• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.177-184
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• 1999

This study was carried out to find growth characters and distribution of above and underground in natural crossed population of Paeonia lactiflora Pallas. Sprouting time was 1 April to 15 April, and distribution of stem length ranged from 21 to 80cm, and 3 to 18 in stem number. Distribution of root length ranged from 12 to 59cm, root number per plant was 73 to 4, root yield per plant was highly varied by 37 to 882g, and larger root above 750g was occupied by 7.1%. Paeoniflorin content was 1.9 to 10.29% and plants containing higher paeoniflorin was 14.3%. Root length and yield had highly positive correlation. Root diameter and stem length was also positively correlated.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.283-287
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• 1992

This experiment was carried in order to compare some propagation methods and the effective components in the root of Paeonia albiflora pallas, Paeonia moutan Sims and Paeonia albiflora pallas root grafted with Paeonia mouton sims The optimum seeding time of August 20 to september 10 for increasing germination ratio. The growing and developing of Paeonia albiflora Pall. for root dividing methods was advantageous to practice at Autum than at spring season. The shoot cutting method during the flowering time was proper to increase the rooting ratio with the aid of Ruton, the plant growth regulator but not emerged of apical bud. The grafting stages between the Paeonia albiflora pall. and Paeonia moutan Sims was available to practice during the September for increasing the thickness growth of root. Among the effective components of the paeony the paeoniflorin was shown high, while paeonol in paeony moutan. The paeoniflorin of herbaceous paeony / paeony moutan was increased about 75.9% than herbaceous paeony alone, and the other compoents are similar to those of herbaceous paeony root.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.23-27
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• 2009

A high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the simultaneous determination of marker constituents, paeoniflorin and glycyrrhizin was established for the quality control of traditional herbal medicinal preparation, Sayuk-san (SYS). Separation and quantification were successfully achieved with a Waters XTerra RP18 column ($5{\mu}m$, $4.6mm\;I.D.{\times}150mm$) by gradient elution of a mixture of acetonitrile and water containing 0.03% phosphoric acid (pH 2.03) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The diode-array UV/vis detector (DAD) was used for the detection and the wavelength for quantification was set at 230 nm. The presence of paeoniflorin and glycyrrhizin in this decoction was ascertained by retention time, spiking with each authentic standard and UV spectrum. All two compounds showed good linearity ($r^2$>0.996) in a relatively wide concentration ranges. The R.S.D. for intra-day and inter-day precision was less than 7.3% and the limits of detection (LOD) were less than 55.7 ng. The mean recovery of each compound was $102.3{\sim}111.1%$ with R.S.D. values less than 4.6%. This method was successfully applied to the determination of contents of paeoniflorin and glycyrrhizin in three commercial products of SYS. These results suggest that the developed HPLC method is simple, effective and could be readily utilized as a quality control method for commercial SYS products.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.139-145
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• 2001

Peony has been cultivated as medicinal plant in East and also its beautiful flower was acknowledged over the world. In West, numerous peony varieties were developed for ornamental use but not in the country. Ninety two varieties of ornamental peony were introduced from U.S.A. and investigated in Uisong Medicinal Plant Experiment Station during $1997{\sim}1999$. For most of them, their growth habit were good in the country. Their flower colors were clearer and stems were thicker and stronger than domestic peonies. Some of them showed vigorous growth and made very high yield of root. Most of varieties showed proper content of paeoniflorin, medicinal component of peony, for medicinal use.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.119-124
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was investigation of quantitative analysis of marker substances in Paeonia lactiflora extracts by solid fermentation. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the determination of albiflorin and paeoniflorin in P. lactiflora extracts by solid fermentation, the separation method was performed on C18 column ($250\;mm\;{\times}\;4.6\;mm$, $5\;{\mu}m$, RS tech) using gradient solvent mixtures of water-acetonitrile with photodiode array detector (230nm). The flow rate was 1.0 ml/min. Retention time of albiflorin and paeoniflorin was about 28.88, 31.92 min and linearity of calibration was showed good result(r2 = 0.9998, 0.9996), respectively. Content of albiflorin was $0.090\;{\pm}\;0.03%$ in P. lactiflora extract(control), $0.102\;{\pm}\;0.00%$ in P. lactiflora extract fermented with Paecilomyces japonica, $0.056\;{\pm}\;0.01%$ in P. lactiflora extract fermented with Ganoderma lucidum, $0.093\;{\pm}\;0.00%$ in P. lactiflora extract fermented with honey and $0.046\;{\pm}\;0.00%$ in P. lactiflora extract fermented with Nuruk. Content of paeoniflorin was $4.506\;{\pm}\;0.13%$ in control, $2.599\;{\pm}\;0.04%$ in P. lactiflora extract fermented with Paecilomyces japonica, $1.222\;{\pm}\;0.03%$ in P. lactiflora extract fermented with Ganoderma lucidum, $2.750\;{\pm}\;0.05%$ in P. lactiflora extract fermented with honey and $0.847\;{\pm}\;0.00%$ in P. lactiflora extract fermented with Nuruk, respectively. Content of the marker substances did not increase in all fermentation experiment group.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.20-25
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• 2012

