried out. In vitro test, inhibitory and antioxidative effects of lipoxygenase dependent lipidperoxidation, NADPH dependent cytochrome p-450 reductase to liver and lung microsome and superoxide anion production in rat peritoneal exudated macrophage were studied. In vivo test, biochemical parameters and cell population in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF) in mouse and rats after administration of paraquat and flavonoids were tested. The results are summerized as follows; 1. All flavonoids tested inhibited on NADPH dependent cytochrome p-450 reductase in liver and lung microsome. 2. All flavonoids tested showed the inhibitory effects on the superoxide anion production in rat peritoneal exudated macropharge. 3. Lactate dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and total protein in BALF of mouse which increased by the administration of paraquat, decreased significantly by catechin, chrysin, morin and biochanin A. 4. Numbers of alveolar macropharge and PMN in BALF of rats which increased by the administration of paraquat decreased by all the tested flavonoids. Therefore, all flavonoids tested showed the useful compounds for scavenger and antioxidant on paraquat induced pulmonary toxicity.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.69-73
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• 1994

백서에 paraquat(PQ)투여로 간, 신장 및 폐 glutathione량이 감소되는데, 간과 신장은 유사한 감소양상을 나타냈고, 폐에서 감소율이 가장 높았으며, 혈액에서는 유의한 변화를 나타내지 않았다. PQ투여로 γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase와 γ-glutamyl transpeptidase 활성이 감소되었다. 따라서 간과 신장의 glutathione 감소는 γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase 활성이 감소되어 glutathione 합성저하에 의해 나타난 결과로 생각되고, 폐에서는 간과 신장의 γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase 활성감소로 glutathione합성이 감소되고, 폐 γ-glutamyl transpeptidase활성감소로 인해 혈액으로부터 폐세포로 glutathione 이동이 감소될 것으로 추정되므로 폐 γ-glutamyl transpeptidase 활성감소는 glutathione량 감소의 한 원인이 될 것으로 생각되며, 혈액에서는 γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase와 γ-glutamyl transpeptidase활성감소로 glutathione의 혈액내로 유입과 타장기로 유출이 모두 저하되어 glutathione량의 변화가 없는 것으로 생각된다. PQ에 의한 장기내 glutathione량 감소는 유리기 소거기능이 저하되어 PQ에 의해서 생성된 유리기 제거가 미흡할 것으로 생각되므로 PQ독성의 한 요인이 될 것으로 추측된다.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.132-142
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• 1994

Paraquat has been widely used as a herbicide in Korea since 1970. Human ingestion results in transient impairment of liver and kidney function and a characteristically respiratory failure with a high mortality rate. Clinical investigation and Oriental Medical Treatment were done on 3 cases of paraquat poisoning admitted to the department of 1st Internal Medicine. Kyung San University Oriental Medical Hospital from August 1991 to December 1992. and following results were obtained. The symptoms of paraquat poisoning can be regarded as Sim hua chi song(心火熾盛), Kan hua sang yom(肝火上炎). um hu hua wang(陰虛火旺), Kan tam sup yol(肝膽濕熱), Yang myong yol tok(陽明熱毒) in Oriental Medicine. and the principle of treatment for paraquat poisoning can be applicable to Chong yol Ii sop(淸熱利濕), Chong yol hae tok(淸熱解毒). Sa ha hae tok(瀉下解毒). Ja um kang hua(滋陰降火) and so on. Three cases were treated by HuangYonHaeTokTang(黃蓮解毒湯) and KamDuTang(甘豆湯): all of them have survived without complications. According to the result above, it suggests that determination of treatment based on the differentiation of symptoms and signs(Pyon jung si chi ;辨證施治) of Oriental Medicine may prove to be helpful in saving lives of patients with paraquat poisoning.