• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.194-200
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• 1984

Effects of seed coating on establishment, early growth and herbage production were investigated in Pot, Soil box and Field experiments. Seed was coated with 60% Lime, 20% Phosphate and 20% Peatmoss(W/W), also finely sprayed 13% Arabic gum and 2% Methyl cellulose(W/V). Coating were generally 1:20, seed: coat(W/W). 1. In the general growth of the growing stages and different oversown species at 80 days, seed coated was promoted than none in early growth. (Table 2 and 3) 2. Stand counts at 60 days after oversown, seed coated was higher 15% than none, especially, there was advantage due to coating on the medium and large size seeds such as Orchardgrass, Perennial ryegrass and Kentucky bluegrass, but did not assist establishment of the large (Tall fescue) and small (Ladino clover) size seed. 3. Variation of sward composition was not quite different between two treatments, but seed coated was slightly increased the Percentage of sown grasses with advance of cutting time. 4. Total dry metter yield per unit area with seed coated was higher 17% than none in establishment year. 5. Variations in the chemical composition of the herbage and soil were influenced by coating materials in the coating regime (Table 8). 6. From these facts, seed coated also appeared that adequate seedling stands, early growth and herbage production could be obtained with higher than conventional overseeding method under a poor conditions.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.512-518
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• 1999

Purpose: We evaluated the usefulness of 24 hour/3 hour radio-uptake ratio, lesion to non-lesion ratio, in differentiating bony metastases from acute (<2 months) and healing (${\geq}2$ months) fractures. Materials and Methods: Sixty-three patients (age range: 26-81, 32 males, 31 females) having 90 lesions (30 bone metastases, 30 acute fractures, 30 healing fractures) were included. Bone scans were obtained 3 and 24 hours after administration of 740 MBq of $^{99m}Tc$-MDP. The ratio of radio-uptake in the lesion to normal area was measured as 24/3 hour radio-uptake ratio ([lesion/non-lesion RUR at 24 hour]/[lesion/non-lesion RUR at 3 hour], 24/3 RUR) and analyzed clinical significance in differentiating bone metastases from acute or healing fractures. Results: Mean 24/3 RUR were $1.22{\pm}0.18$ for bone metastases, $1.25{\pm}0.14$ for acute fractures, and $0.99{\pm}0.15$ for healing fractures. 24/3 RUR values of bone metastases and acute fractures were not significantly different. But 24/3 RUR values of bone metastases and healing fractures, and those of acute and healing fractures were found to be significantly different (p<0.001). When 24/3 RUR of 1.0 was considered as the cut off point separating metastases from fracture, a sensitivity of 100% (30/30) was obtained. The specificity was 0% (0/30) in separating metastases from acute fractures, and 47% (14/30) in separating metastases from healing fractures. When 24/3 RUR of 1.2 was considered as the cut off point, sensitivity of 53% (16/30) in the diagnosis of bone metastasis, and specificity of 37% (11/30) in separating metastases from acute fractures, and 100% (30/30) in separating metastases from healing fractures were obtained. Conclusion: 24/3 RUR is useful in differentiating bone metastases from healing fractures, but not in differentiating bone metastases from acute fractures. A 24/3 RUR of less than 1.0 suggests healing fractures. A 24/3 RUR of more than 1.2 suggests bone metastases or acute fractures.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.348-355
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• 1998

The developments of various processed foods and the high quality dried fruits, in particular, are urgently needed for the enhancement of fruit consumption and their competitive values. Therefore, in this study, three variables by three level factorial design and response surface methodology were used to determine optimum conditions for osmotic dehydration of kiwifruit. The relationships of moisture losses, solid gains, weight reductions, sugar contents, titratable acidities and vitamin C contents depending on changes with temperature, sugar concentration and immersion time were investigated. The moisture loss, solid gain, weight reduction and reduction of moisture content after osmotic dehydration were increased as temperature, sugar concentration and immersion time increased. The effect of concentration was more significant than those of temperature and time on mass transfer. Sugar content was increased by increasing sugar concentration, temperature, immersion time during osmotic dehydration. Titratable acidity and vitamin C content were increased by decreasing temperature, immersion time and increasing concentration during osmotic dehydration. The regression models showed a significant lack of fit (P>0.05) and were highly significant with satisfying values of $R^2$. At the given conditions such as $66{\sim}69%$ moisture content, above $24^{\circ}Brix$ sugar content and more than 23 mg% vitamin C, the optimum condition for osmotic dehydration was $37^{\circ}C,\;55^{\circ}Brix$ and 1.5 hour.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.10
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• pp.1594-1600
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• 2004

