• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.223-230
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• 1994

A practical study on a drying and fermentation system equipped with a stirring machine operated mechanically, of pig manure was conducted to prove the efficiency of and practicability to an ordinary pig farm. The type of the drying bed was a round-shaped (r=3m) concrete structure and the stirring machine was adopted to stir and transfer dried pig manure to the fermentation tank. The dried pig manure was put into a fermentation tank ($V=18m^3$), which was aerated from pipe lines installed at the bottom. While water content of pig manure passing through a drying bed was remarkably reduced than before drying, the drying efficiency of this system decreased in winter. However, the temperature of pig manure piled up in the fermentation room in winter reached over $60^{\circ}C$ and excess water of pig manure was removed during the fermentation process. The reduction rate of water content of pig manure, to which dried pig manure was added as bulking material on the drying bed, was 52.1%, but when dried without bulking material it was only 19.7%. Although the content of $P_2O_5$ of dried pig manure was slightly higher than that of fresh pig manure, progressive changes in chemical composition between fresh and dried pig manure made no great difference. Among the contents of minerals of fresh and dried pig manure, CaO was the highest and the rest were in the decreasing order of $K_2O$, MgO, and $Na_2O$. Population density of E. coli and Streptococci of dried pig manure was reduced by 142 and 236 times that of fresh pig manure, respectively. The installation cost of this drying and fermentation system was 4,185,630 won (approximately 5,232 US $) and operating cost per year was 190,000 won (237.5US $) on the basis of self-labor condition.

• Archives of design research
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.275-284
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• 2002

To improve the social and economic position of the disabled people and secure their human rights, an integrated society should be buill. To build such a society, an adequate access should be provided to the movement or in using buildings or facilities. The inconveniences from social life on the part of the disabled people might not result from their impairment or disability, but from physical and social barriers in the environment surrounding them. Therefore, it is necessary to reconstruct entire systems of the society as a disabled people-friendly structure in order to remove those barriers, make them stand their own feet in our communities and freely participate in the social activities. This will eventually lead to build a society in which all people including the disabled people can use those facilities in a more convenient way. It is almost impossible for the disabled people to safely and conveniently access to and use facilities and equipments and freely move to their desired places, without any help from others in Korea. Even though, there are currently many disabled people-related convenience facilities, they have been independently built without a connection with other facilities and buildings, thus not greatly useful. Even when convenience facilities have been built, mostly they are superficially set up; therefore, in many cases, the disabled peOple cannot use those facilities. In this. research, I tried a new concept of mobile wheelchair lift design, which the disabled people can operate without restrictions, when using the public facilities. The key to this research was to develop the existing import-oriented simple functional products to a new system with functional safety and high quality orientation. Also, this research aimed at bringing an. import substitution effect, as well as preempting the mobile wheelchair lift market by advancing into overseas markets through application of new image designs in the field of disabled people aid equipments.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.33-42
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• 2018

The tropical peatlands have been deforested and converted to agricultural and plantation areas in Indonesia. To manage water levels and increase the overall productivity of crops, canals have been constructed in tropical peatlands. The canals destructed the structure of the tropical peatlands, and increased the subsidence and fire hazard risks in the region. The Indonesian government enacted regulations and a moratorium on tropical peatlands, in order to reduce degradation. A practical method under the regulations of rewetting tropical peatlands was to permit a canal blocking. In this study, four canal blocking projects were investigated regarding their planning, construction priority, design, building material, construction, monitoring, time and costs associated with the canal blockings. In the protected areas, regulations restricted the development of the tropical peatlands areas that were noted as deeper than 3 m, and the administration stopped issuing new concessions for future work projects for this noted criteria of land use. A noted purpose of canal blockings in these areas was to effectuate the restoration of the lands in the region. The main considerations of the restoration efforts were to maintain a durability of the blockings, and to encourage the participation of the area stakeholders. In the case of a concession area, regulations were set into place to restrict clear-cutting and shifting cultivation, and to maintain groundwater level in the tropical peatland. The most significant priorities identified in the canal blocking project were the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the project. Nevertheless, the drainage of tropical peatlands has been continued. On the basis of a literature review on regulations and rewetting methods in tropical peatlands of Indonesia, we discussed the improvements of the regulations, and adequate canal blockings to serve the function to rewet the tropical peatlands in Indonesia. Our results would help establishing an adequate direction and recommended guideline on viable rewetting methods for the restoration of drained tropical peatlands in Southeast Asia.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.101-112
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• 2018

