• 대한수학회보
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• 제48권6호
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• pp.1329-1339
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• 2011

For a manifold with a linear connection, we find an obstruction class to have a volume form parallel with respect to its connection which corresponds to the Chern-Simons secondary invariant in the frame bundle of the manifold.

• 한국초전도ㆍ저온공학회논문지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.30-36
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• 2016

For the magnetic field analysis or design, it is important to know the behavior of the magnetic field in an interesting space. Magnetic field mapping becomes a useful tool for the study of magnetic field. In this paper, a numerical way for mapping the magnetic field within the cylindrical center volume of magnet is presented, based on the solution of the Laplace's equation in the cylindrical coordinate system. The expression of the magnetic field can be obtained by the magnetic flux density, which measured in the mapped volume. According to the form of the expression, the measurement points are arranged with the parallel cylindrical line (PCL) method. As example, the magnetic flux density generated by an electron cyclotron resonance ion source (ECRIS) magnet and a quadrupole magnet were mapped using the PCL method, respectively. The mapping results show the PCL arrangement method is feasible and convenience to map the magnetic field within a cylindrical center volume generated by the general magnet.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.730-740
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• 2018

Hydrofoil is the direct component to generate thrust for underwater glider. It is significant to improve propulsion efficiency of hydrofoil. This study optimizes the shape of a hydrofoil using Free-Form Deformation (FFD) parametric approach and Surrogate-based Optimization (SBO) algorithm. FFD approach performs a volume outside the hydrofoil and the position changes of control points in the volume parameterize hydrofoil's geometric shape. SBO with adaptive parallel sampling method is regarded as a promising approach for CFD-based optimization. Combination of existing sampling methods is being widely used recently. This paper chooses several well-known methods for combination. Investigations are implemented to figure out how many and which methods should be included and the best combination strategy is provided. As the hydrofoil can be stretched from airfoil, the optimizations are carried out on a 2D airfoil and a 3D hydrofoil, respectively. The lift-drag ratios are compared among optimized and original hydrofoils. Results show that both lift-drag-ratios of optimized hydrofoils improve more than 90%. Besides, this paper preliminarily explores the optimization of hydrofoil with root-tip-ratio. Results show that optimizing 3D hydrofoil directly achieves slightly better results than 2D airfoil.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제85권1호
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• pp.25-36
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• 2022

Background: Only a few studies directly compared the therapeutic efficacy and safety of two pressurized metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs) in asthma. We analyzed the asthma treatment outcomes, safety, and patient preferences using formoterol/beclomethasone (FORM/BDP), a pMDI with extra-fine particles, compared with formoterol/budesonide (FORM/BUD), another pMDI with non-extra-fine particles. Methods: In this randomized, double-blind, double-dummy parallel group study, 40 adult asthmatics were randomized to FORM/BDP group (n=18; active FORM/BDP and placebo FORM/BUD) or FORM/BUD group (n=22; active FORM/BUD and placebo FORM/BDP). During the two visits (baseline and end of 8-week treatment), subjects were asked to answer questionnaires including asthma control test (ACT), asthma control questionnaires (ACQ), and Quality of Life Questionnaire for Adult Korean Asthmatics (QLQAKA). Lung function, compliance with inhaler, and inhaler-handling skills were also assessed. Results: Ten subjects in the FORM/BDP group and 14 in the FORM/BUD group completed follow-up visits. ACT, ACQ, QLQAKA (a primary outcome), and adverse events did not differ between two groups. We found that the increase in forced expiratory volume in 1 second/forced vital capacity and forced expiratory flow at 25% to 75% of the pulmonary volume in the FORM/BDP group was higher than in the FORM/BUD group. Regarding preference, subjects responded that the flume velocity of FORM/BDP was higher, but more adequate than that of FORM/BUD. They also answered that FORM/BDP reached the trachea and bronchus and irritated them significantly more than FORM/BUD. Conclusion: The use of pMDI with extra-fine particles may relieve small airway obstruction more than the one with non-extra-fine particles despite no significant differences in overall treatment outcomes. Some asthmatics have a misconception about the adequacy of high flume velocity of pMDIs.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제18권12호
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• pp.2236-2249
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• 2004

The analysis for the three-dimensional fluid flow past tube banks arranged in equilateral-triangular form at Re$\_$max/=4,000 is carried out using a large eddy simulation technique. The governing equations for the mass and momentum conservation are discretized using the finite volume method. Parallel computational techniques using MPI (Message Passing Interface) are implemented in the present computer code. The computation time decreases linearly proportional to the number of used CPUs in the present parallel computation. We obtained the time-averaged streamwise and cross-streamwise velocities and turbulent intensities. The present numerical results are compared with the PIV experimental data and agree generally well with the experimental data.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.256-263
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• 1998