Effects of mistletoe (Viscum album) extract and pueraria (Pueraria radix) extract on cellular NF-$textsc{k}$B activity were evaluated in human malignant keratinocytes (SCC-13) to elucidate the possible correlation of NF-$textsc{k}$B with antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activities of these natural extracts were examined in four different evaluation methods, i.e., lipid peroxidation value (POV) evaluation test, I,l-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), nitric oxide (NO) scavenging test, and reducing power assay. Pueraria extract (0.5 mg) and mistletoe extract (5 mg) downregulated the cellular NF-$textsc{k}$B activation up to 35% and 10% compared to the control, respectively, although their effects were lower than the known NF-$textsc{k}$B downregulator, vitamin C (8.8 mg, 53%) in a cell-based NF-$textsc{k}$B activity assay system. In the POV test, relative antioxidant activities of mistletoe extract (86%) and pueraria extract (75%) were significantly higher than the known antioxidant, vitamin C (48%) at the same concentration (10 mg) and the degree of activity increased in a dose-dependent manner. Pueraria extract showed more potential radical scavenging activities than those of mistletoe extract evaluated in both DPPH and NO test. Especially, the NO radical scavenging activity of pueraria extract ($SC_{50}$/, 88 $\mu$g) was comparable to that of vitamin C ($SC_{50}$/, 77 $\mu$g). Even pueraria extract possessed a much less reducing power compared to vitamin C, it also revealed higher reducing power than that of mistletoe extract. These results indicate that mistletoe extract and pueraria extract may serve as an useful natural antioxidant agents, and led to suggest the hypothesis that compounds having an antioxidant activity, i.e., radical scavenging activity or reducing power may be correlated with the downregulation of NF-$textsc{k}$B activation in human keratinocytes.

• The Journal of the Korean bone and joint tumor society
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.56-63
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate the efficiency of demineralized bone matrix (DBM, Genesis$^{(R)}$) used for bone defect after operative traetment of benign bone tumors by clinical and radiological methods. Materials and Methods: DBM was used to treat bone defect after operative treatment of benign tumor from February 2012 to May 2013. Total 25 benign bone tumor cases (15 males, and 10 females) with mean age of 30.3 were studied. The diagnoses were solitary bone cyst in 9 cases, non ossifying fibroma in 5, fibrous dysplasia in 5, aneurysmal bone cyst in 3 and enchondroma in 3. In categorization by location of tumor, there were 5 cases of distal femur, 4 of proximal tibia, 3 of proximal femur, 3 of proximal humerus, 3 of phalanx, 2 of distal radius, 2 of hip bone, 2 of calcaneus, and 1 of scapula. Autogenous bone was used with DBM in 6 cases, and only DBM used in 19 cases. Mean periods of follow up were 8.7 months (range: 6 to 14 months). Amount of graft resorption and bone formation was observed with compare of post operation radiograph and the difference was shown by percentage. Resorption level was measured by DBM level which could be observed from simple x-ray, and bone formation level by bone trabecular formation level at impaired site. Results: Twenty three cases of total 25 cases showed bone union. In the 23 cases, more than 98% DBM resorption was observed after mean 4.3 months, and more than 98% bone formation was observed after mean 6.9 months. Lesser bone defect sizes showed faster bone formation and it was statistically significant (p=0.036). But other comparative studies on other factors such as, sex, age of patients and combination of autogenous bone were no statistically significant differences in graft resorption and bone formation. And there was no significant complication in periods of follow-up. Conclusion: Demineralized Bone Matrix (Genesis$^{(R)}$) is thought to be useful treatment for bone defect after operative treatment of benign bone tumor, however longer follow-up periods appears to be needed.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.116-131
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• 1998

