• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.430-437
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• 2008

Optical diffuse reflectance sensing in visible and near-infrared wavelength ranges is one approach to rapidly quantify soil properties for site-specific management. The objectives of this study were to investigate effects of preprocessing of reflectance data and determine the accuracy of the reflectance approach for estimating physical and chemical properties of selected Missouri and Illinois, USA surface soils encompassing a wide range of soil types and textures. Diffuse reflectance spectra of air-dried, sieved samples were obtained in the laboratory. Calibrations relating spectra to soil properties determined by standard methods were developed using partial least squares (PLS) regression. The best data preprocessing, consisting of absorbance transformation and mean centering, reduced estimation errors by up to 20% compared to raw reflectance data. Good estimates ($R^2=0.83$ to 0.92) were obtained using spectral data for soil texture fractions, organic matter, and CEC. Estimates of pH, P, and K were not good ($R^2$ < 0.7), and other approaches to estimating these soil chemical properties should be investigated. Overall, the ability of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy to accurately estimate multiple soil properties across a wide range of soils makes it a good candidate technology for providing at least a portion of the data needed in site-specific management of agriculture.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제23권8호
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• pp.605-610
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• 2010

The devices based on electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) structure are proposed for the detection of external electric charges. A large size charge contact window (CCW) extended from the floating gate is employed to immobilize external charges, and a control gate with stacked metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitor is adapted for a standard single polysilicon CMOS process. When positive voltage is applied to the capacitor of CCW of an n-channel EEPROM, the drain current increases due to the negative shift of its threshold voltage. Also when a pre-charged external capacitor is directly connected to the floating gate metal of CCW, the positive charges of the external capacitor make the drain current increase for n-channel, whereas the negative charges cause it to decrease. For an p-channel, however, the opposite behaviors are observed by the external voltage and charges. With the attachment of external charges to the CCW of EEPROM inverter, the characteristic inverter voltage behavior shifts from the reference curve dependent on external charge polarity. Therefore, we have demonstrated that the EEPROM inverter is capable of detecting external immobilized charges on the floating gate. and these devices are applicable to sensing the pH's or biomolecular reactions.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제59권3호
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• pp.674-677
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to analyze bradykinesia of forearm movement in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) as compared to those of normal subjects. A gyrosensor was selected for the measurement of forearm movement, because it can provide angular velocity signal which is free from the gravitational artifact and also because it can be conveniently used during clinical test of bradykinesia. Forty PD patients (age: $65.7\pm11.1$ yrs, H&Y stage:$2.3\pm0.5$), 14 age-matched elderly subjects ($65\pm3.9$ yrs) and 17 healthy young subjects ($24\pm2.1$ yrs) participated in this study. Angular velocity during forearm movement of pronation/supination was measured in both arms. Suggested quantitative measures of bradykinesia were root-mean-squared (RMS) angular velocity, RMS angle, peak power and total power which were derived from the angular velocity. ANOVA showed that all measures were significantly different among three groups (p<0.001). Subsequent post-hoc test revealed that all measures in PD patients were significantly smaller than in healthy elderly and healthy young subjects (p<0.05). This results suggest that PD patients can be differentiated from normal subjects using suggested measures.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.139-155
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• 2011

