• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.429-439
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• 2013

This study was conducted to identify the relationship between environmental factors and algal bloom, and provide information for efficient management based on the results of monitoring the environmental parameters and algal diversity in the Jundai reservoir from March 2011 to October 2013. Little change in the weather conditions was observed during the study period except for a slight decrease in rainfall. Concentration of TN and TP in the reservoir exceeded water quality standards for agriculture and significant correlation between algal growth and environmental factors was observed. Phytoplankton in Jundai reservoir included 6 classes, 40 genus, 62 species, and the phytoplankton abundance was in the range of $1.3{\times}10^4{\sim}2.8{\times}10^6$ cells $mL^{-1}$. The annual average of phytoplankton abundance and Chl-a gradually decreased as TN and TP concentrations decreased. Overall Anabaena sp., Oscillatoria sp., and Microcystis sp. were the dominant species in Jundai reservoir. As the water temperature increased, the dominant species were Anabaena sp., Microcystis sp. and Oscillatoria sp., in that order. Anabaena sp. was dominant from spring to early summer with increase in water temperature and pollutant concentrations, and high correlation with environmental factors was observed. Microcystis sp. was dominant depending on changes in the nutrient levels. In the case of Oscillatoria sp., there was no significant correlation between phytoplankton biomess and Chl-a. However, efficient management of water environment and practical control of algal bloom in small scale reservoir polluted by livestock and farm irrigation should be achieved by identification of the relationship between algal growth and environmental factors.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.200-213
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• 2008

H.264| MPEG-4 AVC is a new video codingstandard defined by JVT (Joint Video Team) which consists of ITU-T and ISO/IEC. Many techniques are adopted fur the compression efficiency: Especially, an intra prediction in an inter frame is one example but it leads to excessive amount of encoding time due to the decision of a candidate mode and a RDcost calculation. For this reason, a fast determination of the best intra prediction mode is the main issue for saving the encoding time. In this paper, by using the result of statistical relation between intra $16{\times}16$ and $4{\times}4$ intra predictions, the number of candidate modes for $4{\times}4$ intra prediction is reduced. Firstly, utilizing motion vector obtained after inter prediction, prediction of a block mode for each macroblock is made. If an intra prediction is needed, the correlation table between $16{\times}16$ and $4{\times}4$ intra predicted modes is created using the probability during each I frame-coding process. Secondly, using this result, the candidate modes for a $4{\times}4$ intra prediction that reaches a predefined specific probability value are only considered in the same GOP For the experiments, JM11.0, the reference software of H.264|MPEG-4 AVC is used and the experimental results show that the encoding time could be reduced by 51.24% in maximum with negligible amounts of PSNR drop and bitrate increase.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.1-12
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• 2016

This study aimed to interpret the fundamental cause of road-kill occurrences and analyzed spatial characteristics of the road-kill locations from Route 44 in Seorak National Park, Korea. Logistic regression analysis was utilized for backward elimination on variables. Seorak National Park Service has constructed GIS-data of 81 road-kill occurrences from 2008 to 2013 and these data were assigned as dependent variables in this study. Considered as independent variables from previous studies and field surveys, vegetation age-class, distance to streams, coverage of fences and retaining walls, and distance to building sites were assigned as road-kill impact factors. The coverage of fences and retaining walls(-1.0135) was shown as the most influential factor whereas vegetation age-class(0.0001) was the least influential among all of the significant factor estimates. Accordingly, the rate of road-kill occurrence can increase as the distance to building sites and stream becomes closer and vegetation age-class becomes higher. The predictive accuracy of road-kill occurrence was shown to be 72.2% as a result of analysis, assuming as partial causes of road-kill occurrences reflecting spatial characteristics. This study can be regarded as beneficial to provide objective basis for spatial decision making including road-kill occurrence mitigation policies and plans in the future.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.40 no.6 s.275
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• pp.399-406
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• 2007

Background: Ischemia-reperfusion injury related to unsuccessful myocardial protection affects postoperative ventricular function and mortality during open-heart surgery. We prospectively compared the effects of administration of histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK) solution and cold blood cardioplegia (CBC) on myocardial protection and clinical outcome in patients undergoing mitral valve surgery. Material and Method: Seventy patients with mitral regurgitation (MR) undergoing mitral valve surgery were randomly divided into the HTK group (n=31) and the CBC group (n=31 ): eight patients were excluded. Perioperative hemodynamics, cardiac medications, pacing, postoperative outcomes and complications were recorded during the hospital stay. All patients received follow-up for at least 6 months postoperatively for morbidity and mortality. Resuか: There were no significant differences in the hemodynamics between the groups during the study period, except for the mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP), PCWP and CVP that were lower in the HTK group at 15 min after weaning of CBP. There were no differences for inotropic support and pacing during the 12 hrs postoperatively between the groups. CK-MB values on day 1 and day 2 were $77{\pm}54$ and $41{\pm}23$ for the HTK group and $70{\pm}69$ and $44{\pm}34$ for the CBC group, respectively (p=NS). Postoperative clinical outcomes were similar in both groups for at least 6 months during the follow-up period. Conclusion: These results suggest that the use of HTK solution is as safe as cold blood cardioplegia in terms of myocardial protection.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.292-297
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• 2006