This study was undertaken to obtain the menstrual patterns and menstrual discomforts in women university students. For the data collection, self-administered questionnaire survey was made from December 10, 1996 to January 20, 1997 among the 180 women university students in Seoul. The resultant data were processed by SAS program for frequency, proportion, and chi-square test. The results of this study are as follows ; 1) The mean age of the subjects was 20.6 years old. The mean height was 162cm and weight was 52.3Kg. $26.9\%$ of the subjects responded that they had experienced the unbalanced diet, $56\%$ the irregular meal, $39.6\%$intermittent dizziness, and $63.4\%$ the premenstrual syndrome. $53.7\%$ had feeling that skin temperature of their four extremities was 'a little lower than others'. The mean BMI(Body Mass Index) was 19.8, 'normal level' was $41.8\%$. $18.7\%$ responded that their characters were 'introspective ones'. The mean age of menache was 13.8 years old. The subjects responded that the mean number of pads they used per day during menstrual periods was 4.6 sheets. The mean duration of menstruation was 5.4 days, $10.4\%$ responded that their menstrual cycles were 'extremely regular', $44.8\%$ was 'regular', $36.6\%$ was 'a little irregular', and $8.2\%$ was 'extremely irregular'. Out of them who had experienced the dysmenorrhea, $21.3\%$ had family history of dysmenorrhea in connection with their mother and $35.0\%$ in their sisters. The mean of the first time that they experienced dysmenorrhea was 15 years old. $94\%$ of the subjects responded that they had experienced the dysmeorrhea. $47.6\%$ of the subjects responded that they experienced the dysmenorrhea 'monthly' and $52.4\%$ 'intermittently'. $53.0\%$ of them who had experienced dysmenorrhea responded that dysmenorrhea was the severest 'on the first menstrual day' and $22.4\%$ 'on the second day'. $48.8\%$ of them who had experienced dysmenorrhea responded that the most painful region was 'low abdomen'. $40\%$ of them who had experienced dysmenorrhea responded that they used 'analgesics' to soothe dysmenorrhea, $24.8\%$ used nothing, $18.4\%$ lay in their beds or slept, and $12\%$ made their 'low abdomen' warm. $70.3\%$ who had used analgesics because of dysmenorrhea took analgesics 'one or two times per month', $25.7\%$ 'intermittently', and $4.0\%$ more than 3 times per month. The analgesics which they used were 'geworin$(33.8\%)$,' 'penzal$(32.4\%)$', 'tyrenol$(18.9\%)$', and 'aspirin$(4.2\%)$'. $(47.9\%)$ of them who took analgesics because of dysmenorrhea responded that the duration of analgesics effect was '4 to 8 hours'. $15.1\%$ of them who experienced dysmenorrhea responded that they had visited the hospital. 2) The incidence of premenstrual syndrome was no significant difference according to the BMI, unbalanced diet, pattern of meal, skin temperature of four extremites, and characters. 3) The incidence of dysmenorrhea was significant difference according to the BMI, unbalanced diet, pattern of meal, skin temperature of four extremites, and characters. 4) The incidence of analgesics usage was significant difference according to the BMI, subjects with low BMI took more analgesics than those with normal BMI (p<.05). The incidence of analgesics usage was significant difference in accordance with pattern of meal. The women who had a meal regularly took more analgesics than those who had a meal irregularly(p<.05). But the incidence of analgesics usage was no significant difference in accordance with the unbalanced diet, characters, the incidence of dizziness, skin temperature of four extremities, the incidence of premenstrual syndrome.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.454-458
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• 2003

Purpose : Rotavirus is the main cause of infantile diarrheal disease worldwide. The purpose of this study is to assess the difference between clinical manifestations and feeding or delivery methods in healthy full-term neonates and those with nosocomially-acquired rotaviral infection. Methods : The study was conducted on 348 babies who were delivered in Dongguk University Kyongju Hospital from Jan 1 to June 30 in 2001. Stool specimens were collected from clinically symptomatic neonates. We studied the rate of positive stool rotazyme ELISA tests and positive symptoms. We compared the frequency of clinical manifestations according to the feeding methods [breast feeding(BF) or formula feeding(FF)] and the delivery methods[normal vaginal delivery(NVD) or Cesarean section(C/sec)]. Results : Rotavirus was detected in 152 of 348 babies. The rate of positive rotazyme ELISA test was 43.7% in healthy full-term symptomatic neonates. The most common symptom of rotaviral enteritis was mild fever; the others were watery diarrhea, abdominal distension, vomiting, delayed weight gain, irritability, poor oral intake and dehydration. Compared with FF neonates, BF neonates have lower frequency of symptoms, especially watery diarrhea, delayed weight gain and poor oral intake. The symptomatic frequency was higher in FF and NVD neonates than BF and C/sec. Conclusion : The symptoms of rotaviral enteritis were less frequent in BF or C/sec delivered neonates. BF appeared to alleviate the rotaviral enteritis but further studies are needed. The cause of the lower frequency of symptoms in C/sec delivered neonates was unknown.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.217-223
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• 1992