In Northeast Asia, Paeoniae Radix has been used in treatments of inflammation-causing diseases such as arthritis for many centuries. Paeoniflorin, one of the principle bioactive monoterpene glucosides from the paeony root, is reported to be mostly responsible for the effectiveness of the treatments. However, the anti-inflammatory effect of a monoterpene, paeoniflorigenone (PFG) which partially has the moiety of paeoniflorin minus a glucose structure is unknown. Thus, the aim of this work was to investigate anti-inflammatory activity of PFG. For the investigation, PFG activity on the NO (nitric oxide) production from LPS-stimulated macrophages, and the anti-inflammatory effect was tested in the animal model of septic arthritis caused by Candida albicans, a major etiological agent for septic arthritis. For induction of the arthritis, mice were administered with an emulsion of C. albicans cell wall (CACW) mixed with Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) via footpad-injection (Day 0); PFG at a dose of 0.5 or 1 mg/mouse (25 or 50 mg/kg of body-weight) was given to the animals on Day 3, 6, and 9; footpads were scored for arthritis. Moreover, the PFG effect on proliferation of T-lymphocyte that causes aggravation of arthritis was additionally tested. Data resulting from those tests showed that PFG inhibited the NO production from the stimulated macrophage in a dose dependent manner (P<0.05), indicating that PFG is an anti-inflammatory. To confirm the in-vitro results, anti-inflammatory activity of PFG was determined against C. albicans-caused septic arthritis. Data showed that PFG-treatment reduced footpad-swelling which indicates that PFG has anti-arthritic effect (P<0.05), which is therapeutic. The anti-arthritic effect appeared to be mediated by PFG suppression of T-cell proliferation. Ultimately, PFG, a monoterpene component, has anti-inflammatory activity analogous to paeoniflorin. The anti-inflammatory activity treats the septic arthritis due to a pathogenic fungus C. albicans.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.151-156
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• 2000

Field experiments were conducted to investigate the yield and paeoniflorin content between healthy peony and blight plot of top part with every year during 3 years at June, July, August, September, separately. Stem length and diameter, No. of stem in the blight plot of peony were decreased in early in blight time compared with those in no blight growth. No. of flower buds per plant was 5.2, 4.6 in 3 year- grown and 4year-grown plots at late June blight compared with 11.5, 16.2 in no blight. No. of axillary flower was also similar to as above. Main root length and root diameter was most decreased in the plot of late June blight compared with healthy peony. No. of root more than 10mm of root diameter was small in order of blight time, namely Late June, July, August and September. The root dry yield of 4 year healthy peony was most high in 1,603kg per 10a, but it was lowed in 1,007kg in the plot lasted blight during 3years at late June. Paeoniflorin content was no different between 3year-grown and 4year-grown, but it was high in late June blight plot increased with the early in blight time.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.235-246
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• 2018

Paeony has pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-bacterial, central inhibitory, gastric secretion inhibition, and antispasmodic activities. In addition, its antioxidant activity and whitening effect being reported, thus it is being explored as raw materials for cosmetics. We compared the changes in the contents of paeoniflorin and paeonol in Peony extracts, depending on the changes of extracting solvents, temperature and time. The HPLC method was set up for simultaneous analysis, the system suitabilities were confirmed by using the calibration curves and the QC samples for each assay batch. Paeonol was detected only in roots, and paeoniflorin was higher in leaf and flower than root. Higher concentrations of both ingredients were extracted when the root was used after grinding to a suitable size, and when 30% 1,3-butylene glycol was used as the extraction solvent. Also the concentrations tended to increase at higher temperature and longer time, but the increase was gradual at over $75^{\circ}C$ and 4 hours. The ratio of root, leaf and flower was determined to be 2+2+1g/0.5kg of batch, reaching the contents criteria of paeoniflorin and paeonol. Finally, we selected as the best extraction condition when the raw materials are mixed with 2+2+1g/0.5kg and extracted with 30% 1,3-butylene glycol as an extraction solvent at $75^{\circ}C$ for 4 hours, considering both the concentrations of two components and the cost of raw materials and manufacturing process, The extraction units were scaled up to 10 kg under this condition.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2018.10a
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• pp.122-122
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• 2018

We previously showed that the root extract of Paeonia lactiflora might have anti-inflammatory effects. Paeoniflorin (PF) has been identified as one of the main bioactive components of Paeonia lactiflora, however its role has been well characterized. In this study, we tested whether PF and its derivatives, which is removed the hydroxy group from PF, might have anti-inflammatory effects. In the Nitric Oxide assay, PF and Paeoniflorin's derivative (PFD) showed 55% and 56% more anti-inflammatory effect, compared to LPS control, respectively at 250ug/ml. To further confirm, we examined the effect of PF on tyrosine phosphorylation of Erk MAP Kinase. It is well established that tyrosine phosphorylation of Erk MAP Kinase is related to NF-kB mediated inflammation pathway. We therefore examined whther PF and PFD might regulate Erk activity. PF and PFD showed 35% and 22% less tyrosine phosphorylation compared to Paeonia lactiflora Red Charm extract control, respectively at 500ug/ml. Taken together, these results suggest that PF and PFD may play a role in anti-inflammatory effects in the root extract of Paeonia lactiflora. This study will provide the basis to develop a platform for the inflammation-mediated diseases therapeutics in the near future.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.335-345
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• 2009

A major source of paeoniflorin (PF) which was from the Paeonia lactiflora root, has been used as a herbal medicine in East Asia for its antiallergic, antiinflammatory, and immunoregulatory effects. However, only few details are known about the mechanism of apoptosis induced by this compound. The present study was undertaken to further elucidate the molecular mechanism of apoptosis and the changes of gene expression elicited by PF using DNA microarrays and computational gene-expression analysis tools in human leukemia U937 cells. A comparative global transcription analysis between treatment with PF and anisomycin (AM) that induces apoptosis in U937 cells revealed that c-Jun-$NH_2$-kinase (JNK) pathway related genes were less expressed in PF-treated cells. Elucidation of the mechanisms by which PF conducts its anti-cancer activities through comparative analysis of the gene expression is necessary to provide a solid foundation for its use as a promising agent in prevention and treatment strategies.