In this paper, we propose a volume holographic fingerprint recognition system based on optical correlator for personal identification. Optical correlator has high speed and parallel processing characteristics of optics. Matched filters are recorded into a volume hologram that can store data with high density, transfer them with high speed, and select a randomly chosen data element. The multiple reference images of database are prerecorded in a photorefractive crystal in the form of Fourier transform images, simply by passing the image displayed in a spatial light modulator through a Fourier transform lens. The angular multiplexing method for multiple holograms of database can be achieved by rotating the crystal by use of a step motor. Experimental results show that the proposed system can be used for the security verification system.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2012

대부분 집적영상 기법에서는 사각형 렌즈 어레이가 사용되고 있으며, 이로 인해 집적된 빛의 분포는 사각격자 형태로 기록된다. 그러나 육각형 렌즈 어레이를 사용하면, 사각형 렌즈 어레이보다 더 높은 밀도의 빛의 분포와 이상적인 원형 렌즈에 가깝게 이미지를 기록 또는 재생 할 수 있다[4]. 육각형 렌즈 어레이 요소영상을 병렬 처리 기법을 사용하여 생성하기 위해서는 요소영상을 구성하는 각 화소에 대하여 그 화소가 속할 육각형 렌즈를 결정해야하고, 이 과정은 화면에 출력되는 모든 화소에 대하여 진행 되며 많은 계산량이 요구된다. 본 논문에서는 3D 볼륨 데이터를 사용하여 육각형 렌즈 어레이에 대한 요소영상을 생성하기 위해 OpenCL를 사용한 병렬 처리 기법을 제안한다. 제안 된 방법을 위한 실험에는 Male [$128{\times}256{\times}256$화소] 볼륨데이터를 사용하였으며, 실험 결과 $20{\times}20$개의 육각형 렌즈 어레이에 대해 요소영상을 초당 20~60장 생성할 수 있었다.

• 한국광학회지
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.385-389
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• 1998

본 논문에서는 공간정합필터의 데이터 베이스로써 체적 홀로그램을 이용한 광상관기를 구성하였다. 광상관 시스템은 광학의 고속 및 병렬처리 특징을 지니며, 공간정합필터가 기록된 체적홀로그램은 방대한 저장 능력과 실시간 랜덤 엑세스의 장점을 갖는다. 데이터 베이스로 사용되는 영상들은 각가 공간광변조기에 디스플레이 되어 퓨리에 변환 렌즈를 통과한 후 퓨리에 변환된 공간정합필터의 형태로 광굴절 매질에 기록된다. 대용량의 데이터 베이스를 구성하기 위한 다중화 방법으로 스텝 모터를 이용하여 광굴절 매질을 회전하는 각다중화 기술을 사용하였다. 체적홀로그래픽 광상관 실험을 통하여 지문인식에의 응용 가능성을 제시하였다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.23.1-23.8
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• 2023

Objectives: The formation of new bone by periosteum due to an insult is called periosteal bone reaction (PBR). This study assessed the cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) patterns of periosteal bone reactions associated with periapical inflammatory lesion (apical periodontitis/periapical rarefying osteitis). Materials and Methods: Twenty-two small field of view CBCT images of patients with PBR were selected from a database of a private practice limited to endodontics. The volume of the periapical inflammatory lesion, the presence of cortical fenestration, the distance of the root apices to the affected cortex, and the location, pattern, and longest diameter of the periosteal reaction were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using Wilcoxon Ranksum, Fischer's exact, Spearman Correlation Coefficient, and paired t-test. Results: In all cases, periosteal bone reaction manifested as either parallel (90.9%) or irregular (9.1%). No correlation was found between periapical inflammatory lesion volume and the periosteal reaction's longest diameter (p > 0.05). Cortical fenestration was noted in 72.7% of the cases. In addition, the findings showed that periosteal reactions were located mostly on the buccal and were present 53.8% and 100% of the time in the mandible and maxilla, respectively. Conclusions: The periosteal reactions of endodontic origin had a nonaggressive form (i.e., parallel or irregular), and none of the lesions resulted in a periosteal reaction with an ominous Codman's triangle or spicule pattern.

• 대한전기학회논문지
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• 제41권9호
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• pp.1085-1094
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• 1992

A variable-spacing cesium thermionic energy conversion test station is designed and fabricated for the study of power generation. The diode is in the form of a guard-ringed plane-parallel geometry in which a polycrystalline rhenium emitter of 2 cmS02T area faces a radiation-cooled polycrystalline rhenium collector of 1.9 cmS02T area. The emission of plasma from heated refractory electrode metal is the driving reaction in the direct conversion of heat to electricity by thermionic energy conversion. The plasma is produced from electrons and positive ions formed simultaneously by thermionic emission and surface ionization of cesium atoms incident on the hot emitter from the cesium vapor in the diode. And high plasma density causes plasma multiplication within the gap due to volume ionization that results in high power output. The variation of the saturation current of a Knudsen converter is investigated at an emitter-collector gap of 0.1 mm and an emitter temperatures. A maximum power output of 13.47 watta/cmS02T is observed at a collector temperature of 963 K and a cesium reservoir temperature of 603 K.