Cotton has been an important fiber crop in Korea for a long time. The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of planting and transplanting dates, transplanting density and fertilizer application rate on seed cotton and lint yields, and gross income for barley-cotton double cropping in southern part of Korea. Transplanting culture of upland cotton cultivar Mokpo 4 on June 10 to 20 produced 80 to 83% more in seed cotton yield and 79 to 82% more in lint yield compared with the yields of direct planted on June 10 just after harvesting naked-barley. Mokpo 4 was better than Suwon 17 and Paymaster for the transplanting culture after barley harvest in double cropping. Optimum fertilizer application rate was N 80-P$_2$O$_{5}$ 78-K$_2$O 106 kg /ha, and optimum transplanting density was 70$\times$20cm for the transplanting culture of upland cotton after barley in double cropping system. The highest total yields 5.03 to 5.09t /ha in barley-cotton double croppings were harvested in barley drill-seeding and cotton transplanting culture on June 10 to 20 compared with seed cotton yield 1.51t /ha of the cotton monoculture planted on May 1. Their gross income also was 40% more than that of the cotton monoculture, and 30% more than the cotton direct seeding just after barley harvest on June 10. Cotton intercropping between barley rows provided 2-11% more in gross income compared with cotton direct seeding after barley harvest on June 10. Of the cotton intercroppings between barley rows, cotton intercropping of one row between the barley rows of 60cm width provided 5 to 9% more in gross income than the other cotton intercroppings between barley rows.s.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.67-74
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• 2013

To know the emission amount of greenhouse gases from bedding materials of cowshed floor, the emission rates of methane ($CH_4$) and nitrous oxide ($N_2O$) gases from a simulated cowshed floor (SCF) with sawdust that manure loading rate into the bedding material could be accurately controlled were assessed in this study. The manure loading rates of Korean beef and Holstein dairy cattle into the SCF of $0.258m^2$ surface area with 10 to 15 cm height sawdust were $1.586kg/m^2/d$ and $3.588kg/m^2/d$, respectively, and those were calculated on the basis of "Standard model for sustainable livestock" and "Data for excretion amount of manure from livestock". All experiments were done in triplicates in three different seasons (May to July, Sep. to Nov., and Feb. to Apr.) using 12 SCFs. The effects of bedding material thickness on $CH_4$ and $N_2O$ emission from SCFs for both Korean beef cattle and Holstein dairy cattle were not statistically significant (p<0.05). Emission amount of $CH_4$ and $N_2O$ per square meter of SCF for Holstein dairy cattle was 7.5 and 1.2 times higher than that of Korean beef cattle, respectively. The yearly $CH_4$ amount per head was 17.7 times higher in Holstein dairy cattle, obtaining 130.4 g/head/year from SCF for Holstein dairy cattle and 7.4 g/head/year from SCF for Korean beef cattle, and $N_2O$ was also 3.8 times higher in Holstein dairy cattle (3,267 g/head/year in Korean beef cattle and 14,719 g/head/year in Holstein dairy cattle). However, the $N_2O$-N per loaded nitrogen into SCF was higher in Korean beef cattle, having 0.2148 and 0.1632 kg $N_2O$-N/kg N in Korean beef cattle and Holstein dairy cattle, respectively, and those values were 3.07 and 2.33 times higher than that of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2006 guideline (GL) (0.07 kg $N_2O$-N/kg N).

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.8
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• pp.758-762
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• 2003

Purpose : Our examination was designed to determine the diagnostic properties of the cutoff point for the prediction of bacteremia in febrile children less than 3 years of age. Cutoff point is the value that simultaneously maximizes both sensitivity and specificity. Methods : We conducted a retrospective study of febrile children, less than 3 years of age, who clinically have no identifiable source of fever. Peripheral blood leukocyte count(WBC), absolute neutrophil count(ANC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR) and C-reactive protein(CRP) were measured at the same time. All patients received blood culture, urine culture and/or CSF culture. Bacterial infection was defined as single pathogen isolated from the CSF or blood or a urinary tract infection (UTI). Patients were dichotomized into two groups : those with bacterial infection and no bacterial infection. We analyzed the characteristics of the children in the two groups. Results : Seventy-one patients(44 males; 27 females) were enrolled in the study. Twenty patients (28%) had a serious bacterial infection(twelve urinary tract infection, five bacteremia, three meningitis) and fifty-one(72%) had no serious bacterial infection. WBC, ESR and CRP were significantly different between the two groups(P<0.05). The cutoff point of WBC, ESR and CRP were $20,000/mm^3$, 30 mm/hr and 3.0 mg/dL, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of each cutoff point were WBC(75%, 75%), ESR(79%, 68%) and CRP(83%, 77%), respectively. Conclusion : These data show the ability of predictors to identify febrile children less than 3 years of age with bacterial infection. Febrile children who reach the cutoff point must be treated intensively and those who do not reach the cutoff point can be carefully managed without administering antimicrobial agents.