Polymeric thin-film assemblies whose bulk electrical conductivity and mechanical performance have been enhanced by single-walled carbon nanotubes are proposed for measuring strain and corrosion activity in metallic structural systems. Similar to the dermatological system found in animals, the proposed self-sensing thin-film assembly supports spatial strain and pH sensing via localized changes in electrical conductivity. Specifically, electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is used to create detailed mappings of film conductivity over its complete surface area using electrical measurements taken at the film boundary. While EIT is a powerful means of mapping the sensing skin's spatial response, it requires a data acquisition system capable of taking electrical impedance measurements on a large number of electrodes. A low-cost wireless impedance analyzer is proposed to fully automate EIT data acquisition. The key attribute of the device is a flexible sinusoidal waveform generator capable of generating regulated current signals with frequencies from near-DC to 20 MHz. Furthermore, a multiplexed sensing interface offers 32 addressable channels from which voltage measurements can be made. A wireless interface is included to eliminate the cumbersome wiring often required for data acquisition in a structure. The functionality of the wireless impedance analyzer is illustrated on an experimental setup with the system used for automated acquisition of electrical impedance measurements taken on the boundary of a bio-inspired sensing skin recently proposed for structural health monitoring.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.240-244
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to compare finger tapping (FT) movement of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) with normal subjects. A gyrosensor system was used for the measurement of FT movement, because it provides angular velocity free from the gravitational artifact and it can be used during clinical FT test listed in unified PD rating scale (UPDRS). Forty PD patients (age: 65.7 ${\pm}$ 11.1 yrs, H&Y stage:2.3 ${\pm}$ 0.5), 14 age-matched elderly subjects (65${\pm}$3.9 yrs) and 17 healthy young subjects (24${\pm}$2.1yrs) participated in this study. Angular velocity of finger tapping movement was measured in both right and left index finger. As quantitative measures, root-mean-squared (RMS) angular velocity, RMS angle, peak power and total power were used. ANOVA showed that all measures were significantly different among three groups (p<0.001) in all quantitative measures. Post-hoc test revealed that all quantitative measures except peak power in patients with PD were significantly smaller than in both healthy elderly and young subjects (p<0.01). This suggests that the measures developed in this study can distinguish patients with PD from normal subjects.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.33-39
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• 2011

An optical sensing approach based on diffuse reflectance has shown potential for rapid and reliable on-site estimation of soil properties. Important sensing ranges and the resulting regression models useful for soil property estimation have been reported. In this study, a similar approach was applied to investigate the potential of reflectance sensing in estimating soil properties for Korean paddy fields. Soil cores up to a 65-cm depth were collected from 42 paddy fields representing 14 distinct soil series that account for 74% of the total Korean paddy field area. These were analyzed in the laboratory for several important physical and chemical properties. Using air-dried, sieved soil samples, reflectance data were obtained from 350 to 2500 nm on a 3 nm sampling interval with a laboratory spectrometer. Calibrations were developed using partial least squares (PLS) regression, and wavelength bands important for estimating the measured soil properties were identified. PLS regression provided good estimations of Mg ($R^2$ = 0.80), Ca ($R^2$ = 0.77), and total C ($R^2$ = 0.92); fair estimations of pH, EC, $P_2O_5$, K, Na, sand, silt, and clay ($R^2$ = 0.59 to 0.72); and poor estimation of total N. Many wavelengths selected for estimation of the soil properties were identical or similar for multiple soil properties. More important wavelengths were selected in the visible-short NIR range (350-1000 nm) and the long NIR range (1800-2500 nm) than in the intermediate NIR range (1000-1800 nm). These results will be useful for design and application of in-situ close range sensors for paddy field soil properties.

• 센서학회지
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.28-35
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• 1994

폴리에스 섬유의 감량을 위한 가성소다 처리 시스템에서 감량정도를 알기 위해서는 가성소다의 농도 측정 장치가 필요하다. 감량공정에서는 여러번의 농도측정이 요구되므로 단위농도 측정 공정은 빠르고 정확하게 이루어져야 하며, 이에 따른 당량점 검출 알고리듬이 제시되어야 한다. 본 논문에서는 매 적정액 주입 후 측정되는 각 pH값들로써 적정곡선을 추정하였고, 정확한 당량점을 예측하기 위해서 카디날 스프라인 알고리듬을 사용하였다. 처리시간이 경과되는 동안의 여러 당량점들을 이용하여 섬유의 감량 직선을 자동적으로 추정하고 그래프로 나타낼 수 있게 하였으며 섬유감량 시스템의 감량종료 신호를 발생시킬 수 있는 자동적정 장치의 하드웨어와 소프트웨어를 설계하였다.

• 센서학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.105-109
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• 2014

Structure and electrical properties of $0.85NaNbO_3-0.15LiNbO_3$ ($(Li_{0.15}Na_{0.85})NbO_3$) ceramics were investigated as a function of sintering temperature. $(Li_{0.15}Na_{0.85})NbO_3$ ceramics were prepared by conventional solid state processing. A main phase of the orthorhombic perovskite structure and secondary phase of $LiNbO_3$ were confirmed for all sintered specimens. Dense $(Li_{0.15}Na_{0.85})NbO_3$ ceramics were obtained at sintering temperature above $1050^{\circ}C$. With increasing sintering temperature, the electromechanical coupling factor ($k_p$), piezoelectric constant ($d_{33}$) and relative dielectric constant (${\varepsilon}_r$) of the sintered specimens increased, while the mechanical quality factor ($Q_m$) decreased. These results are due to the increase of grain size and crystallite size of orthorhombic perovskite structure. Based on the temperature dependence of ${\varepsilon}_r$, stable piezoelectric properties were expected because no phase transition found up to $300^{\circ}C$. Typically, kp of 18%, $d_{33}$ of 34.7 pC/N, ${\varepsilon}_r$ of 135, and $Q_m$ of 62.8 were obtained for the specimens sintered at $1200^{\circ}C$ for 5 h.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.554-563
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• 2013