A research was carried out to investigate the release pattern of slow release nitrogen fertilizer compound(SRNC) that is latex coated urea(LCU) and to recommend the application rate of the fertilizer at dry seeding rice culture in Honam plain area. The experiment was conducted at experimental field(Jeonbug series, fine silty, mixed, nonacid, mesic family of Fluvaquentic Endoaquepts) of National Honam Agricultural Research Institute. A medium late maturing rice variety (Dongjinbyeo) was seeded at the rate of $60kg\;ha^{-1}$ by drill seeder on April 1, 1997 and March 30, 1998. Fertilizer application rate was $160-90-110kg\;ha^{-1}$ for $N-P_2O_5-K_2O$. Soil ammonium nitrate($NH_4-N$) contents remained higher in all SRNC plots than conventional ones and higher with the increase of SRNC application rate until panicle formation stage, but the contents was higher in the conventional than NRNC plots at the heading stage. The plant hight was taller in SRNC than conventional plots until maximum tiller stage, but became similar in both conventional and SRNC plots at heading stage. The culm and panicle number was greater in SRNC than conventional plots throughout all growth stage, but the effective tiller rate was higher in conventional ones. Nitrogen efficiency was higher in the SRNC than conventional plots, but the efficiency was decreasing with the higher SRNC level. The spikelet number per unit area was greater in SRNC than conventional plots, and increased with higher SRNC level. The more spikelet number with higher NRNC level resulted in lower 1,000-grain weight. The rice yield in conventional plot was similar with only 60% SRNC level, but lower than 80% and 100% SRNC levels. However, slight lodging was observed in 100% SRNC level. In conclusions, we recommend NRNC application level as 80% of standard nitrogen application for early dry seeding culture of rice Honam plain area.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.213-221
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• 2013

Bibimbab (mixed rice) is a traditional Korean one-dish meal. This study was carried out to investigate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects of raw and seasoned ingredients used in Bibimbab (Cucurbita moschata P., Platycodon grandiflorum A., Vigna radiata L., Porphyra yezonensis udea, Allium ampeloprasum L., Pterdium aguilinum, Raphanus sativus). Human mast cells (HMC-1) were pretreated with 70% ethanol extracts of Bibimbab and further cultured for an appropriate time after the addition of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and calcium ionophore A23187. Cell viability was determined by an MTT assay. None of the ingredients showed cytotoxic effects at a concentration of 1.0 ${\mu}g/ml$. Anti-inflammatory effects were analyzed at 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 mg/ml concentrations of the raw, seasoned ingredients of PMA. A23187 stimulated HMC-1. Among the various ingredients, seasoned A. ampeloprasum L. extract showed the highest inhibition of TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6 secretion (90% and 93%, respectively) at a concentration of 1.0 mg/ml. The R. sativus extract showed the highest inhibition (85%) of IL-8 secretion. DPPH analysis of the antioxidation properties of the ingredients showed that raw and seasoned A. ampeloprasum extracts exhibited the highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity (67.50 and 73.65%, respectively). These results suggest that seasoned ingredients used in Bibimbab have lower anti-inflammatory effects in relation to TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6 secretion than raw ingredients in PMA- and A23187-treated HMC-1. In addition, the seasoned ingredients showed a tendency to increase antioxidative activity. Therefore, the ingredients used in Bibimbab have potential as anti-inflammatory and antioxidation agents.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.167-174
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• 2013

Peroxiredoxin 6 (Prx 6) is a member of the thiol-specific antioxidant protein family, which may play a role in protection against oxidative stress and in regulating phospholipid turnover. The aim of this study was to determine whether a human Prx 6/Luc vector was stably expressed and responded to antioxidants in a lung cell line (NCI-H460). To achieve this, the luciferase signal, hPrx 6 mRNA expression, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were measured in transfectants with a hPrx 6/Luc plasmid after treatment with four antioxidant extracts, including Korea white ginseng (KWG), Korea red ginseng (KRG), Liriope platyphylla (LP), and red Liriope platyphylla (RLP). First, the hPrx 6/Luc plasmid was successfully constructed with DNA fragments of human Prx 6 promoter, amplified by PCR using genomic DNA isolated from NCI-H460 cells, and cloned into the pTransLucent reporter vector. The orientation and sequencing of the hPrx 6/Luc plasmid were identified with restriction enzyme and automatic sequencing. A luciferase assay revealed significant enhancement of luciferase activity in the four treatment groups compared with a vehicle-treated group, although the ratio of the increase was different within each group. The KRG- and LP-treated groups showed higher activity than the KWG- and RLP-treated groups. Furthermore, the luciferase activity against RLP occurred roughly in a dose-dependent manner. However, the level of endogenous hPrx 6 mRNA did not change in any group treated with the four extracts. The SOD activity was in agreement with the luciferase activity. Therefore, these results indicate that the hPrx 6/Luc vector system may successfully express and respond to antioxidant compounds in NCI-H460 cells. The data also suggest that the Prx 6/Luc vector system may be effectively applied in screening the response of hPrx 6 to antioxidant compounds in transgenic mice.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.466-471
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• 2010

