• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.177-183
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• 2013

본 논문에서는 데이터 마이닝에서 분류 작업을 실시할 때 그 분류정확도을 측정하기 위해 Cohen의 kappa 계수와 weighted kappa 계수를 제안하였다. kappa 계수는 우연에 의해 생기는 분류를 보정하여 분류정확도을 측정하며 명목척도와 순서척도의 데이터에 대해 사용된다. 특히 순서척도의 데이터에서는 오분류의 크기를 가중치에 의해 정량화하여 분류정확도을 측정하는 weighted kappa 계수가 더 유용하게 사용된다. weighted kappa 계수 계산을 위해서는 2가지 가중치(일차형 가중치, 이차형 가중치)를 사용하였다.. 또한 실제 데이터인 지방간 데이터에 대해 kappa 계수와 weighted kappa 계수를 계산하여 비교하였다.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.205-216
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• 2019

Diagnostic tests in medical fields detect or diagnose a disease with results measured by continuous or discrete ordinal data. The performance of a diagnostic test is summarized using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the area under the curve (AUC). The diagnostic test is considered clinically useful if the outcomes in actually-positive cases are higher than actually-negative cases and the ROC curve is concave. In this study, we apply the stochastic ordering method in a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the proper ROC curve and AUC when the diagnostic test results are measured in discrete ordinal data. We compare the conventional binormal model and binormal model under stochastic ordering. The simulation results and real data analysis for breast cancer indicate that the binormal model under stochastic ordering can be used to estimate the proper ROC curve with a small bias even though the sample sizes were small or the sample size of actually-negative cases varied from actually-positive cases. Therefore, it is appropriate to consider the binormal model under stochastic ordering in the presence of large differences for a sample size between actually-negative and actually-positive groups.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.69-79
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• 2022

The purpose of the study is to look into the likelihood of private sector enterprises going bankrupt due to COVID-19 pandemic-related issues. The data for this study was taken from the World Bank's Enterprise Survey, which was intended to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the business sector. This study uses the Ordinal Logit Method to analyze the model with dependent variables having ordinal values. The determinants reflect business performance, innovation, business relationships, and government support. According to the estimation results, a lower probability of business closures, illiquidity, and payment delays are found in businesses that maintain sales growth, operating hours, temporary workers, product portfolio, consumer demand, and input supply. Meanwhile, the increase in online business activities and receiving support from financial institutions and the government do not help businesses reduce the risk. Moreover, higher survival is found in manufacturing and developing countries. This implies the fragility of businesses in the retail and service sectors, especially for mega-enterprises in developed countries. In addition, the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on businesses in Europe and West Asia is less severe than in other regions. The results imply policies to support the private sector during the pandemic, such as increasing labor market flexibility or rapidly implementing supportive policies.

• 아태비즈니스연구
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.281-294
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• 2023

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to explore the determinants of the organizational level for the advancement of smart factory. We suggested three determinants of the organizational level such as CEO's entrepreneurship, high-involvement human resource management, and cooperative industrial relations. Design/methodology/approach - The population of our survey was manufacturing SMEs, and we took a sample and conducted a survey of 232 companies. Since the level of smart factory advancement, which is a dependent variable, was measured on an ordinal scale, ordinal logistic regression analysis was used to test the hypothesis. Findings - The higher the level of high-involvement human resource management, the higher the level of smart factory advancement. As the level of high-involvement human resource management increases by one unit, the probability of smart factory advancement increases by 22.8%. On the other hand, the CEO's entrepreneurship did not significantly affect the level of smart factory advancement. Interestingly, the cooperative industrial relations negatively affected to the level of smart factory advancement, contrary to the hypothesis prediction. Research implications or Originality - This study explored determinants at the organizational level that affect the advancement of smart factories. Through this, various implications are presented for related research and policy fields.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.794-800
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to measure the tourists' preference for alternative restaurants with different combinations of 4 attribute levels: origin description, food type, price and service guarantee. A total of 210 questionnaires were completed from tourists who visited Kwangyang, Suncheon and Yeosu during Jan. 2 - Jan. 15, 2007. Conjoint experiment method was used to develop hypothetical restaurants. Ordinal probit model was used to measure the effects of attribute levels on the tourists' preference. Results of the study demonstrated that the ordinal probit model analysis result for the data indicated excellent model fit. The effects of attribute levels (origin description, traditional food, fusion food, price, service guarantee) on the tourists' preference were statistically significant. As expected, estimates of marginal willingness to pay for origin description(3.063), food type(2.349), and service guarantee(2.356) were statistically significant. Moreover, tourists were more willing to pay for origin description than other attribute levels. Tourists also considered the origin description as the very important attribute. In conclusion, based on conjoint analysis, a model was proposed of marginal willingness to pay of attribute levels. It should be noted that the original model was modified and should, preferably, be validated in future research.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.315-322
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• 2008

비디오 데이터베이스에서 복사본의 위치를 검출하기 위해서는 비디오의 특징(signature)이 비디오의 재편집(reediting), 채널 잡음, 시간적인 프레임 율(frame rate) 변화에 강한 특성을 지녀야 한다. 여러 가지 시그네쳐중 하나인 오디널(ordinal) 시그네쳐는 평균 명암도 값을 구하는 고정 윈도우(fixed window) $N{\times}N$의 크기에 따라 프레임의 공간적인 특징을 나타내기 어렵다. 본 논문은 인터넷상에서 이미 배포된 비디오, 위조된 비디오의 검출을 위해 키 프레임으로 정합하지 않고 연속적인 비디오 프레임에서 공간의 변화특성인 기존의 오디널을 개선한 변형된 robust 오디널 특징을 제안하였다. Robust 오디널은 2차원 벡터 구조를 가지고 있어 비디오의 잡음과 프레임 율의 변화에 강한 특성을 가지고 있으며, 검색공간인 R-트리 공간에서 MBR 형태로 표현될 수 있다. 또한 비디오 복사 검출에 필수적인 대용량 데이터베이스 검색에 적합한 R-트리 구조를 이용하여 정확히 정합되는 프레임의 위치를 찾아내고, n차원 입력의 구조를 가지고 있는 R-트리의 입력으로 robust 오디널 특징이 적합하게 사용되었다. 실험결과 비디오 정합율이 향상되고 대용량 데이터베이스에 알맞은 특징을 가지고 있음을 확인하였다.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈A:수학교육
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.31-32
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• 1976

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈A:수학교육
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.45-46
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• 1981

• 월간포장계
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• 통권311호
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• pp.72-79
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• 2019

• 아동학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.15-28
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• 1990

The purpose of this study was (1) to investigate and order the levels of parental authority concepts established by Damon, and (2) to investigate the relationship between the development of parental authority concepts and the child's age and sex. The subjects of this study were 120 children from an elementary school in Seoul. There were 40 subjects (20 males and 20 females) in each of three age groups: 8-, 10-, and 12- year-olds. The subjects were interviewed individually using Damon's(1977) open-ended questions concerning family rules. Responses to the assessment questions were coded as positive or negative, and responses to the judgement concept questions were coded into 6 levels. Statistical analysis of obtained data was by percentage, Spearman correlation using an ordinal scale, two-way analysis of variance, and Duncan test. The results showed that (1) the developmental levels of parental authority concepts established by Damon conformed to an ordinal scale, and (2) the development of parental authority concepts was related to child's age but not to child's sex.