This study was carried out to enhance the competitiveness of blackbox design for domestic and international companies, based on the explosive growth of the blackbox market due to development of blackbox design for vehicle accident prevention and post-treatment. In the past, the blackbox market has produced products indiscriminately to meet the ever-increasing demand of consumers. Therefore, we thought a new design method was necessary to effectively investigate the needs of rapidly changing consumers. In this study, we aimed to identify the best-selling blackbox to understand the design flow, and the optimum area for a blackbox, considering the uniqueness of associated vehicle. Based on discussion with blackbox design experts, we studied the direction of design and the problems with blackbox use, which were reflected in blackbox development. Through this research, two types of design - leading blackbox (A type) and mass production blackbox (B type) - were proposed for compatibility of the blackbox with the car. The leading type of blackbox was positioned so that it was wrapped with the room mirror hinge before the screw was fastened, in order to achieve an integrated design. Therefore, we designed an integrated form and resolved the placement problem of an adhesive blackbox. To blend, the mass production blackbox implemented material and surface processing in the same way with the car, and adopted the slide structure to automatically turn off the main body power when removing the SDcard, reflecting consumer needs. This study considers evolving consumer needs through a case study and collective intelligence and deals with implementation of the whole design process during mass production. In this study, we aimed to strengthen the competitiveness of the blackbox design based on design method and its realization.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.156-163
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• 2002

In order to development the construction and dimension of fishing gear for gizzard shad coastal purse seine, first of all investigated to the sinking speed and underwater geometry of net, behaviour of fish school to the net during the fishing operation In the field. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. Average sinking speed of net was 13cm/sec in bunt, 9.0cm/sec and 9.5cm/sec in 170m and 280m of center, 4.9cm/sec in end wing side, therefore was fastest in start of shooting and decreased gradually during the shooting process. 2. The most of leadline was reached in bottom from the shooting immediately to hauling time and the mean depth of timber bar used equipment for the escaping prevention of fish school was within the 2.7m. 3. The fish school of gizzard shad was appearanced higher density and remained to the most time in bottom than the surface and repeated to vortical movement, and its tendency to distinct in rapid time of tide current. 4. Behaviour of fish school in the net was showed to the vortical movement by sinking and rising immediately with the shooting of net and then divide with the two shape to follow round the wall of net and no patterns straightly movement in the net, and tendency easily catched in fish school of the wall of net. 5. Escaping of fish school in the gap of wing side was to busy after that seting the timber bar, therefore its function for escaping prevention of fish school was very lowed. 6. Escaping behaviour of fish school was differenced with the depth of fishing ground, the above 20m escaped to busy through the below in ledline because the sinking speed of fish school is fast than the net.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.378-384
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• 2018

$C_9H_7NHCrO_3Cl$ was synthesized by reacting $C_9H_7NH$ with chromium (VI) trioxide. The structure of the product was characterized by FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared) spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The oxidation of benzyl alcohol by $C_9H_7NHCrO_3Cl$ in various solvents showed that the reactivity increased with increasing dielectric constant(${\varepsilon}$) in the following order: DMF (N,N'-dimethylformamide) > acetone > chloroform > cyclohexane. The oxidation of alcohols was examined by $C_9H_7NHCrO_3Cl$ in DMF. As a result, $C_9H_7NHCrO_3Cl$ was found to be an efficient oxidizing agent that converts benzyl alcohol, allyl alcohol, primary alcohols, and secondary alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes or ketones (75%-95%). The selective oxidation of alcohols was also examined by $C_9H_7NHCrO_3Cl$ in DMF. $C_9H_7NHCrO_3Cl$ was the selective oxidizing agent of benzyl, allyl and primary alcohol in the presence of secondary ones. In the presence of DMF with an acidic catalyst, such as $H_2SO_4$, $C_9H_7NHCrO_3Cl$ oxidized benzyl alcohol (H) and its derivatives ($p-OCH_3$, $m-CH_3$, $m-OCH_3$, m-Cl, and $m-NO_2$). Electron donating substituents accelerated the reaction rate, whereas electron acceptor groups retarded the reaction rate. The Hammett reaction constant (${\rho}$) was -0.69 (308K). The observed experimental data were used to rationalize hydride ion transfer in the rate-determining step.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.51
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• pp.181-201
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• 2018

The cartoon industry in Korea has continued to decline due to the contraction of published comics market and decrease in the number of comic books rental stores until the 2000s when it rapidly started to experience qualitative changes and quantitative growth due to the emergence of webtoon. The market size of webtoon industry, valued at 420 billion won in 2015, is expected to grow to 880.5 billion won by 2018. Notably, most cartoonists who draw cartoon strips are using digital devices and producing scripts in data, thereby overcoming the geographical, spatial and physical limitation of contents. As a result, a favorable environment for the creation of local ecosystems is generated. While the infrastructures of human resources are steadily growing by region, cartoon industries that are supported by the government policy have shown good performance combined with factors of creative infrastructures in local areas such as webtoon experience centers, webtoon campuses and webtoon creation centers, etc. Nevertheless, it is true that cartoon infrastructures are substantially based on a capital area which leads to an imbalanced structure of cartoon industry. To see the statistics, companies of offline cartoon business in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province make up 87%, except for distribution industry. In addition, companies of online cartoon business which are situated outside of Seoul and Gyeonggi Province form merely 7.5%. Studies and research on local webtoon are inadequate. The existing studies on local webtoon usually focus on its industrial and economic values, mentioning the word "local" only sometimes. Therefore, this study looked into the current status of local webtoon of the present time for the current state of local cartoon ecosystem, middle and long-term support from the government, and an alternative in the future. Main challenges include the expansion of opportunities to enjoy cartoon cultures, the independence of cartoon infrastructure, and the settlement of regionally specialized cartoon cultures. It means that, in order to enable the cartoon ecosystem to settle down in local areas, it is vital to utilize and link basic infrastructures. Furthermore, it is necessary to consider independence and autonomy beyond the limited support by the government. Finally, webtoon should be designated as a culture, which can be a new direction of the development of local webtoon. Furthermore, desirable models should be continuously researched and studied, which are suitable for each region and connect them with regional tourism, culture and art industry. It will allow the webtoon industry to soft land in the industry. Local webtoon, which is a growth engine of regions and main contents of the fourth industrial revolution, is expected to be a momentum for the decentralization of power and reindustrialization of regions.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.210-216
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• 2007