This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of fermented apple pomace (FAP), fermented pear pomace (FPP), fermented orange pomace (FOP), and fermented Angelica keiskei Koidz pomace (FAKP) on performance, shelf life, fatty acid composition and cholesterol in broiler chickens. A total of 600, 1-day-old male broiler chicks (Cobb strain) were randomly divided into six groups with four replicates of 30 birds each. There were five treatment groups: control (C), FAP (1.0%, T1), FPP (1.0%, T2), FOP (1.0%, T3), and FAKP (1.0%, T4). The body weight of the broiler chickens fed FAP diet was higher (1,758 g) than the other treatments. There was no difference in the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in chicken meat between all groups at days 1, 3, and 5 of storage, while the FAP-supplemented group displayed lower TBARS values at day 7. There was no significant difference in fatty acid composition between the groups but the cholesterol content of chicken meat was lower than the control groups. These results suggest the possibility that FAP could be used as a functional feed to improvement the quality performance of broiler chickens.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.67-74
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• 2010

Law-protected trees are our precious asset as natural resources with history and tradition and natural heritage which should be protected and maintained well to bequeath next generation. Law-protected trees have not only thremmatologic and genetic meaning but also environmental and emotional meaning for their value to be high. This study investigated location, vitality, wrapping condition of root area and status of maintenance of the trees to figure out their growth environment and status of maintenance in a small-middle city through survey on those of law-protected trees in Je-cheon. There showed 300 more year old trees in Je-cheon mostly and the number of trees located in flat fields was the highest. For location type, village, hill and road types were presented in the order and for degree of development, land for building was found most frequently. The average electric resistance of the formative layer was measured to be $8.4k{\Omega}$ and four trees showed bark separation. Most law-protected trees underwent tree surgery, and complete bareness of root area was observed in a tree. The root area of two trees was covered with concrete. pH of soil was recorded to be 5.0~8.4 with its average of 7.1 and electric conductivity(EC) was less than 0.5 dS/m. For status of maintenance rearing facilities were placed for 16 trees out of totally 48 ones and stone fence was done for three ones. Tree surgery was conducted for 33 trees to prevent and to treat decomposed parts of holes. Direction boards were installed for 23 trees. Based on these results, measures to manage systematically law-protected trees in Jecheon could be suggested as follows. First, a sufficient space for growth of low part of trees should be secured. Second, a voluntary management should be induced by advertising them to residents in a community. Third, rearing facilities and direction boards of law-protected trees should be placed and related education should be conducted. Fourth, through operation of the department for law-protected trees consisting of related professions and cooperation among related departments the trees should be maintained continuously.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.58-64
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• 2007

Antioxidative activity and functional properties of the powder obtained from ground Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten fruit were studied. Cupcakes containing 1,3, and 5% (w/w) of O. ficus-indica vu. saboten powders were prepared and evaluated for their sensory property, textural quality, and shelf-life. The antioxidative activity, measured by DPPH radical scavenging activity of O. ficus-indica var. saboten powder, increased as the concentrations of O. ficus-indica var. saboten powder increased. No coliform bacteria, yeasts, and molds were detected in either the O. ficus-indica var. saboten powder or in the cupcakes. However, total aerobic bacteria counts were 4.41 log CFU/g in the O. ficus-indica var. saboten powder and were a negligible level (<$10^2$ CFU/g) in the cupcakes. Moisture content of the cupcakes was not significantly different in all samples. Lightness (L) and yellowness (b) of cupcake color decreased as the concentration of O. ficus-indicar var. saboten powder increased, whereas the redness (a) increased. Increasing the concentration of O. ficus-indica var. saboten powder, the mechanical characteristics of the cupcakes, such as hardness, gumminess, and chewiness, while decreasing cohesiveness and springiness. The sensory properties, such as color, flavor, taste, texture, and overall acceptability, of the cupcakes containing the 1% 0. ficus-indica var. saboten powder were superior to the control sample. The results exhibited that the adding the O. ficus-indica var. saboten powder into the cupcakes increased antioxidant activity and showed no effect on shelf-life of the cupcakes. The highest quality improvement was obtained by incorporating the 1% (w/w) of 0. ficus-indica var. saboten powder into the cupcake formula.