유산발효한 인진쑥과 약쑥에 대해 발효전후의 이화학적 특성과 영양성분의 변화를 살펴보았고 SAW(surface acoustic wave) 센서가 장착된 GC를 기반으로 한 전자코를 이용하여 휘발성 향기성분의 패턴을 신속하게 비교분석하였다. 발효후 pH는 6.0~6.4에서 4.6~5.1로 감소하였고 총 가용성고형분 함량은 발효에 따라 약쑥은 감소, 인진쑥은 증가하였다. Hunter's color value를 측정한 결과 명도의 L값과 황색도의 b값은 감소한 반면 적색도의 a값은 발효후 모두 증가하였다. 아미노산의 총량은 발효에 따라 모두 크게 증가하였고 필수아미노산 함량은 인진쑥보다 약쑥에 많았으며 특히 glutamic acid와 aspartic acid의 함량이 가장 높았다. 지방산조성을 GC로 분석한 결과 단일불포화 지방산은 약쑥에, 다가불포화지방산은 인진쑥에 더 많이 함유되어 있었고, 발효후 모두 그 함량이 각각 증가하였다. 총 폴리페놀 함량은 인진쑥이 62.71~69.40 mg/g로 약쑥의 23.64~24.12 mg/g보다 월등히 높았고, 발효전후의 차이는 없었다. 총 당함량은 발효전 1.58~2.70 mg/g 이었으나 발효후 0.34~1.14 mg/g으로 크게 감소하는 특징을 보였다. 쑥의 주요 지표성분중의 하나인 scopoletin을 HPLC로 분석한 결과 약쑥에서는 검출되지 않았고, 인진쑥의 경우 발효전과 발효후 각각 5.36 및 6.24 mg/g으로 나타났다. 주사전자현미경으로 살펴본 발효쑥의 표면미세구조는 쑥의 종류에 따라서는 차이가 뚜렷하지 않았다. 발효후 식물조직이 다소 거칠어지고 부스러진 입자가 생성된 것이 관찰되었으나 전반적으로 발효에 의한 식물세포의 변형은 크지 않았다. 전자코에 의한 향기성분 분석결과 발효후 새로운 향기성분의 생성되거나 발효전의 피크가 크게 증가하는 특징을 보였다. 약쑥은 11개에서 발효후 17개로 증가하였고, 인진쑥은 12개에서 19개로 증가하였다. VaporPrint$^{TM}$로 향기성분의 조합과 함량비를 이미지화된 패턴으로 분석한 결과 약쑥과 인진쑥 원료의 향기는 매우 뚜렷하게 다른 패턴을 지닌 것으로 나타났고, 발효후에는 미세하지만 발효전과 확연히 다른 냄새를 가진 것으로 나타났다.

• 센서학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.51-63
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• 1995

Chemical bath deposition 방법으로 다결정 $CdS_{1-x}Se_{x}$ 박막을 세라믹 기판 위에 성장시킨 다음 온도를 변화시켜 열처리하고 X-선 회질 무늬를 측정하여 결정 구조를 밝혔다. $550^{\circ}C$로 열처리한 시료의 X-선 회절 무늬로부터 외삽법으로 구한 격자 상수는 CdS의 경우 $a_{0}=4.1364{\AA}$, $c_{0}=6.7129{\AA}$ 였으며 CdSe인 경우는 $a_{0}=4.3021{\AA}$, $c_{0}=7.0142{\AA}$ 였다. Van der Pauw 방법으로 Hall 효과를 측정하여 운반자 농도와 이동도의 온도 의존성을 연구하였다. 광전도 셀의 특성으로 스펙트럼 응답, 감도(${\gamma}$), 최대 허용 소비전격 및 응답시간을 측정하였다.