A study was conducted to find mechanism and spray characteristics of a mini-sprinkler with downward spray to develop a new design type to be able to prevent drop water. The experiments were executed in a plastic greenhouse to minimize the effect of the wind. Data was collected at five different operation pressures and at 4 different raiser heights. Spray characteristics of the sprinkler such as effective radius, effective area, mean application depth, absolute maximum application depth, effective maximum application depth and coefficient of variation were determined. In order to analyze the mechanism and packing supporter of sprinkler, the numerical simulation using ABAQUS was performed. The optimum pressure for preventing drop water was determined.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.63-75
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• 1993

We identified the benthos collected from intertidal zone in Sacho, Naedong, Oran and Kusong of Haenam peninsula in October, 1990 and May, 1991 and examined the distribution pattern on the bases of the analysis of community structure and the physicochemical analysis of sediment including the grain component. The identified benthos consisted of 141 species and 4,641 individuals. The number of species and individuals of Mollusca, Arthropoda and Annelida occupy more than $85\%$ of the total number. When the intertidal zone were divided into soft area and rocky area the species found in rocky area(114 species) were present in a more diverse way than that in soft area(69 species). The composition of species found in 4 localities turned out to be very similar in soft area while in rocky area the most diverse species were found in Kusong. The seasonal appearance frequency of species and individuals showed that the number collected in the spring(106 species, 3,002 individuals) was higher than that in the fall(85 species, 1,639 individuals). The most dominant species was Cerithideopsilla djadjariensis belonging to Gastropoda, Mollusca(412 individuals) and the species collected more than 200 individuals were 5 species of Mollusca and 1 species of Arthropoda. The species diversity index of 4 localities was in the order of Kusong, Oran, Naedong and Sacho revealed no significant differences among regions. The dominance index was low in Kusong and was high in Sacho. The index of interstational species similarity in soft sediment was very similar with $0.44{\sim}0.53$ value and the index was quite high in Kusong and Oran. This agrees very well with the similarity of the grain component of sediment. In case of rocky area the index was quite low with 0.27 for Kusong and Sacho situated far away from each other. Thus the present study suggests that the distribution of the species was subjected to the physicochemical environmental factor such as the grain component of sediment and the content of organic materials including the geographical factor.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.323-345
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• 2013

In this paper, problems with the Korean system regulating the use of university royalties are identified and investigated in order to suggest measures to improve the system in a way that provides a better R&D environment at universities. The Delphi technique was used to gather data from royalty specialists at universities and government ministries. The first Delphi survey conducted used open questions to identify problems in the use of university royalties. Then, closed questions were used for the second Delphi survey. The number of responses and the frequency of answers were analyzed after the first survey, and validity, stability, and reliability analyses were conducted for the second survey. The measures suggested to improve the system regulating the use of university royalties are as follows: First, bonuses for researchers, which are currently 50% or more of collected royalties, need to be decreased, as they are rather high compared to similar bonuses in developed countries, which are around 30% of collected royalties. The guideline for limiting the bonuses, which is explained as XX% or less of collected royalties, is suggested to prevent the excessive use of royalties. Second, rewards for those who contribute to technology transfer and commercialization should be increased. It is also important to build a consensus around the need to reward those who contribute to technology transfer and commercialization. Third, the scale of re-investment into R&D needs to increase. Regulations on royalties should be meaningfully applied to create a positive feedback structure for R&D, which can be described as the process of research, R&D outcomes, technology transfer, collecting royalties, rewarding researchers, and re-investing in R&D. To build a university's R&D capability, re-investment into R&D needs to be regularized as XX% or more of royalties. Fourth, regulations on the royalties of ministries and universities need to be unified. Each category for using royalties needs to be regularized, with detailed matters such as the guideline, process and method for using royalties specified. Also, universities need to make their own specific regulations. Fifth, specific priorities on the use of royalties need to be suggested. Regulation is necessary for the categories that do not have guideline and priorities for the use of royalties. It is hoped that the findings of this research will contribute to reinforcing the R&D capability of universities.